《微观经济学》课程教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 课程代码：16043603 课程名称：微观经济学（全英 英文名称：Principle of Microeconomics 课程类别：专业课 学时：45 分：3 适用对象：金融学(“2+2实验班)本科生 考核方式：考试 先修课程：微积分 二、课程简介 这门入门课程讲授微观经济学的基础知识。经济学研究稀缺资源的分配一一不同 的社会以不同的方式执行这一任务。在西方社会，主要依靠经济市场和价格。我们将 讨论评估我们社会资源分配的标准，并分析两个主要行为者一一消费者和企业的行 为。经济学原理将在各种市场结构的背景下提出，包括消费者理论、生产者理论、企 业行为、市场均衡、垄断以及政府在经济中的作用。 This introductory course teaches the fundamentals of microeconomics.Economics deals with the allocation of scarce resources-a task that different societies perform in different ways.In the western society,primary reliance is placed on economic markets and prices.we will discuss the criteria to evaluate our society's allocation of resources and analyze the behavior of two ofthe principal actors-consumers and firms.The principles of economics will be presented in the context of various market structures.Topics include consumer theory,producer theory,the behavior of fimms,market equilibrium,monopoly. and the role of the goverment in the economy. 三、课程性质与教学目的 本课程旨在让学生了解市场经济的动态，以及如何通过其机制分配稀缺资源。政 府在这一市场体系中的理论和实际作用也将得到解决。课程中所获得的知识将使学生 更好地了解公民，并允许他们跟随新闻媒体报道的各种经济事件和政策进行辩论。这 门课程也是一门基础课程，能让学生在高级财务、市场营销、商业管理、经济学、政 府和社会工作课程中取得成功
1 《微观经济学》课程教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 课程代码：16043603 课程名称：微观经济学（全英） 英文名称：Principle of Microeconomics 课程类别：专业课 学 时：45 学 分：3 适用对象: 金融学（“2+2”实验班）本科生 考核方式：考试 先修课程：微积分 二、课程简介 这门入门课程讲授微观经济学的基础知识。经济学研究稀缺资源的分配——不同 的社会以不同的方式执行这一任务。在西方社会，主要依靠经济市场和价格。我们将 讨论评估我们社会资源分配的标准，并分析两个主要行为者——消费者和企业的行 为。经济学原理将在各种市场结构的背景下提出，包括消费者理论、生产者理论、企 业行为、市场均衡、垄断以及政府在经济中的作用。 This introductory course teaches the fundamentals of microeconomics. Economics deals with the allocation of scarce resources – a task that different societies perform in different ways. In the western society, primary reliance is placed on economic markets and prices. we will discuss the criteria to evaluate our society’s allocation of resources and analyze the behavior of two of the principal actors – consumers and firms. The principles of economics will be presented in the context of various market structures.Topics include consumer theory, producer theory, the behavior of firms, market equilibrium, monopoly, and the role of the government in the economy. 三、课程性质与教学目的 本课程旨在让学生了解市场经济的动态，以及如何通过其机制分配稀缺资源。政 府在这一市场体系中的理论和实际作用也将得到解决。课程中所获得的知识将使学生 更好地了解公民，并允许他们跟随新闻媒体报道的各种经济事件和政策进行辩论。这 门课程也是一门基础课程，能让学生在高级财务、市场营销、商业管理、经济学、政 府和社会工作课程中取得成功
This course is meant to give students insight into the dynamics of a market based economy and how through its mechanism scarce resources are allocated.The theoretical and actual role of the government in this market system will also be addressed.The knowledge gained in the course will make students better informed citizens and allow them to follow the debates over various economic events and policies reported in the news media.This course is also a foundation course that will prepare students to be successful in upper division finance, marketing.business administration,economics,government,and social work courses. 另外，在本课程学习中，除了让学生理解并掌握微观经济学的基本理论及基本方 法，了解西方经济理论对我国当前经济发展起到的借鉴作用。更重要的是取其精华， 去其糟粕，融入思政元素，以潜移默化的方式让学生认识当代中国在改革开放、创新 发展中的热点，从经济学角度培养学生的科学精神，从而增强学生的国家荣誉感和文 化自信，并树立正确的价值观、人生观和世界观。 本课程计划在chapter2、4、5、7、15、16共6个章节融入思政元素。 四、教学内容及要求 PART 1 GETINGACQUANTED WITH ECONOMICS Chapter 1 What Is Economics? (一)目的与要求 the goal here is to know 1.Know about some basic economic principles 2.Understanding the tools that economists use (二)数学内容 1.主要内容 Ideas for Beyond the Final Exam Inside the Economist's Toolkit 2.基本概念和知识点 Opportunity cost:Abstraction;Theory:Correlation,Economic Model:Variable 3.问题与应用（能力要求） The text argues that since exchange of goods and services is voluntary,both the buyer and the seller benefit (otherwise they would not agree to the exchange),and therefore most laws that prohibit exchanges are misguided.Do you think the government should prohibit the exchange of a)crack cocaine,b)prostitution,c)the labor of children? An external cost is a cost imposed upon a third party,someone who neither buys nor sells the product.For example,a manufacturer who sends wastes up through the smokestack may impose the cost of dirty air upon the citizens-but under the ordinary 2
2 This course is meant to give students insight into the dynamics of a market based economy and how through its mechanism scarce resources are allocated. The theoretical and actual role of the government in this market system will also be addressed. The knowledge gained in the course will make students better informed citizens and allow them to follow the debates over various economic events and policies reported in the news media. This course is also a foundation course that will prepare students to be successful in upper division finance, marketing, business administration, economics, government, and social work courses. 另外，在本课程学习中，除了让学生理解并掌握微观经济学的基本理论及基本方 法，了解西方经济理论对我国当前经济发展起到的借鉴作用。更重要的是取其精华， 去其糟粕，融入思政元素，以潜移默化的方式让学生认识当代中国在改革开放、创新 发展中的热点，从经济学角度培养学生的科学精神，从而增强学生的国家荣誉感和文 化自信，并树立正确的价值观、人生观和世界观。 本课程计划在 chapter2、4、5、7、15、16 共 6 个章节融入思政元素。 四、教学内容及要求 PART 1 GETING ACQUANTED WITH ECONOMICS Chapter 1 What Is Economics? （一）目的与要求 the goal here is to know 1. Know about some basic economic principles 2. Understanding the tools that economists use （二）教学内容 1.主要内容 Ideas for Beyond the Final Exam Inside the Economist’s Toolkit 2.基本概念和知识点 Opportunity cost;Abstraction; Theory;Correlation;Economic Model; Variable 3.问题与应用（能力要求） The text argues that since exchange of goods and services is voluntary, both the buyer and the seller benefit (otherwise they would not agree to the exchange), and therefore most laws that prohibit exchanges are misguided. Do you think the government should prohibit the exchange of a) crack cocaine, b) prostitution, c) the labor of children? An external cost is a cost imposed upon a third party, someone who neither buys nor sells the product. For example, a manufacturer who sends wastes up through the smokestack may impose the cost of dirty air upon the citizens—but under the ordinary
market mechanism,the manufacturer does not have to pay forthis cost.In this case,doyou think the government should intervene,and if so how? (三)思考与实践 What are the opportunity costs of the United States maintaining a large and technologically sophisticated military force?What are the benefits to the country?Do you think the benefits are worth the cost? You may be worried about the cost of housing in your community.Rising rents make it increasingly difficult for low-and moderate-income people to find adequate shelter.Students often have trouble finding lodging they can afford.Would it be a good idea for your local government to put a legal ceiling on rents,in order to insure the affordability ofhousing? (四)教学方法与手段 本章教学主要采用课堂讲授、多媒体教学、分组讨论、课堂讨论等。 Chapter 2 The Economy:Myth and Reality (一)目的与要求 the goal here is to know 1.Know about the key characteristics of the U.S.Economy. 2.Understanding the the meaning of input and output 3.Know about how businesses,people,and the government interact in the economy (二)教学内容 1.主要内容 The American Economy:AThumbnail Sketch The Inputs:Labor and Capital The Outputs:What Does America Produce? The Central role of Business firms What's Missing From The Picture?Government Conclusion:It's a mixed Economy 思政元素：该章节介绍美国经济，可以让学生自学本章，采取小组讨论的形式查 找资料学习中国经济的发展历程并进行演讲。可以提高学生课堂参与度及团队协作能 力，也可以增强其对祖国经济发展伟大成就的自豪感，从而坚定对中国特色社会主义 制度的自信。 2.基本概念和知识点 Factors of Production or Inputs Outputs,Gross domestic product(GDP)Open economy;Closed economy:Recession,Transfer payments;Progressive tax;Mixed economy 3
3 market mechanism, the manufacturer does not have to pay for this cost. In this case, do you think the government should intervene, and if so how? （三）思考与实践 What are the opportunity costs of the United States maintaining a large and technologically sophisticated military force? What are the benefits to the country? Do you think the benefits are worth the cost? You may be worried about the cost of housing in your community. Rising rents make it increasingly difficult for low- and moderate-income people to find adequate shelter.Students often have trouble finding lodging they can afford. Would it be a good idea for your local government to put a legal ceiling on rents, in order to insure the affordability of housing? （四）教学方法与手段 本章教学主要采用课堂讲授、多媒体教学、分组讨论、课堂讨论等。 Chapter 2 The Economy: Myth and Reality （一）目的与要求 the goal here is to know 1. Know about the key characteristics of the U.S. Economy. 2. Understanding the the meaning of input and output 3. Know about how businesses, people, and the government interact in the economy （二）教学内容 1.主要内容 The American Economy: A Thumbnail Sketch The Inputs: Labor and Capital The Outputs: What Does America Produce? The Central Role of Business Firms What’s Missing From The Picture? Government Conclusion: It’s A Mixed Economy 思政元素：该章节介绍美国经济，可以让学生自学本章，采取小组讨论的形式查 找资料学习中国经济的发展历程并进行演讲。可以提高学生课堂参与度及团队协作能 力，也可以增强其对祖国经济发展伟大成就的自豪感，从而坚定对中国特色社会主义 制度的自信。 2.基本概念和知识点 Factors of Production or Inputs Outputs; Gross domestic product (GDP); Open economy;Closed economy;Recession;Transfer payments;Progressive tax; Mixed economy
3.问题与应用（能力要求） The U.S.economy is primarily a private-enterprise economy.What are some ofthe goods and services provided by the U.S.govemment?Why might the government provide these goods and services more effectively than a private business?What are some of the drawbacks to the government providing these goods and services? The text argues that the U.S.economy is relatively closed because imports and exports account fora relatively small share of U.S.production and spending.As trade becomes a larger share of U.S.production,how might this affect what is produced in the United States versus abroad?how might this affect the types of iobs american workers are emploved in? (三)思考与实践 What are the costs of economic recessions in both a microeconomics sense,and a macroeconomic sense?How might recessions affect people employed in different types of jobs? (四)教学方法与手段 本章教学主要采用课堂讲授、多媒体教学、案例教学等。 Chapter 3 The Fundamental Economic Problem:Scarcity And Choice (一)目的与要求 the goal here is to know Understanding the central concepts in economics:scarcity,opportunity cost,efficiency, division of labor,and exchange (二)数学内容 1.主要内容 Scarcity.Choice.And Opportunity Cost Scarcity and Choice For a Single Firm Scarcity and Choice For The Entire Society The Concept Of Efficiency The Three Coordination Tasks Of Any Economy (1)Task 1.How the market fostersefficiency resource allocation (2)Task 2.Market exchange and deciding how much ofeach good to produce (3)Task 3.How to distribute the economy's outputs among consumers 2.基本概念和知识点 Resources:Opportunity Cost:Optimal Decision;Outputs:Inputs,Production Possibilities Frontier,Principle of Increasing Costs:Efficiency:Allocation of Scarce Resources,Division of Labor,Comparative Advantage;Market System 4
4 3.问题与应用（能力要求） The U.S. economy is primarily a private-enterprise economy. What are some of the goods and services provided by the U.S. government? Why might the government provide these goods and services more effectively than a private business? What are some of the drawbacks to the government providing these goods and services? The text argues that the U.S. economy is relatively closed because imports and exports account for a relatively small share of U.S. production and spending. As trade becomes a larger share of U.S. production, how might this affect what is produced in the United States versus abroad? How might this affect the types of jobs American workers are employed in? （三）思考与实践 What are the costs of economic recessions in both a microeconomics sense, and a macroeconomic sense? How might recessions affect people employed in different types of jobs? （四）教学方法与手段 本章教学主要采用课堂讲授、多媒体教学、案例教学等。 Chapter 3 The Fundamental Economic Problem: Scarcity And Choice （一）目的与要求 the goal here is to know Understanding the central concepts in economics: scarcity, opportunity cost, efficiency, division of labor, and exchange （二）教学内容 1.主要内容 Scarcity, Choice, And Opportunity Cost Scarcity and Choice For a Single Firm Scarcity and Choice For The Entire Society The Concept Of Efficiency The Three Coordination Tasks Of Any Economy (1)Task 1. How the market fosters efficiency resource allocation (2)Task 2. Market exchange and deciding how much of each good to produce (3)Task 3. How to distribute the economy’s outputs among consumers 2.基本概念和知识点 Resources; Opportunity Cost; Optimal Decision;Outputs; Inputs; Production Possibilities Frontier; Principle of Increasing Costs; Efficiency; Allocation of Scarce Resources; Division of Labor;Comparative Advantage; Market System
3.问题与应用（能力要求） In each of these cases,discuss whether the value of the opportunity cost is likely to be the same.greater or less than the direct money cost a)Chemicals are produced in a factory in Los Angeles.The company pays for all its inputs. labor,etc.,and it discharges its wastes into the atmosphere.b)The government pays wages to workers who are skilled but unemployed,putting them to work producing goods in a factory that has previously been idle.c)The goverment hires workers to build a road. attracting them away from an office construction project. d)Tickets for the local premiere of the new Star Wars movie go on sale at 8:00 a.m.for $40 each.To be assured of getting one,you camp out all night in front of the ticket Booth. The text argues that our standard of living dependsupon the division of labor upon the fact people specialize,develop skills in their specialization,and then exchange for the goods and services they do not produce.Doyou think it is possible to carry the division of labor too far?Is it likely that people get so"over-specialized"that they become alienated, and lose their creativity and their ability tounderstand a broad range of problems? (三)思考与实践 Pick the one govemment program that above all others you believe should be expanded.What would the opportunity cost be of that expansion?How would you persuade others that this cost is worth incurring? Do you think your college is operating at the frontier of its production possibilities frontier?Do you see any waste.and if so,do you see ways of eliminating that waste? (四)教学方法与手段 本章教学主要采用课堂讲授、多媒体教学、分组讨论、课堂讨论等 Chapter 4 Supply and Demand:An Initial Look (一)目的与要求 the goal here is to know 1.Understanding the mechanism of supply and demand 2.Know about how prices and quantities are determined in a free market (二)教学内容 1.主要内容 The Invisible Hand Demand and Ouantity Demanded Supply and Quantity Supplied Supply and Demand Equilibrium
5 3.问题与应用（能力要求） In each of these cases, discuss whether the value of the opportunity cost is likely to be the same, greater or less than the direct money cost. a) Chemicals are produced in a factory in Los Angeles. The company pays for all its inputs, labor, etc., and it discharges its wastes into the atmosphere. b) The government pays wages to workers who are skilled but unemployed, putting them to work producing goods in a factory that has previously been idle.c) The government hires workers to build a road, attracting them away from an office construction project. d) Tickets for the local premiere of the new Star Wars movie go on sale at 8:00 a.m., for $40 each. To be assured of getting one, you camp out all night in front of the ticket Booth. The text argues that our standard of living depends upon the division of labor, upon the fact people specialize, develop skills in their specialization, and then exchange for the goods and services they do not produce. Do you think it is possible to carry the division of labor too far? Is it likely that people get so “over-specialized” that they become alienated, and lose their creativity and their ability to understand a broad range of problems? （三）思考与实践 Pick the one government program that above all others you believe should be expanded.What would the opportunity cost be of that expansion? How would you persuade others that this cost is worth incurring? Do you think your college is operating at the frontier of its production possibilities frontier? Do you see any waste, and if so, do you see ways of eliminating that waste? （四）教学方法与手段 本章教学主要采用课堂讲授、多媒体教学、分组讨论、课堂讨论等。 Chapter 4 Supply and Demand: An Initial Look （一）目的与要求 the goal here is to know 1.Understanding the mechanism of supply and demand; 2.Know about how prices and quantities are determined in a free market (二）教学内容 1.主要内容 The Invisible Hand Demand and Quantity Demanded Supply and Quantity Supplied Supply and Demand Equilibrium
Effects of Demand Shift On Supply-Demand Equilibrium Supply Shifts and Supply-Demand Equilibrium Battling The Invisible Hand:The Market Fights Back 思政元素：该章节介绍供给需求理论，可以采取案例教学的形式分析我国利用市 场机制，从供给和需求双方调控房价，从而减少房产投机，引导资金流入实体经济的 政策。将理论与中国案例相结合提高教学内容的实用性，有助于培养学生逐步形成经 济学分析思维。 2.基本概念和知识点 Invisible Hand;Quantity Demanded:Demand Schedule:Demand Curve:Shift in a Demand Curve:Quantity Supplied;Supply Schedule;Supply Curve:Shortage, Surplus;Equilibrium;Law of Supply and Demand:Price Ceiling:Price Floor 3.问题与应用（能力要求） The government of the former Soviet Union kept consumer prices artificially low Shortages of goods were massive,the typical experience of shoppers being to line up for many hours and then find that the goods were not available.The Russian Republic,which succeeded the Soviet Union,tried to move to a market system,in which prices were set by supply and demand.Doyou think this was a good idea?Who was helped and who hurt? Are the benefits from a shift to the market likely to occur immediately,or take a long time? (三)思考与实践 The United States has a perpetual farming problem.The prices of food seem to be falling constantly.Many farmers cannot make a living.abandon their farms.and move to the city.The demand curve for food as a whole is quite steep(that is,the quantity of food bought is not very sensitive to changes in price).Technological changes and productivity improvements in American farming have been rapid and continuous.What are the advantages and disadvantages oftrying tosolve the problem by setting price floors fo agricultural output? The Quantity Demanded of college education from many ofthe elite U.S.universities far exceeds the Quantity Supplied.This is evidenced by the very small acceptance rates at schools like Stanford and Harvard.This shortage appears to be persistent given the fact that these acceptance rates have remained very low for a very long time.Is this situation contrary to the concept of equilibrium presented in this chapter?Why or why not? (四)教学方法与手段 本章教学主要采用课堂讲授、多媒体教学、分组讨论、课堂讨论等。 PART 2THE BUILDING BLOCKSOFDEMAND AND SUPPLY 6
6 Effects of Demand Shift On Supply-Demand Equilibrium Supply Shifts and Supply-Demand Equilibrium Battling The Invisible Hand: The Market Fights Back 思政元素：该章节介绍供给需求理论，可以采取案例教学的形式分析我国利用市 场机制，从供给和需求双方调控房价，从而减少房产投机，引导资金流入实体经济的 政策。将理论与中国案例相结合提高教学内容的实用性，有助于培养学生逐步形成经 济学分析思维。 2.基本概念和知识点 Invisible Hand; Quantity Demanded;Demand Schedule; Demand Curve; Shift in a Demand Curve;Quantity Supplied; Supply Schedule; Supply Curve;Shortage, Surplus; Equilibrium; Law of Supply and Demand; Price Ceiling; Price Floor 3.问题与应用（能力要求） The government of the former Soviet Union kept consumer prices artificially low. Shortages of goods were massive, the typical experience of shoppers being to line up for many hours and then find that the goods were not available. The Russian Republic, which succeeded the Soviet Union, tried to move to a market system, in which prices were set by supply and demand. Do you think this was a good idea? Who was helped and who hurt? Are the benefits from a shift to the market likely to occur immediately, or take a long time? （三）思考与实践 The United States has a perpetual farming problem. The prices of food seem to be falling constantly. Many farmers cannot make a living, abandon their farms, and move to the city. The demand curve for food as a whole is quite steep (that is, the quantity of food bought is not very sensitive to changes in price). Technological changes and productivity improvements in American farming have been rapid and continuous. What are the advantages and disadvantages of trying to solve the problem by setting price floors for agricultural output? The Quantity Demanded of college education from many of the elite U.S. universities far exceeds the Quantity Supplied. This is evidenced by the very small acceptance rates at schools like Stanford and Harvard. This shortage appears to be persistent given the fact that these acceptance rates have remained very low for a very long time. Is this situation contrary to the concept of equilibrium presented in this chapter? Why or why not? （四）教学方法与手段 本章教学主要采用课堂讲授、多媒体教学、分组讨论、课堂讨论等。 PART 2 THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY
Chapter 5 Consumer Choice:Individual And Market Demand (一)目的与要求 the goal here is to know 1.Understanding the concepts"utility"and"marginal analysis"; 2.Understanding how to analyze purchase decisions, 3.Understanding how to analyze purchase decisions (一)教学内容 1.主要内容 Scarcity and Demand Utility:A Tool to Analyze Purchase Decisions Behavioral Economics:Are Economic Decisions Really Made "Rationally"? Consumer Choice As a Trade-off:Opportunity Cost From Individual Demand Curves To Market Demand Curves Indifference Curve Analysis 思政元素：该章节接介绍消费者的选择。可以采取讲授法，结合我国目前经济“双 循环”的背景，提出消费是影响我国经济发展重要因素。让学生了解绿色消费、信息 消费和共享消费等新型的消费观念与模式，帮助学生树立正确的价值观和消费观。 2.基本概念和知识点 Total Utility,Marginal Utility,"Lawof diminishing Marginal Utility,Marginal Analysis;Consumer's Surplus;Inferior Good,Budget Line;Indifferent Curve;Slope ofA Budget Line:Slope of A Indifferent Curve 3.问题与应用（能力要求） "Economists are wrong to pay so much attention to the margin,tothe last unit ofa good that is bought.The last unit is the least important.They should focus their attentionon the more important earlier units."Discuss. "The text explains that consumers who follow the optimal purchase rule will behave such that their demand curve for a good is the same as their marginal utility curve.This is an interesting but not very relevant piece of information.Consumers do not follow an optimal purchase rule.They buy on impulse,and they often buy things that do them no good.It is a serious mistake to develop models based on the assumption that human behavior is rational."Discuss. (三)思老与实我 "Price has nothing to do with utility or value.Tickets to the worst Broadway play cost S50.while ticketsto Oscar-winning movies cost no more than$1.I rest my case."Discuss (四)教学方法与手段
7 Chapter 5 Consumer Choice: Individual And Market Demand （一）目的与要求 the goal here is to know 1.Understanding the concepts “utility” and “marginal analysis”; 2.Understanding how to analyze purchase decisions; 3.Understanding how to analyze purchase decisions (二）教学内容 1.主要内容 Scarcity and Demand Utility: A Tool to Analyze Purchase Decisions Behavioral Economics: Are Economic Decisions Really Made “Rationally”? Consumer Choice As a Trade-off: Opportunity Cost From Individual Demand Curves To Market Demand Curves Indifference Curve Analysis 思政元素：该章节接介绍消费者的选择。可以采取讲授法，结合我国目前经济“双 循环”的背景，提出消费是影响我国经济发展重要因素。让学生了解绿色消费、信息 消费和共享消费等新型的消费观念与模式，帮助学生树立正确的价值观和消费观。 2.基本概念和知识点 Total Utility; Marginal Utility; “Law” of diminishing Marginal Utility; Marginal Analysis; Consumer’s Surplus; Inferior Good, Budget Line; Indifferent Curve; Slope of A Budget Line; Slope of A Indifferent Curve 3.问题与应用（能力要求） “Economists are wrong to pay so much attention to the margin, to the last unit of a good that is bought. The last unit is the least important. They should focus their attention on the more important earlier units.” Discuss. “The text explains that consumers who follow the optimal purchase rule will behave such that their demand curve for a good is the same as their marginal utility curve. This is an interesting but not very relevant piece of information. Consumers do not follow an optimal purchase rule. They buy on impulse, and they often buy things that do them no good. It is a serious mistake to develop models based on the assumption that human behavior is rational.” Discuss. （三）思考与实践 “Price has nothing to do with utility or value. Tickets to the worst Broadway play cost $50, while tickets to Oscar-winning movies cost no more than $10. I rest my case.” Discuss （四）教学方法与手段
本章教学主要采用课堂讲授、多媒体教学、分组讨论、课堂讨论等。 Chapter 6 Demand And Elasticity (一)目的与要求 the goal here is to know 1.Understanding the concepts"utility"and"marginal analysis" 2.Understanding how to analyze purchase decisions:Understanding how to analyze purchase decisions (二)教学内容 1.主要内容 Elasticity:The Measure of Responsiveness Price Elasticity of Demand:Its Effect on Total Revenue and Total Expenditure What Determines Demand Elasticity Elasticity AsA Central Concept The Time Period Of The Demand Curve And Economic Decision Making Real World Application:Polaroid Versus Kodak 2.基本概念和知识点 (Price)Elasticity of Demand;Elastic Demand;Inelastic Demand;Unit-Elastic Demand;Income Elasticity of Demand Complements,Substitutes,Cross elasticity of demand(for product x to a change in the price of another product y);Optimal Decision 3.问题与应用（能力要求） An excise tax may be imposed on a commodity in order to raise revenue for the govemment,or in order to reduce the consumption of the good a)Why are these goals in conflict with each other? b)What is the relevance of the price elasticity of demand in determining which of the goals is likely to be most fully met? c)Why do you think excise taxes on gasoline,tobacco,and alcohol are common? Is it more usual to find relationships of complementarity or substitutability between goods?Why? Will advertisers try to raise or lower the price elasticity of demand for the good they are advertising?Why? (三)思考与实我 Explain why,when the price of a good changes,the price elasticity of demand is likely to be higher or lower as a longer period of time elapses.Consider as an example the OPEC oil price increases in the 1970s
8 本章教学主要采用课堂讲授、多媒体教学、分组讨论、课堂讨论等。 Chapter 6 Demand And Elasticity （一）目的与要求 the goal here is to know 1.Understanding the concepts “utility” and “marginal analysis”; 2.Understanding how to analyze purchase decisions; Understanding how to analyze purchase decisions (二）教学内容 1.主要内容 Elasticity: The Measure of Responsiveness Price Elasticity of Demand: Its Effect on Total Revenue and Total Expenditure What Determines Demand Elasticity Elasticity As A Central Concept The Time Period Of The Demand Curve And Economic Decision Making Real World Application: Polaroid Versus Kodak 2.基本概念和知识点 (Price) Elasticity of Demand; Elastic Demand;Inelastic Demand; Unit-Elastic Demand; Income Elasticity of Demand Complements; Substitutes; Cross elasticity of demand (for product x to a change in the price of another product y); Optimal Decision 3.问题与应用（能力要求） An excise tax may be imposed on a commodity in order to raise revenue for the government, or in order to reduce the consumption of the good. a) Why are these goals in conflict with each other? b) What is the relevance of the price elasticity of demand in determining which of the goals is likely to be most fully met? c) Why do you think excise taxes on gasoline, tobacco, and alcohol are common? Is it more usual to find relationships of complementarity or substitutability between goods? Why? Will advertisers try to raise or lower the price elasticity of demand for the good they are advertising? Why? （三）思考与实践 Explain why, when the price of a good changes, the price elasticity of demand is likely to be higher or lower as a longer period of time elapses. Consider as an example the OPEC oil price increases in the 1970s
"A demand curve shows different quantities that would be bought during a period if the price were at different levels,assuming that all other factors influencing purchases remained constant.It is of very limited if any use.since at any one time there is only one price.not many,and also since as prices do change over time,most of the other factors influencing demand change,too."Discuss. (四)教学方法与手段 本章教学主要采用课堂讲授、多媒体教学、分组讨论、课堂讨论等。 Chapter7 Production,Inputs,And Cost:Building Blocks For Supply Analysis (一)目的与要求 the goal here is to knov 1.Understanding firms'production costs 2.Understanding how businesses can select optimal input combinations (二)教学内容 1.主要内容 Short-Run Versus Long-Run Costs:What Makes An Input Variable? Production.Input Choice and Cost With One Variable Input Multiple Input Decisions:The Choice of Optimal Input Combinations Cost and Its Dependence on Output Economies of Scale 思政元素：该章节介绍生产者行为理论。可以结合当前热点问题企业追求生产利 润最大化与可持续发展的矛盾让学生进行讨论，使其在主动思考和参与讨论的过程中 了解我国经济发展现状 2.基本概念和知识点 Short Run;Long Run;Fixed Cost:Variable Cost:Total Physical Product(TPP). Average Physical Product(APP);Marginal Physical Product(MPP),Marginal Revenue Product(MRP);Economies of Scale(Increasing Returns to Scale);Production Indifference Curve Budget line Expansion Path 3.问题与应用（能力要求） Why is it wise for a firm to use inputs beyond the point of diminishing returs? Discuss the likely shape of the average cost curve for firms in each of the following industries.Are minimum average costs apt tooccur at an output that is large relative to the total output in the market,or small?What sort of economies of scale are firms in these industries liable to face? a)Farming b)Telephone service c)Steel d)Neighborhood grocery e)Toll bridge 9
9 “A demand curve shows different quantities that would be bought during a period if the price were at different levels, assuming that all other factors influencing purchases remained constant. It is of very limited if any use, since at any one time there is only one price, not many, and also since as prices do change over time, most of the other factors influencing demand change, too.” Discuss. （四）教学方法与手段 本章教学主要采用课堂讲授、多媒体教学、分组讨论、课堂讨论等。 Chapter 7 Production, Inputs, And Cost: Building Blocks For Supply Analysis （一）目的与要求 the goal here is to know 1.Understanding firms’ production costs 2.Understanding how businesses can select optimal input combinations (二）教学内容 1.主要内容 Short-Run Versus Long-Run Costs: What Makes An Input Variable? Production, Input Choice and Cost With One Variable Input Multiple Input Decisions: The Choice of Optimal Input Combinations Cost and Its Dependence on Output Economies of Scale 思政元素：该章节介绍生产者行为理论。可以结合当前热点问题企业追求生产利 润最大化与可持续发展的矛盾让学生进行讨论，使其在主动思考和参与讨论的过程中 了解我国经济发展现状。 2.基本概念和知识点 Short Run;Long Run; Fixed Cost;Variable Cost; Total Physical Product (TPP); Average Physical Product (APP); Marginal Physical Product (MPP); Marginal Revenue Product (MRP); Economies of Scale (Increasing Returns to Scale); Production Indifference Curve; Budget Line; Expansion Path; 3.问题与应用（能力要求） Why is it wise for a firm to use inputs beyond the point of diminishing returns? Discuss the likely shape of the average cost curve for firms in each of the following industries. Are minimum average costs apt to occur at an output that is large relative to the total output in the market, or small? What sort of economies of scale are firms in these industries liable to face? a) Farming b) Telephone service c) Steel d) Neighborhood grocery e) Toll bridge
(三)思考与实践 "It is all very well to talk about firms changing their proportions of capital,labor,and materials when the prices of those things change,in order to minimize costs,but that is not how things work in the real world.If fimms are going to be competitive,they have to buy the latest technology,and the technology is not flexible.Each machine requires a certain number of operators,and a certain amount of materials.Those inputs cannot be changed: factor proportions are fixed,no matter how their prices may change."Discuss. In the past half century,the U.S.labor force has more than doubled.We have learned in this chapter that as labor increases,its marginal product tends to fall,and furthermore that the price paid to a factor of production tends to be proportional to its marginal product One would think that the average wages of labor would have fallen.But in fact,real wages almost tripled over this period.Why? (四)教学方法与手段 本章教学主要采用课堂讲授、多媒体教学、分组讨论、课堂讨论等。 Chapter 8 Output,Price,And Profit:The Importance of Marginal Analysis (一)目的与要求 the goal here is to know Understanding how business firms seek to maximize total profit (二)教学内容 1.主要内容 Price And Quantity:One Decision.Not Two Total Profit:Keep Your Eye On the Goal Economic Profit And Optimal Decision Making Marginal Analysis And Maximization of Total Profit Generalization:The Logic Of Marginal Analysis And Maximization Conclusion:The Fundamental Role Of Marginal analysis The Theory and reality:a word Of Caution 2.基本概念和知识点 Optimal Decision:Total Profit:Economic Profit:Total Revenue:Average Revenue Marginal Revenue:Marginal Profit:Curve;Budget Line:Expansion Path 3.问题与应用（能力要求） Firms that are successful sometimes take their profitability as a signal that they should expand.Why does this expansion sometimes get them in serious trouble? The decision-making analysis presented in this chapter rests heavily on the proposition 10
10 （三）思考与实践 “It is all very well to talk about firms changing their proportions of capital, labor, and materials when the prices of those things change, in order to minimize costs, but that is not how things work in the real world. If firms are going to be competitive, they have to buy the latest technology, and the technology is not flexible. Each machine requires a certain number of operators, and a certain amount of materials. Those inputs cannot be changed; factor proportions are fixed, no matter how their prices may change.” Discuss. In the past half century, the U.S. labor force has more than doubled. We have learned in this chapter that as labor increases, its marginal product tends to fall, and furthermore that the price paid to a factor of production tends to be proportional to its marginal product. One would think that the average wages of labor would have fallen. But in fact, real wages almost tripled over this period. Why? （四）教学方法与手段 本章教学主要采用课堂讲授、多媒体教学、分组讨论、课堂讨论等。 Chapter 8 Output, Price, And Profit: The Importance of Marginal Analysis （一）目的与要求 the goal here is to know Understanding how business firms seek to maximize total profit (二）教学内容 1.主要内容 Price And Quantity: One Decision. Not Two Total Profit: Keep Your Eye On the Goal Economic Profit And Optimal Decision Making Marginal Analysis And Maximization of Total Profit Generalization: The Logic Of Marginal Analysis And Maximization Conclusion: The Fundamental Role Of Marginal analysis The Theory And Reality: A Word Of Caution 2.基本概念和知识点 Optimal Decision; Total Profit; Economic Profit; Total Revenue; Average Revenue; Marginal Revenue;Marginal Profit; Curve;Budget Line; Expansion Path 3.问题与应用（能力要求） Firms that are successful sometimes take their profitability as a signal that they should expand. Why does this expansion sometimes get them in serious trouble? The decision-making analysis presented in this chapter rests heavily on the proposition
