Lorraine Farrelly another in the AVA Academia series... 2nd edition of Architecture The Fundamentals Ethical: aware- ness/ reflect- va ion/ debate academig
of The Fundamentals Architecture Lorraine Farrelly another in the AVA Academia series... ava publishing sa www.avabooks.com http://blog.avabooks.com enquiries@avabooks.com sales@avabooks.com Lorraine Farrelly is an architect and Professor of Architecture and Design at the Portsmouth School of Architecture, UK. She teaches design studio at undergraduate and postgraduate in architecture. In addition, she teaches courses in representation and drawing. Her studio teaching focuses on the idea of the city and how it is read and interpreted. Her previous books include Representational Techniques (2007) and Construction and Materiality (2008). Lorraine Farrelly The Fundamentals of Architecture Ethical practice is well known, taught and discussed in the domains of medicine, law, science and sociology but was, until recently, rarely discussed in terms of the Applied Visual Arts. Yet design is becoming an increasingly integral part of our everyday lives and its influence on our society ever-more prevalent. AVA Publishing believes that our world needs integrity; that the ramifications of our actions upon others should be for the greatest happiness and benefit of the greatest number. We do not set ourselves out as arbiters of what is ‘good’ or ‘bad’, but aim to promote discussion in an organized fashion for an individual’s understanding of their own ethical inclination. By incorporating a ‘working with ethics’ section and cover stamp on all our titles, AVA Publishing aims to help a new generation of students, educators and practitioners find a methodology for structuring their thoughts and reflections in this vital area. Publisher’s note AVA’s Fundamentals titles are designed to introduce students to the key elements of visual arts subjects and the ideas that underpin them. Packed with examples from students and professionals, and fully illustrated with clear diagrams and inspiring imagery, they offer an essential introduction to the applied visual arts. The Fundamentals of Architecture is a practical, accessible introduction to the concepts and processes of modern architecture. Throughout this book, Lorraine Farrelly unravels the key areas of investigation and study associated with architectural thinking, design and implementation. This revised and updated second edition includes detailed case studies and practical projects to help you explore the process of architecture, and incorporate best practice techniques into your own work. It will also guide you through the rich history of architecture around the world and introduce you to essential elements of contemporary theory and practice. Praise for the first edition of The Fundamentals of Architecture ‘This book is awesome. Wonderfully designed, easy to understand, great images, great writing. What a wonderful overview of so many aspects of the design and practice of architecture.’ Eric Stark, Assistant Professor of Architecture, University of Maine at Augusta, USA ‘An attractive introduction to the world of architecture and what is required of an architect... very good for those at school considering a career choice in architecture. It is also a good general overview of thinking across the whole field of architecture. The graphic design is attractive and the images well chosen.’ John Napier RIBA, Senior Lecturer in Architecture, University of Lincoln, UK £26.50 US$38.50 ISBN: 978-2-940411-75-7 9 782940 411757 Job no: CD0412-49 / Sammi 4th proof AVA : Fund Architecture 2nd Edition Cover-23FebGK_.indd 1 4/27/12 2:07 PM
Contents INTRODUCTION 06 CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 4 Placing Architecture 10 History and Precedent 32 Construction 62 Site 12 A timeline of architectural Materials 64 Place and space 20 influences 34 Elements 7 City context The ancient world 36 Prefabrication Landscape context 24 The classical world 38 Structure 80 The medieval world Innovation 82 Case study:Redesigning a The Renaissance 42 Innovative materials 84 university campus 26 Baroque 46 Exercise:Site analysis 30 Modernism 50 Case study:Designing a pavilion 86 Exercise:Axonometric drawing 90 Case study:Reconstructing a museum 56 Exercise:Skylines 60
Job No: D0312-18 / YEE PEI 1st Proof Title: Fund Architecture 2nd Edition (AVA) 76451_CTP_001-045GK_2Mar_.indd 4 Text 3/13/12 4:59 PM Black Contents INTRODUCTION 06 CHAPTER 3 Construction 62 Materials 64 Elements 72 Prefabrication 78 Structure 80 Innovation 82 Innovative materials 84 Case study: Designing a pavilion 86 Exercise: Axonometric drawing 90 CHAPTER 2 History and Precedent 32 A timeline of architectural influences 34 The ancient world 36 The classical world 38 The medieval world 40 The Renaissance 42 Baroque 46 Modernism 50 Case study: Reconstructing a museum 56 Exercise: Skylines 60 CHAPTER 1 Placing Architecture 10 Site 12 Place and space 20 City context 22 Landscape context 24 Case study: Redesigning a university campus 26 Exercise: Site analysis 30 4 Job No: D0312-18 / YEE PEI 1st Proof Title: Fund Architecture 2nd Edition (AVA) 76451_CTP_001-045GK_2Mar_.indd 4 3/13/12 4:59 PM
CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6 5 Representation 92 Contemporary Ideas 136 Realization 162 CAD drawing 94 Universal ideas and principles 138 Project timeline 164 Sketching 96 Functionalism 142 The project 166 Scale 102 Form-driven architecture 146 Contributors and their roles 168 Orthographic projection 106 Monumentalism 150 The brief 170 Perspective 112 Zeitgeist 152 The concept 172 Three-dimensional images 114 Site analysis 174 Physical modelling 118 Case study:Integrating with an The design process 176 CAD modelling 120 urban landscape 156 Detail development 178 Layout and presentation 122 Exercise:Analytical diagrams 160 The finished building 180 Storyboarding 124 Portfolios 126 Case study:Renovation 130 Exercise:Photomontage 134 CONCLUSION 182 INDEX 190 BIBLIOGRAPHY WEBOGRAPHY 184 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 192 GLOSSARY 186 WORKING WITH ETHICS 193 PICTURE CREDITS 188
Job No: D0312-18 / YEE PEI 1st Proof Title: Fund Architecture 2nd Edition (AVA) 76451_CTP_001-045GK_2Mar_.indd 5 Text 3/13/12 4:45 PM Black CONCLUSION 182 BIBLIOGRAPHY & WEBOGRAPHY 184 GLOSSARY 186 PICTURE CREDITS 188 INDEX 190 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 192 WORKING WITH ETHICS 193 CHAPTER 6 Realization 162 Project timeline 164 The project 166 Contributors and their roles 168 The brief 170 The concept 172 Site analysis 174 The design process 176 Detail development 178 The finished building 180 CHAPTER 5 Contemporary Ideas 136 Universal ideas and principles 138 Functionalism 142 Form-driven architecture 146 Monumentalism 150 Zeitgeist 152 Case study: Integrating with an urban landscape 156 Exercise: Analytical diagrams 160 CHAPTER 4 Representation 92 CAD drawing 94 Sketching 96 Scale 102 Orthographic projection 106 Perspective 112 Three-dimensional images 114 Physical modelling 118 CAD modelling 120 Layout and presentation 122 Storyboarding 124 Portfolios 126 Case study: Renovation 130 Exercise: Photomontage 134 Contents 5 Job No: D0312-18 / YEE PEI 1st Proof Title: Fund Architecture 2nd Edition (AVA) 76451_CTP_001-045GK_2Mar_.indd 5 3/13/12 4:46 PM
Introduction Architecture 1.The art or practice of designing and constructing buildings. 2.The style in which a building is designed and constructed. 6 This second edition of Tbe Fundamentals of Arcbitecture This book has been divided into chapters that introduces architecture to a wide audience.It will summarize various aspects of thinking during the explore fundamental ideas that architects need process of designing buildings.This process starts with to consider when designing buildings,places and a concept or idea.This may be stimulated by an aspect spaces.The intention of this book is to introduce the of the brief-the intended function of the building.It fundamental principles of architecture.There are may be an aspect of the material or construction of the many visual references and illustrations that explain building that inspires the concept,or some historical or the thinking process required to develop an idea and, contemporary precedent or existing building. eventually,build a building. Architecture is a complex and compelling subject. Many architectural ideas are never realized;buildings Buildings surround us and make up our physical require a vision and ideas can remain conceptual or worlds.Making a building requires many layers of stay on the drawing board.Architecture is a visual thinking and exploration. language and architects communicate through drawings, models and eventually through the spaces and places we construct
Job No: CD0412-49 / Sammi 2nd Proof Title: Fund Architecture 2nd Edition (AVA) 76451_CTP_001-045GK_2Mar_.indd 6 Text 4/27/12 12:42 PM Black Introduction Architecture 1. The art or practice of designing and constructing buildings. 2. The style in which a building is designed and constructed. This second edition of The Fundamentals of Architecture introduces architecture to a wide audience. It will explore fundamental ideas that architects need to consider when designing buildings, places and spaces. The intention of this book is to introduce the fundamental principles of architecture. There are many visual references and illustrations that explain the thinking process required to develop an idea and, eventually, build a building. Many architectural ideas are never realized; buildings require a vision and ideas can remain conceptual or stay on the drawing board. Architecture is a visual language and architects communicate through drawings, models and eventually through the spaces and places we construct. This book has been divided into chapters that summarize various aspects of thinking during the process of designing buildings. This process starts with a concept or idea. This may be stimulated by an aspect of the brief – the intended function of the building. It may be an aspect of the material or construction of the building that inspires the concept, or some historical or contemporary precedent or existing building. Architecture is a complex and compelling subject. Buildings surround us and make up our physical worlds. Making a building requires many layers of thinking and exploration. 6 Job No: CD0412-49 / Sammi 2nd Proof Title: Fund Architecture 2nd Edition (AVA) 76451_CTP_001-045GK_2Mar_.indd 6 4/27/12 12:42 PM
At its simplest,architecture is about defining the physical 1.SECC Conference Centre,Glasgow,Scotland space around us,for example,a room and the objects within it. Foster+Partners,1995-1997 This building has a strong profile on its site along It can be a house,a skyscraper or a series of buildings,or part the River Clyde in Glasgow.The centre has a curved of a master plan of a city.Whatever the scale of the building, aluminium roof,which looks much like the hard shell it evolves incrementally from concept sketch or drawing to of an armadillo,suggesting a strong,formal metaphor for the building's form and shape. inhabited space or building
Job No: CD0412-3 / Sammi 2nd Proof Title: Fund Architecture 2nd Edition (AVA) 76451_CTP_001-045GK_2Mar_.indd 7 Text 4/4/12 5:52 PM Black 1 1. SECC Conference Centre, Glasgow, Scotland Foster + Partners, 1995–1997 This building has a strong profile on its site along the River Clyde in Glasgow. The centre has a curved aluminium roof, which looks much like the hard shell of an armadillo, suggesting a strong, formal metaphor for the building’s form and shape. At its simplest, architecture is about defining the physical space around us, for example, a room and the objects within it. It can be a house, a skyscraper or a series of buildings, or part of a master plan of a city. Whatever the scale of the building, it evolves incrementally from concept sketch or drawing to inhabited space or building. Introduction Job No: CD0412-3 / Sammi 2nd Proof Title: Fund Architecture 2nd Edition (AVA) 76451_CTP_001-045GK_2Mar_.indd 7 4/4/12 5:52 PM
1.The Schroder House,Utrecht,The Netherlands Gerrit Rietveld,1924-1925 Artistic movements can also influence architectural form. The De Stijl(the style)movement in The Netherlands strongly influenced the development of Gerrit Rietveld's architecture,in particular his Schroder House in Utrecht. 2.Sketch of the Schroder House This student drawing shows a geometric analysis of the Schroder House.When laid over an elevation drawing of the building,it shows how each element is proportionally connected.The red lines show the incorporation of the 'golden section'(see page 123). which is a geometric proportioning system. 8 CHAPTER BY CHAPTER This book has been structured and divided into a series of subjects in order to cover the full design process. The first chapter,Placing Architecture,refers to the site the building occupies and how that needs to be analysed and understood before starting the idea.The next chapter,History and Precedent,shows that all architecture is informed by ideas that have preceded it-this could be a reference to a plan,a use of material or a structural idea.No architecture is completely new; it connects to a vast knowledge of historical precedent, whether implicit or explicit,or informed by the recent and distant past. The third chapter,Construction,introduces the basic aspects of building techniques.This chapter includes aspects of structure and material,and the making and substance of building
Job No: D0312-18 / YEE PEI 1st Proof Title: Fund Architecture 2nd Edition (AVA) 76451_CTP_001-045GK_2Mar_.indd 8 Text 3/13/12 4:45 PM Black 2 CHAPTER BY CHAPTER 1 1. The Schröder House, Utrecht, The Netherlands Gerrit Rietveld, 1924–1925 Artistic movements can also influence architectural form. The De Stijl (the style) movement in The Netherlands strongly influenced the development of Gerrit Rietveld’s architecture, in particular his Schröder House in Utrecht. 2. Sketch of the Schröder House This student drawing shows a geometric analysis of the Schröder House. When laid over an elevation drawing of the building, it shows how each element is proportionally connected. The red lines show the incorporation of the ‘golden section’ (see page 123), which is a geometric proportioning system. This book has been structured and divided into a series of subjects in order to cover the full design process. The first chapter, Placing Architecture, refers to the site the building occupies and how that needs to be analysed and understood before starting the idea. The next chapter, History and Precedent, shows that all architecture is informed by ideas that have preceded it – this could be a reference to a plan, a use of material or a structural idea. No architecture is completely new; it connects to a vast knowledge of historical precedent, whether implicit or explicit, or informed by the recent and distant past. The third chapter, Construction, introduces the basic aspects of building techniques. This chapter includes aspects of structure and material, and the making and substance of building. 8 Job No: D0312-18 / YEE PEI 1st Proof Title: Fund Architecture 2nd Edition (AVA) 76451_CTP_001-045GK_2Mar_.indd 8 3/13/12 4:46 PM
3 9 The next chapter,Representation,refers to the communication of ideas, 3.Analysis of the Schroder House from freehand sketching,to computer drawing and modelling.The fifth This three-dimensional perspective drawing of the Schroder House suggests chapter,Contemporary Ideas,explores the many ways in which architecture how the internal spaces of the building can be influenced by the prevalent 'zeitgeist',or spirit of the age are defined by intersecting horizontal and vertical planes.The shadow projected at the bottom of the The final chapter explores the realization of a building,from the first stages drawing directly connects to the of conceptual thinking,through to the final stages of implementation of a building's plan. building on site.This is where all the thinking,the consideration of the site, precedent,materials and structure come together.Making a successful building or structure requires the planning of information and organizing teams of professional people who do the facilitating and building contractors who do the making.The success of a building can be judged by the response of the client and how it fulfils its original brief
Job No: D0312-18 / YEE PEI 1st Proof Title: Fund Architecture 2nd Edition (AVA) 76451_CTP_001-045GK_2Mar_.indd 9 Text 3/13/12 5:00 PM Black 3. Analysis of the Schröder House This three-dimensional perspective drawing of the Schröder House suggests how the internal spaces of the building are defined by intersecting horizontal and vertical planes. The shadow projected at the bottom of the drawing directly connects to the building’s plan. The next chapter, Representation, refers to the communication of ideas, from freehand sketching, to computer drawing and modelling. The fifth chapter, Contemporary Ideas, explores the many ways in which architecture can be influenced by the prevalent ‘zeitgeist’, or spirit of the age. The final chapter explores the realization of a building, from the first stages of conceptual thinking, through to the final stages of implementation of a building on site. This is where all the thinking, the consideration of the site, precedent, materials and structure come together. Making a successful building or structure requires the planning of information and organizing teams of professional people who do the facilitating and building contractors who do the making. The success of a building can be judged by the response of the client and how it fulfils its original brief. Introduction 9 3 Job No: D0312-18 / YEE PEI 1st Proof Title: Fund Architecture 2nd Edition (AVA) 76451_CTP_001-045GK_2Mar_.indd 9 3/13/12 5:00 PM
Chapter 1 Placing Architecture In architectural terms,'context'generally refers to the place in which architecture or buildings are located.Context is specific and significantly affects how an architectural idea is generated. Many architects use context to provide a clear connection with their architectural concept,so the 10 resultant building is integrated and almost becomes indistinguishable from the surrounding environment. Other responses may react against the environment, and the resultant buildings will be distinct and separate from their surroundings.Either way,the critical issue is that the context has been studied, analysed and responded to deliberately and clearly. 1.Townscape model This model of a laser-cut map highlights aspects of a townscape:a project site is identified as a series of red blocks to distinguish it from the surrounding city site
Job No: D0312-18 / YEE PEI 1st Proof Title: Fund Architecture 2nd Edition (AVA) 76451_CTP_001-045GK_2Mar_.indd 10 Text 3/13/12 4:45 PM Black 10 In architectural terms, ‘context’ generally refers to the place in which architecture or buildings are located. Context is specific and significantly affects how an architectural idea is generated. Many architects use context to provide a clear connection with their architectural concept, so the resultant building is integrated and almost becomes indistinguishable from the surrounding environment. Other responses may react against the environment, and the resultant buildings will be distinct and separate from their surroundings. Either way, the critical issue is that the context has been studied, analysed and responded to deliberately and clearly. 1. Townscape model This model of a laser-cut map highlights aspects of a townscape: a project site is identified as a series of red blocks to distinguish it from the surrounding city site. The Fundamentals of Architecture Placing Architecture Chapter 1 Placing Architecture Job No: D0312-18 / YEE PEI 1st Proof Title: Fund Architecture 2nd Edition (AVA) 76451_CTP_001-045GK_2Mar_.indd 10 3/13/12 4:46 PM
1 11
Job No: D0312-18 / YEE PEI 1st Proof Title: Fund Architecture 2nd Edition (AVA) 76451_CTP_001-045GK_2Mar_.indd 11 Text 3/13/12 4:45 PM Black Introduction History and Precedent 11 1 Job No: D0312-18 / YEE PEI 1st Proof Title: Fund Architecture 2nd Edition (AVA) 76451_CTP_001-045GK_2Mar_.indd 11 3/13/12 4:46 PM
Site Architecture belongs somewhere,it will rest on a particular place:a site.The site will have distinguishing characteristics in terms of topography,location and historical definitions. 12 UNDERSTANDING SITE An urban site will have a physical history that will inform The location of a building relates not only to its site,but the architectural concept.There will be memories and also to the area around it.This presents a further range of traces of other buildings on the site,and surrounding issues to be considered,such as the scale of surrounding buildings that have their own important characteristics; buildings and the materials of the area that have been from use of materials,or their form and height,to the previously used to construct buildings. type of details and physical characteristics that the user will engage with.A landscape site may have a less obvious On site it is important to imagine ideas of form,mass, history.However,its physical qualities,its topography, materials,entrance and view.The site is both a limitation geology and plant life for example,will serve as indicators to design and a provider of incredible opportunities.It Buyoeld for architectural design. is what makes the architecture specific and unique as no two sites are exactly the same.Every site has its own life There is a fundamental need for an architect to understand cycle,which creates yet more variables in terms of its the site that a building sits on.The site will suggest a series interpretation and understanding.Site analysis is critical of parameters that will affect the architectural design.For for architecture,as it provides criteria for the architect to example,broad considerations might include orientation work with. (how the sun moves around the site)and access(how do you arrive at the site?What is the journey from and to the building?)
Job No: D0312-18 / YEE PEI 1st Proof Title: Fund Architecture 2nd Edition (AVA) 76451_CTP_001-045GK_2Mar_.indd 12 Text 3/13/12 4:45 PM Black Site Architecture belongs somewhere, it will rest on a particular place: a site. The site will have distinguishing characteristics in terms of topography, location and historical definitions. UNDERSTANDING SITE An urban site will have a physical history that will inform the architectural concept. There will be memories and traces of other buildings on the site, and surrounding buildings that have their own important characteristics; from use of materials, or their form and height, to the type of details and physical characteristics that the user will engage with. A landscape site may have a less obvious history. However, its physical qualities, its topography, geology and plant life for example, will serve as indicators for architectural design. There is a fundamental need for an architect to understand the site that a building sits on. The site will suggest a series of parameters that will affect the architectural design. For example, broad considerations might include orientation (how the sun moves around the site) and access (how do you arrive at the site? What is the journey from and to the building?). The location of a building relates not only to its site, but also to the area around it. This presents a further range of issues to be considered, such as the scale of surrounding buildings and the materials of the area that have been previously used to construct buildings. On site it is important to imagine ideas of form, mass, materials, entrance and view. The site is both a limitation to design and a provider of incredible opportunities. It is what makes the architecture specific and unique as no two sites are exactly the same. Every site has its own life cycle, which creates yet more variables in terms of its interpretation and understanding. Site analysis is critical for architecture, as it provides criteria for the architect to work with. Placing Architecture 12 Job No: D0312-18 / YEE PEI 1st Proof Title: Fund Architecture 2nd Edition (AVA) 76451_CTP_001-045GK_2Mar_.indd 12 3/13/12 4:46 PM