第七章 7-1(1)由pm 把p=10atm,T=(47+2 m=0.lkg. M=32 X 31J·mol·K1代入 证=8.31×103m3 (2)设漏气后,容器中的质量为m′,则 =mRx300→MR300+、)×320 漏去的氧气为Mm=m-m=(01-)kg=kg≈3.3×10-2kg 7-2太阳内氢原子数Msl 故氢原子数密度为 NMs/mn19×100/.67×1027 T 4 丌×(696×10°) =85×102°(m3) 题72图 由P=mkT知T=P= 1.35×10 nk85×1029×1.38×10 23=115×107(K) 7-3如图混合前: 对He气有p RTI M 72 对O2气有pl M R72 总内能E前=E1+E.、3 RI+ 5 mrT ①代入②证 E前=4 M 混合后:设共同温度为T
65 第七章 7-1 (1)由 RT M m pV = 把 p=10atm, T=(47+273)K=320K. m=0.1kg, M=32×10-3kg R=8.31J·mol-1·K-1 代入. 证 V=8.31×10-3m3 (2) 设漏气后,容器中的质量为 m′,则 RT M m p V = 320 0.1 8 5 300 300 8 5 = = R M R M m R M m pV (kg) 15 1 m = 漏去的氧气为 kg 3.3 10 kg 30 1 )kg 15 1 (0.1 −2 m = m − m = − = 7-2 太阳内氢原子数 H S m M N = 故氢原子数密度为 8 3 30 27 3 (6.96 10 ) 3 4 1.99 10 1.67 10 3 4 = = = − s S H R M m V N n 8.5 10 ( ) 29 −3 = m 由 P=nkT 知 1.15 10 ( ) 8.5 10 1.38 10 1.35 10 7 29 23 14 K nk p T = = = − 7-3 如图混合前: 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 O He T M m T M m RT M m pV RT M m pV = = = 对 气有 对 气有 ① 总内能 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 5 2 3 RT M m RT M m E前 = E + E = + ② ①代入②证 1 1 1 4 RT M m E前 = 混合后:设共同温度为 T 题 7-2 图
E1 3m15 2M1+2Mxr,又由式得E EF 5.mRT 2272 又E=E1 前 故由(2)(3)知T= )f(v) ≤2 (2)由归一化条件[(p=1得 dv N (4)从图中可看出最可几速率为1-2w各速率 (5) wf(v)dv adv 1 f(v)dv 7-5氧气未用时,氧气瓶中V=H1=32L,P1=130atm,71=T 勿1,聊1 氧气输出压强降到P2=l0atm时 氧气每天用的质量
66 ( ) RT M m T T RT EF M m M m E 2 1 2 1 0 2 2 1 1 2 5 2 3 , 1 2 5 2 3 = + 后 = + 又由 式得 ③ 又 E前 = E后 ,故由(2)(3)知 (3 5 / ) 8 1 2 1 T T T T + = 7-4 (1) = 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 ( ) v v a v v v v v v v a f v (2)由归一化条件 = 0 f (v)dv 1 得 0 0 2 0 0 3 2 1 2 3 d d 0 0 0 v v v a v av a v a v v v + = = = (3) 4 ( )d d 0 0 0 0 / 2 0 / 2 N v v v a N Nf v v N v v v v = = = (4)从图中可看出最可几速率为 v0~2v0 各速率. (5) + = = 0 0 0 0 / 2 0 0 ( )d d d v v v v v v a v v a v vf v v v 0 2 0 9 11 6 11 = av = v (6) 0 / 2 0 / 2 0 9 7 d d ( )d ( )d 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 1 v v v v a v v av v f v v vf v v v v v v v v v v v = = = 7-5 氧气未用时,氧气瓶中 V =V1 = 32L, p1 =130atm,T1 =T V RT Mp V RT Mp m 1 1 1 1 1 = = ① 氧气输出压强降到 p2 =10atm 时 V RT Mp V RT Mp m 2 2 2 2 2 = = ② 氧气每天用的质量 0 0 0 V RT MP m = ③
Po=latm, Vo=4001 设氧气用的天数为x,则xm=m1-m2→x= 由(1)(2)(3)知 m1-m2(P1-P2 P 130-10 x400×32=96天) 7-6(1)n= KT138×10-23×02.41×1025(m-3 M32×10 (2) =53×10-(kg) N。6.02×10 (3)p=m4=241×1023×53×10-26=1.3(kgm3) 1 346×10-(m) vny241×1025 (5)认为氧气分子速率服从麦克斯韦布,故 RT 8.31×300 v=1.6 446×103(m2) (6) =483×102m VM (7)E=KT=×1.38×10-23×300=104×10-20(J 4×10-10 7-7∵P=nkT =1.06×10m-3 kT138×10-3×237 1.06×10°(cm-3) 故1cm3中有1.06×10°个氮气分子 06×101 7-8由课本P2528例7-4的结论知 RI In( poy P
67 P0 =1atm,V0 = 400L 设氧气用的天数为 x,则 0 1 2 0 1 2 m m m xm m m x − = − = 由(1)(2)(3)知 0 0 1 2 0 1 2 ( ) p V p p V m m m x − = − = 32 9.6( ) 1 400 130 10 = 天 − = 7-6 (1) 2.41 10 (m ) 1.38 10 300 10 25 3 23 5 − − = = = KT p n (2) 5.3 10 (kg) 6.02 10 32 10 26 23 3 0 − − = = = N M (3) 2.41 10 5.3 10 1.3(kg/m ) 25 26 3 = = = − n (4) 3.46 10 (m) 2.41 10 1 1 9 3 3 25 − = = = n l (5)认为氧气分子速率服从麦克斯韦布,故 4.46 10 (ms ) 32 10 8.31 300 1.6 1.6 2 -1 3 = = = M − RT v (6) 2 2 1 4.83 10 ms 3 − = = M RT v (7) 1.38 10 300 1.04 10 (J) 2 5 2 −23 −20 = KT = = i 7-7 1 1 3 2 3 1 0 1.06 10 m 1.38 10 237 4 10 − − − = = = = k T p p nkT n 1.06 10 (cm ) 5 −3 = 故 1cm3 中有 5 1.0610 个氮气分子. 2.1 10 m 1.06 10 1 1 d 4 3 3 11 − = = n 7-8 由课本 P257-258 例 7-4 的结论知 ln( ) 0 p p Mg RT h =
8.31×300 n(-)=1.96×103(m 29×10-3×9.80.8 7-9(1)E1=K7=×138×10-23×300=621×10-2(J) (2)看作理想气体,则 Kt 128×300×10-23 1.6 1.6 V10-13×10 1.03×10-2ms- 7-10 RT=2×8.31×300=3.74×103(J) E转动=R=831×300=249×10°() 内能E=RT=×831×300=6.23×103(J) 7-11(1)由p=nKT →n-KT ∵是等温等压 n1:n2=1:1 是等温,∴n:"2=√M2:√M1=√2=√32=1:4 1.33× 7-12n= 32×101m KT1.38×10-23×300 78(m) 2md2p√2x×9×10-20×1.33×10 Po KT 0=542×108 RT 16, (2)由公式=√2m2m=m2P16、M=√2m2PR知 KMT z与T和P有关,由于T不变,故z只与P有关
68 ) 1.96 10 (m) 0.8 1 ln( 29 10 9.8 8.31 300 3 3 = = − 7-9 (1) 1.38 10 300 6.21 10 (J) 2 3 2 3 −23 −21 t = KT = = (2)看作理想气体,则 13 3 23 10 10 1.28 300 10 1.6 1.6 − − − = = KT v 2 1 1.03 10 ms − − = 7-10 8.31 300 3.74 10 (J) 2 3 2 3 3 E平动 = RT = = 8.31 300 2.49 10 (J) 3 E转动 = RT = = 内能 8.31 300 6.23 10 (J) 2 5 2 5 3 E = RT = = 7-11 (1)由 KT p p = nKT n = ∵是等温等压 ∴ n1 : n2 =1:1 (2) M RT v =1.6 是等温,∴ v1 : v2 = M2 : M1 = 2 = 32 =1: 4 7-12 17 3 23 3 3.2 10 1.38 10 300 1.33 10 − − − = = = m KT P n 7.8(m) 2 9 10 1.33 10 1.38 10 300 2 d 2 0 3 2 3 2 = = = − − − p KT 7-13 (1) 8 0 0 0 0 2 5.42 10 1.6 2 d = = = = z M RT v KT p n z nv (2)由公式 MT R K p M RT KT p z nv 2 2 2 = 2d = 2d 1.6 = 2d 知 z 与 T 和 P 有关,由于 T 不变,故 z 只与 P 有关
则 2:0=p:p0→z′=p=-133×10- ×542×103=071s-1 1013×105 7-14(1)如图 又∵B→>C等温过程,故TB=TC 由p=nRTP=2PH=B 题714图 则TB=2T KT 2nd- p a: a-t t B→>C等温过程PcVc=PB1B→Pc×2A=2pHA→PC=P4 c:λ4=2:1 715(1) VM =1.738.31×4000 =7.0×10°(ms-) (2)d=4+2=1 =-(1+3)×10 2×10-0m (3)z=√2m2n2v=√2z×4x1020×40×1035×7×103 5×10 716(1)
69 则 8 1 5 4 0 0 0 0 5.42 10 0.71 1.013 10 1.33 10 : : − − = = = = z s p p z z p p z 7-14 (1)如图 M RT v 2 3 = ∴ c A Tc TA v : v : 2 2 = 又 B →C 等温过程,故 TB = TC . 由 RT PB PA VA VB M m pV = = 2 = 则 TB = 2TA ∴ : 2 :1 2 2 Vc VA = (2) A A c c c A P T P T p KT : : 2 d 2 = = B →C 等温过程 pCVC = pBVB pC 2VA = 2pAVA pC = pA C : A = 2 :1 7-15 (1) M RT v 1.73 2 = 7.0 10 (ms ) 2 10 8.31 4000 1.73 3 1 3 − − = = (2) (1 3) 10 2 10 m 2 1 2 2 1 2 −10 −10 = + = + = d d d (3) 20 25 3 2 2 = 2 d = 2 410 4010 710 − z n v 10 1 5 10 s − = 7-16 (1) 题 7-14 图
aRT 2nd2P 8R VzM k vrML ① n 又由E=6 nRr=3"Rr→T=EM 2 M 3mR 把②代入①知 d,pr 3mm 4d kMvE kM E 4d2 (2)"s,A RT 把②代入得 2R EM 2E M 3mR v31 (3)平均平动动能 3. EMEM 3mR 2mNo
70 MT R k p z KT p n M RT v z nv 8 2 d 8 2 d 2 2 = = = = ① 又由 mR EM RT T M m RT M m E 3 3 2 6 = = = ② 把②代入①知 E m kM pKN E m kM pR z 4d 3 4d 0 3 2 2 = = E m M 4d pN0 3 2 = (2) M RT vP 2 = 把②代入得 m E mR EM M R VP 3 2 3 2 = = (3)平均平动动能 2 3 2 0 3 2 3 mN EM mR EM k T k t = = =