《电力系统运行与控制 Power System Operation and Control》课程参考书籍文献：《Operation and Control in Power Systems》PDF电子书（Prof. P. S. R. MURTY）

1 Introduction 2 Load Flow Analysis 3 Economic Operation of Power Systems 4 Optimal Load Flow 5 Unit Commitment 6 Load Frequency Control 7 Control of Interconnected Systems 8 Voltage and Reactive Power Control 9 Introduction to Advanced Topics

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(xiI) Contents 2.9 Fast Decoupled Methods ............................................................................•...... 27 2.10 Load Flow Solution Using Z Bus ...................................................................... 29 2.10.1 Bus Impedance Formation ............................ ~ .................................. 29 2.10.2 Addition of a Line to the Reference Bus .......................................... 29 2.10.3 Addition ofaRadial Line and New Bus ........................................... 30 2.10.4 Addition of a Loop Closing Two Existing Buses in the System ...... 30 2.10.5 Gauss - Seidel Method Using Z-bus for Load Flow Solution ......... 31 2.11 Load Flow Solution with Static Load Model .................................................... 32 2.12 Comparision of Various Methods for Power Flow Solution ............................. 33 Questions ............................................................. ................ .......... .......... ........ 71 Problems ......................... ................... .... ..... ................................... ................. 72 3 Economic Operation of Power Systems 3.1 Characteristics of Steam Plants ........................................................................ 86 3.2 Input Output Curves ......................................................................................... 87 3.3 The Incremental Heat Rate Characteristic ........................................................ 88 3.4 The Incremental Fuel Cost Characteristic ........................................................ 88 3.5 Heat Rate Characteristic .................................................................................... 89 3.6 Incremental Production Cost Characteristics ................................................... 89 3.7 Characteristics of Hydro Plants ........................................................................ 90 3.8 Incremental Water Rate Characteristics ............................................................ 91 3.9 Incremental Production Cost Characteristic ..................................................... 92 3.10 Generating Costs at Thermal Plants .................................................................. 93 3.11 Analytical Form for Input-Output Characteristics of Thermal Units ................ 93 3.12 Constraints in Operation .................................................................................... 94 3.13 Plant Scheduling Methods ................................................................................. 96 3.14 Merit Order Method .......................................................................................... 97 3.15 Equal Incremental Cost Method: Transmission Losses Neglected .................. 97 3.16 Transmission Loss Formula - B. Coefficients .................................................. 99 3.17 Active Power Scheduling ................................................................................. 103 3.18 Penalty Factor .................................................................................................. 106 3.19 Evaluation ofl for Computation ....................................................................... 107

(xfu) Contents 3.20 Hydro Electric Plant Models ............................................................................ 119 3.21 Pumped Storage Plant ...................................................................................... 120 3.22 Hydro Thermal Scheduling .............................................................................. 120 3.23 Energy Scheduling Method .............................................................................. 121 3.24 Short Term Hydro Thermal Scheduling ........................................................... 125 3.24.1 Method of Lagrange Multipliers (losses neglected) ........................ 125 3.24.2 Lagrange Multipliers Method Transmission Losses Considered .... 126 3.24.3 Short Term Hydro Thermal Scheduling using B-Coefficients for Transmission losses .......................................... 127 Questions ........................................................................................................ 151 Problems ........................................................................................................ 152 4 Optimal Load Flow 4.1 Reactive Power Control for Loss Minimization ............................................... 155 4.2 Gradient Method for Optimal Load Flow ......................................................... 156 4.3 Non - Linear Programming .............................................................................. 157 4.4 Lagrange Function for Optimal Load Flow ..................................................... 158 4.5 Computational Procedures ................................................................ _ ............. 159 4.6 Conditions for Optimal Load Flow ................................................................... 159 4.7 Implementation of optimal conditions .............................................................. 161 Questions ........................................................................................................ 168 Problems ........................................................................................................ 169 5 Unit Commitment 5.1 Cost Function Formulation .............................................................................. 171 5.2 Constraints for Plant Commitment Schedules ................................................. 173 5.3 Priority - List Method ...................................................................................... ·174 5.4 Dynamic Programming .................................................................................... t:z5 5.5 Unit Commitment by Dynamic Programming ................................................. 177 Questions ........................................................................................................ 180 Problems ........................................................................................................ 180

Contents 6 Load Frequency Control 6.1 Speed Governing Mechanism .......................................................................... 183 6.2 Speed Governor ................................................................................................ 183 6.3 Steady State Speed Regulation ......................................................................... 185 6.4 Adjustment of Governor Characteristics ......................................................... 185 6.5 Transfer Function of Speed Control Mechanism ............................................ 186 6.6 Transfer Function of a Power System ............................................................ 188 6.7 Transfer Function of the Speed Governor ....................................................... 190 6.8 Governing of Hydro Units ................................................................................ 191 6.9 Penstock Turbine Model .................................................................................. 193 6.10 Modal for a Steam Vessel ................................................................................ 196 6.11 Steam Turbine Model ...................................................................................... 197 6.12 Reheat Type Steam Turbine Model .................................................................. 198 6.13 Single Control Area ........................................................................................... 199 6.14 The basics of Load Frequency Control ........................................................... 200 6.15 Flat Frequency Control .................................................................................... 201 6.16 Real Power Balance for Load Changes ............................................................ 202 6.17 Transfer Function of a Single Area System ..................................................... 203 6.18 Analysis of Single Area System ........................................................................ 205 6.19 Dynamic Response of Load Frequency Control Loop .................................... 208 6.20 Control Strategy ............................................................................................... 209 6.21 PID Controllers ................................................................................................ 212 6.22 The optimal Control Problem ........................................................................... 222 6.23 The Linear Regulator Problem ......................................................................... 222 6.24 Matrix Riccati Equation .................................................................................... 224 6.25 Application of Modern Control Theory ............................................................ 224 6.26 Optimal Load Frequency Control - Single Area System .................................. 225

Contents 6.27 Optimal Control for Tandem Compound Single Reheat Turbine - Generator System ............................................................................................. 229 6.28 Optimal Control of Hydro Speed Governing System ....................................... 232 6.29 A Review of Optimal Control ........................................................................... 235 6.30 Load Frequency Control with Restrictions on the Rate of Power Generation '" .................... : ..................................................................... 236 6.31 Load Frequency Control using Output Feedback ............................................ 237 6.32 Load frequency Control and Economic Dispatch ............................................ 238 Questions ....................................................................................................... "39 Problems ........................................................................................................ 240 7 Control of Interconnected Systems 7. 1 Interconnected Operation ................................................................................. 241 7.2 Flat Frequency Control of Interconnected Stations ......................................... 241 7.3 Flat Tie-Line and Flat Frequency Control ........................................................ 244 7.4 Tie-Line Bias Control ........................................................................................ 247 7.5 Complete Tie-Line Bias Control ....................................................................... 250 7.6 Two Area System - Tie-Line Power Model ..................................................... 253 7.7 Block Diagram for Two Area System .............................................................. 254 7.8 Analysis of Two Area System .......................................................................... 255 7.9 Dynamic Response ........................................................................................... 257 7.10 Tie-Line Bias Control- Implementation ........................................................... 266 7.11 The Effect of Bias Factor on System Regulation ............................................ 267 7.12 Scope for Supplementary Control .................................................................... 269 7.13 State Variable Model for a Three Area System ................................................. 269 7.14 State Variable Model for a Two Area System ................................................... 274 7.15 State Variable Model for a Single Area System ................................................ 275 7.16 Model Reduction and Decentralised Control .................................................. ,284 Questions ........................................................................................................ 287 Problems ........................................................................................................ 288

(XVl) Contents 8 Voltage and Reactive Power Control 8.1 Impedance and Reactive Power ....................................................................... 289 8.2 System Voltage and Reactive Power ................................................................ 293 8.3 Reactive Power Generation by Synchronous Machines .................................. 294 8.4 Effect of Excitation Control ............................................................................. 295 8.5 Voltage Regulation and Power Transfer ........................................................... 296 8.6 Exciter and Voltage Regulator .......................................................................... 297 8.7 Block Schematic of Excitation Control ............................................................ 299 8.8 Static Excitation System .................................................................................. 300 8.9 Brushless Excitation Scheme ........................................................................... 301 8.10 Automatic Voltage Regulators for Alternators .................................................. 302 8.11 Analysis of Generator Voltage Control ............................................................. 303 8.12 Steady State Performance Evaluation .............................................................. 306 8.13 Dynamic Response of Voltage Regulation Control ........................................... 306 8.14 Stability Compensation for Voltage Control ..................................................... 307 8.15 Stabilizing Transformer .................................................................................... 307 8.16 Voltage Regulators ............................................................................................ 309 8.17 ieee Type 1 Excitation System ......................................................................... 310 8.18 Power System Stabilizer .................................................................................. 313 8.19 Reactive Power Generation by Turbo Generator ............................................. 314 8.20 Synchronous Compensators ............................................................................ 314 8.21 Reactors 315 8.22 Capacitors315 8.23 Tap---Changing Transformers ........................................................................... 316 8.24 Tap-Staggering Method ................................................................................... 317 8.25 Voltage Regulation and Short Circuit Capacity ................................................. 318 8.26 Loading Capability of a Line ............................................................................. 320 8.27 Compensation in Power Systems ..................................................................... 320

(xviI) Contents 8.28 Load Compensation .......................................................................................... 321 8.29 Static Compensators ........................................................................................ 328 8.30 Steady State Perfonnance of Static var compensators ................................... 331 8.31 Overvoltages on Sudden Loss of Load ............................................................ 334 8.32 Voltage Dips ...................................................................................................... 335 8.33 Subsynchronous Resonance ............................................................................ 337 Questions ........................................................................................................ 343 Problems ........................................................................................................ 344 9 Introduction to Advanced Topics 9.1 Facts Controllers .............................................................................................. 346 9.1.1 Series Controllers ............................................................................ 346 9.1.2 Shunt Controller .............................................................................. 347 9.1.3 Series - Series Controllers .............................................................. 347 9.1.4 Series - Shunt Controllers .............................................................. 348 9.1.5 Power Flow Control ...................................................................... 348 9.1.6 Static Var Compensator(SVC) ........................................................ 349 9.1.7 Unified Power Flow Controller ....................................................... 349 9.1.8 Advantages due to FACTS devices ................................................. 349 9.2 Voltage Stability ................................................................................................ 350 9.3 Power Quality ................................................................................................... 352 9.3.1 Power Quality Index ....................................................................... 353 9.3.2 Voltage Sags .................................................................................... 353 9.3.3 Rectifier Loads ................................................................................ 355 9.3.4 Flicker ............................................................................................. 355 9.3.5 Power Acceptability or Voltage Tolerance ....................................... 356 9.3.6 Solutions to Power Quality.problem ............................................... 356 9.4 Data Base for Control ....................................................................................... 357 9.5 State Estimation ................................................................................................ 358 9.6 Power System Security .................................................................................... 360

(xviii) Contents 9.7 Steady State Security Assessment ................................................................... 361 9.8 Application to Outage Studies .......................................................................... 362 9.9 Pattern Recognition Methods ........................................................................... 363 9.10 Power System Control Centres ........................................................................ 365 9.11 Level Decomposition in Power Systems ......................................................... 367 9.12 NetworkAutomation ........................................................................................ 368 9.13 LoadPrediction ................................................................................................. 369 9.14 Load Prediction using Matereological Data ...................................................... 371 9.15 Spetral Expansion Method ................................................................................ 376 9.16 Prediction by Scaling a Standard Load .......................................................... 377 9.17 Short - Term Load Forecasting Using Exponential Smoothing ....................... 378 9.18 Peak Power Demand Prediction ....................................................................... 378 9.19 State Estimation in Load Forecasting ............................................................... 379 9.20 Generating Capacity Reliability and Outage Probabilities ................................. 380 Questions ........................................................................................................ 386 Objective Questions .......................................................................... 387 Answers to Objective Questions ...................................................... 400 References ......................................................................................... 401 Index ................................................................................................. 407

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