COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING ANTENNAS FOR BASE STATIONS IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS ZHI NING CHEN,Ph.D.,DoE KWAI-MAN LUK,Ph.D
ABOUT THE EDITORS 心2芝 of Cor Southeast n R for Infocom junct pro Researchi sity of Singapore 260 and Applications(Wiley,2007),Uit ra wideband wireless com 2006) for Portable Der ce 2007.He for Co 9006) g Handbook nted and filed patents with ensed industry deals.He is the Award 2008.IEEE AP-S Hong ent Award 2006 IR Quart erly Best Paper Award 2004,and IEEE iWAT 2005 Best Poster Award Dr.Chen is a Fellow of the IEEE.Inc.and an IEEE AP-S Distinguished Lecturer(www1.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/-chenzn). DR.KWAI-MAN LUK received his Ph.D.in electrical er ity of Hong K g.He is The and ring De recent tsinclude design of patch. nator antennas micr wave and antenna meas and dielect al metics.He is the author earch books and the thor of c 950i and 200 co s He has re the design of a wideband patch antenn ith obe.Herece in Chiba in December 1994 and the Best Paper Award at the 2008 Inte rnational Symposium on Antennas and Propagation held in Taipei in October 2008. He was the Technical Prog ram Chairperson of the 1997 Progress in osium (PIERS 1997),the General Vice Chairperson of the 1997 and 2008 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference,and the nan of 2006 IEEE Region Ten confere nce.He is a deputy editor in-chief of the Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications. Professor Luk is a Fellow of the IEEE.Inc.:a Fellow of the Chinese Institute of Electronics,PRC:a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology UK;and a Fellow of the Electromagnetics Academy,U.S
ABOUT THE EDITORS DR. ZHI NING CHEN received his Ph.D. from the Institute of Communications Engineering and his DoE from the University of Tsukuba. Since 1988, he has worked at the Institute of Communications Engineering, Southeast University, City University of Hong Kong, University of Tsukuba, and the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. He is currently Principal Scientist and Department Head for RF & Optical at the Institute for Infocomm Research in Singapore. He is concurrently holding guest/adjunct professor appointments at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Southeast University, Nanjing University, Tongji University, and National University of Singapore. He is also technical advisor at Compex Systems. As a key member of numerous international organizations, Dr. Chen has organized many events. He is the founder of the International Workshop on Antenna Technology (iWAT). He has published over 260 papers as well as authored and edited the following books: Broadband Planar Antennas: Design and Applications (Wiley, 2007), Ultra Wideband Wireless Communication (Wiley, 2006), and Antennas for Portable Devices (Wiley, 2007). He also contributed chapters to Ultra Wideband Antennas and Propagation for Communications, Radar, and Imaging (Wiley, 2006) as well as Antenna Engineering Handbook, Fourth Edition (McGraw-Hill, 2007). He holds 26 granted and filed patents with 15 licensed industry deals. He is the recipient of the CST University Publication Award 2008, IEEE AP-S Honorable Mention Student Paper Contest 2008, IES Prestigious Engineering Achievement Award 2006, I2 R Quarterly Best Paper Award 2004, and IEEE iWAT 2005 Best Poster Award. Dr. Chen is a Fellow of the IEEE, Inc. and an IEEE AP-S Distinguished Lecturer (www1.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/~chenzn). DR. KWAI-MAN LUK received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from The University of Hong Kong. He is currently Head and Chair Professor of the Electronic Engineering Department at City University of Hong Kong. His recent research interests include design of patch, planar, and dielectric resonator antennas; microwave and antenna measurements; and computational electromagnetics. He is the author of two books, a contributing author to nine research books, and the author of over 250 journal papers and 200 conference papers. He has recently been awarded two U.S. patents and ten PRC patents on the design of a wideband patch antenna with an L-shaped probe. He received the Japan Microwave Prize at the 1994 Asia Pacific Microwave Conference held in Chiba in December 1994 and the Best Paper Award at the 2008 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation held in Taipei in October 2008. He was the Technical Program Chairperson of the 1997 Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS 1997), the General ViceChairperson of the 1997 and 2008 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, and the General Chairman of 2006 IEEE Region Ten Conference. He is a deputy editorin-chief of the Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications. Professor Luk is a Fellow of the IEEE, Inc.; a Fellow of the Chinese Institute of Electronics, PRC; a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology, UK; and a Fellow of the Electromagnetics Academy, U.S
Contents at a Glance Chapter 1.Fundamentals of Antennas 1 Chapter 2.Base Station Antennas for Mobile Radio Systems 31 chaper3.AeRi&eiaBenCemrnkaieonsr 95 Chapter 4.Advanced Antennas for Radio Base Stations 129 Chapter 5.Antenna Issues and Technologies for Enhancing System Capacity 177 205 Chapter 7.Antennas for WLAN(WiFi)Applications 241 291 Index 349
v Contents at a Glance Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Antennas 1 Chapter 2. Base Station Antennas for Mobile Radio Systems 31 Chapter 3. Antennas for Mobile Communications: CDMA, GSM, and WCDMA 95 Chapter 4. Advanced Antennas for Radio Base Stations 129 Chapter 5. Antenna Issues and Technologies for Enhancing System Capacity 177 Chapter 6. New Unidirectional Antennas for Various Wireless Base Stations 205 Chapter 7. Antennas for WLAN (WiFi) Applications 241 Chapter 8. Antennas for Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Applications: RFID/UWB Positioning 291 Index 349
Contents Preface xiii Acknowledaments Introduction xvil Chapter 1.Fundamentals of Antennas 1 1.1 Basis Parameters and Definitions of Antennas 12 1.1.3 Radiation Patterns 1234 6910 1.1.7 Intermodulation 13 1.2mr iThis Book 12 Patch A 1.2.3 1515171 1.2.4 Planer Dipoles/Monopoles 20 13.2 em Matching 1.3.3 Measurement Systems for Intermodulation 112 1.4 System Calibration 28 1.5 Remarks 28 References 29 Chapter 2.Base Station Antennas for Mobile Radio Systems 31 2.1 Operational Requirements 2.2 2aerm8。PanoRiepPaapmemeere 23355 2.3 The Design of a Practical Base Station Antenna 44 2.3.1 Metho ds of Construction 2Dimensioning the Array 455 28 Multiband and Wideband Arrays Feed Networks vii
vii Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Antennas 1 1.1 Basis Parameters and Definitions of Antennas 1 1.1.1 Input Impedance and Equivalent Circuits 2 1.1.2 Matching and Bandwidth 3 1.1.3 Radiation Patterns 4 1.1.4 Polarization of the Antenna 6 1.1.5 Antenna Efficiency 9 1.1.6 Directivity and Gain 10 1.1.7 Intermodulation 13 1.2 Important Antennas in This Book 15 1.2.1 Patch Antennas 15 1.2.2 Suspended Plate Antennas 17 1.2.3 Planer Inverted-L/F Antennas 18 1.2.4 Planer Dipoles/Monopoles 20 1.3 Basic Measurement Techniques 21 1.3.1 Measurement Systems for Impedance Matching 21 1.3.2 Measurement Setups for Far-Zone Fields 22 1.3.3 Measurement Systems for Intermodulation 26 1.4 System Calibration 28 1.5 Remarks 28 References 29 Chapter 2. Base Station Antennas for Mobile Radio Systems 31 2.1 Operational Requirements 32 2.2 Antenna Performance Parameters 33 2.2.1 Control of Antenna Parameters 36 2.3 The Design of a Practical Base Station Antenna 44 2.3.1 Methods of Construction 44 2.3.2 Array Design 51 2.3.3 Dimensioning the Array 51 2.3.4 Multiband and Wideband Arrays 62 2.3.5 Feed Networks 67
viii Contents 2.3.6 Practical Cost/Performance Issues 238 Passive Intermodulation Products and Their Avoidance 239 otely Con 68112 rolled Electrical parameters 23104 ntennas for TD-SCDMA Systems 2212Ar It dia se Sta tion Antennas 2.3.13 RADHAZ 8g 5 Fu ure Directions References 3 Chapter 3.Antennas for Mobile Communications: CDMA.GSM.and WCDMA 的 3.1 3.1.2 Reguirem 3.2 Case Studies 98 3222 An Eight-Element-Shaped Beam Antenna Array 323A ze na Array 3.2.4 A Broadband Monopolar Antenna for Indoor Coverage 117 3.2.5 Conclusio gment Reference 127 Chapter 4.Advanced Antennas for Radio Base Stations 129 4.1 Benefits of Advanced Antennas 130 4.2 Advanced Antenna Technologies 131 4.3 Three-Sector Reference System 132 4.4 Three-Sector Omnidirectional Antenna 134 45Hgergoe7AeneDwesiy nntonea 130 “密 4.8.2 156 4.10 Fixed Multi 4.10.2 Migration Strategy 165 4.11 Steered Beam Array Antenna se Study 168 4.14 References
viii Contents 2.3.6 Practical Cost/Performance Issues 68 2.3.7 Passive Intermodulation Products and Their Avoidance 69 2.3.8 Use of Computer Simulation 71 2.3.9 Arrays with Remotely Controlled Electrical Parameters 72 2.3.10 Antennas for TD-SCDMA Systems 78 2.3.11 Measurement Techniques for Base Station Antennas 80 2.3.12 Array Optimization and Fault Diagnosis 83 2.3.13 RADHAZ 86 2.3.14 Visual Appearance and Planning Issues 87 2.3.15 Future Directions 91 References 93 Chapter 3. Antennas for Mobile Communications: CDMA, GSM, and WCDMA 95 3.1 Introduction 95 3.1.1 Requirements for Indoor Base Station Antennas 95 3.1.2 Requirements for Outdoor Base Station Antennas 96 3.2 Case Studies 98 3.2.1 An Eight-Element-Shaped Beam Antenna Array 98 3.2.2 A 90ç Linearly Polarized Antenna Array 106 3.2.3 A Dual-Band Dual-Polarized Array 111 3.2.4 A Broadband Monopolar Antenna for Indoor Coverage 117 3.2.5 A Single-Feed Dual-Band Patch Antenna for Indoor Networks 122 3.3 Conclusion 126 3.4 Acknowledgment 126 References 127 Chapter 4. Advanced Antennas for Radio Base Stations 129 4.1 Benefits of Advanced Antennas 130 4.2 Advanced Antenna Technologies 131 4.3 Three-Sector Reference System 132 4.4 Three-Sector Omnidirectional Antenna 134 4.5 Higher Order Receive Diversity 137 4.5.1 Field Trial 138 4.6 Transmit Diversity 139 4.7 Antenna Beamtilt 139 4.7.1 Case Study 146 4.8 Modular High-Gain Antenna 148 4.8.1 Case Study 150 4.8.2 Field Trial 153 4.9 Higher Order Sectorization 154 4.9.1 Case Study 156 4.10 Fixed Multibeam Array Antenna 157 4.10.1 Field Trials 161 4.10.2 Migration Strategy 165 4.11 Steered Beam Array Antenna 167 4.12 Amplifier Integrated Sector Antenna 168 4.12.1 Case Study 169 4.13 Amplifier Integrated Multibeam Array Antenna 171 4.14 Conclusion 173 References 174
Contents ix Chapter 5.Antenna Issues and Technologies for Enhancing System Capacity 177 5.1 Mobile Comm nunications in Japan 5.1.2 Wireless Access System 179 5.2.Design Considerations for Antennas from a Systems Point of View 182 am Ant m pate Metal conduct 532 5.3.3 SpotCell(Micro-Cell)Antenna 535 al Radiation Pattern 5.4 Conclusi 202 References 202 Chapter 6. New 205 6.2 ch Ante 6.2.1 Twin L-Shaped Probes Fed Patch Antenna 207 9 6.3 EeeepoXaAnt3 netebipgletan 6.3.1 Basic Principle 28 6.3.2 tary Ameg nnas Com posed 221 6.3.3 Complementar y Antennas with a Slot 6.3.4 uonical Mon ole Antenna Element dgment References Chapter 7.Antennas for WLAN(WiFi)Applications 241 7.2 245 Materials,Fabrication Process,Time to Market, 72.2yme0 t,an n Considerations of-the-Art De 731 Outdoor Point-to-Point Antennas Antennas ntenna 28 7.4 Embedded Antenna 2 742 Outdoor P2P Antenn a Array 7.4.4 oor P2 na Array
Contents ix Chapter 5. Antenna Issues and Technologies for Enhancing System Capacity 177 5.1 Introduction 177 5.1.1 Mobile Communications in Japan 177 5.1.2 Wireless Access System 179 5.2. Design Considerations for Antennas from a Systems Point of View 182 5.3 Case Studies 184 5.3.1 Slim Antenna 184 5.3.2 Narrow HPBW Antenna with Parasitic Metal Conductors 188 5.3.3 SpotCell (Micro-Cell) Antenna 194 5.3.4 Booster Antenna 196 5.3.5 Control of Vertical Radiation Pattern 196 5.4 Conclusion 202 References 202 Chapter 6. New Unidirectional Antennas for Various Wireless Base Stations 205 6.1 Introduction 205 6.2 Patch Antennas 207 6.2.1 Twin L-Shaped Probes Fed Patch Antenna 207 6.2.2 Meandering-Probe Fed Patch Antenna 210 6.2.3 Differential-Plate Fed Patch Antenna 212 6.3 Complementary Antennas Composed of an Electric Dipole and a Magnetic Dipole 219 6.3.1 Basic Principle 220 6.3.2 Complementary Antennas Composed of Slot Antenna and Parasitic Wires 221 6.3.3 Complementary Antennas with a Slot Antenna and a Conical Monopole 221 6.3.4 New Wideband Unidirectional Antenna Element 222 6.4 Conclusion 236 6.5 Acknowledgment 237 References 237 Chapter 7. Antennas for WLAN (WiFi) Applications 241 7.1 Introduction 241 7.1.1 WLAN (WiFi) 241 7.1.2 MIMO in WLANs 243 7.2 Design Considerations for Antennas 245 7.2.1 Materials, Fabrication Process, Time to Market, Deployment, and Installation 246 7.2.2 MIMO Antenna System Design Considerations 249 7.3 State-of-the-Art Designs 255 7.3.1 Outdoor Point-to-Point Antennas 255 7.3.2 Outdoor Point-to-Multiple-Point Antennas 260 7.3.3 Indoor Point-to-Multiple Point Antennas 260 7.4 Case Studies 264 7.4.1 Indoor P2MP Embedded Antenna 265 7.4.2 Outdoor P2P Antenna Array 270 7.4.3 Dual-Band Outdoor P2P Antenna Array 270 7.4.4 Outdoor P2P Diversity Grid Antenna Array 276
x Contents 7.4.5 Outdoor/Indoor P2MP HotSpot/HotZone Antenna 7.5 References chapera.AnpPakgpMcearaeRlbSpogtoa Positioning 291 8.1 Area Network (WPAN) 8 318 8.3 8.3.1D esign Considerations 8.3.2 Case Study:Six-Element Sectored Antenna Arrays 8.4 Conclusion References 349 Index 349
x Contents 7.4.5 Outdoor/Indoor P2MP HotSpot/HotZone Antenna 279 7.4.6 MIMO Antenna Array 282 7.4.7 Three-Element Dual-Band MIMO Antenna 286 7.5 Conclusion 287 References 288 Chapter 8. Antennas for Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Applications: RFID/UWB Positioning 291 8.1 Introduction 291 8.1.1 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) 292 8.1.2 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 296 8.1.3 Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Positioning 305 8.2 Antenna Design for RFID Readers 313 8.2.1 Design Considerations 313 8.2.2 Case Study 318 8.3 Antenna Design for Indoor Mono-Station UWB Positioning System 341 8.3.1 Design Considerations 341 8.3.2 Case Study: Six-Element Sectored Antenna Arrays 341 8.4 Conclusion 346 References 347 Index 349
Contributors Zhi Ning Chen Institute for Infocomm Research Brian Collins BSC Associates Ltd.and Queen Mary. University Anders Derneryd Ericsson Martin Johansson Ericsson AB Ericsson Research Yasuko Kimura NTT DoCoMo Ahmed A.Kishk University of Mississippi Ka-Leung Lau City University of Hon a Kong Kwai-Man Luk City University of Hong Kong Xianming Qing Institute for Infocomm Research Shie Ping See Institute for Infocomm Research Wee Kian Toh Institute for Infocomm Research Hang Wong City University of Hong kong
Contributors Zhi Ning Chen Institute for Infocomm Research Brian Collins BSC Associates Ltd. and Queen Mary, University of London Anders Derneryd Ericsson AB Ericsson Research Martin Johansson Ericsson AB Ericsson Research Yasuko Kimura NTT DoCoMo Ahmed A. Kishk University of Mississippi Ka-Leung Lau City University of Hong Kong Kwai-Man Luk City University of Hong Kong Xianming Qing Institute for Infocomm Research Shie Ping See Institute for Infocomm Research Wee Kian Toh Institute for Infocomm Research Hang Wong City University of Hong Kong
Preface Wireless communication has undergone rapid development during the past four decades Starting with the first ge neration wireless comr uni. ation in the 1970s,the indust ed to the second generation in is entering the fourth generation.Applications range from cellular mobile phones to healthcare and radio frequency identifications,to name just a few. Base station antennas are important components of any wireless com munication system.The wide range of applications poses stringent spe fications in efficie ncy,sectorial di and adaptabilt addition,factors suc aiual attractiveness ve tromagnetic impact on environment,and,above all,cost are important considerations.The art of designing base station antennas is thus at the forefront of antenna technology and presents challenging problems ook,Anter anas for Base Stations in Wireless Communications edited by Zhi Ning Chen and Kwai-Man Luk,is a timely and unique con- tribution that addresses the background,fundamental principles,and practical solutions to many challenges in base station antenna design. Both Dr.Chen and Dr.Luk are well known and have done distinguished work in the field.They hav ve assembled an international to contribute to the book. which covers all of the h authors,who are from industry,research institutions,and universities, have extensive experience in the research,development,and applica- tion of antennas in wireless communications.They provide perspectives from diverse backgrounds and,in many instances,describe their own enges of designi ing base station antennas. will be a welcome add ion to the library of anyone inter ested in the forefront of antenna technology. -Kai Fong Lee University of Mississippi Oxford,Mississi May 2009 到
xiii Preface Wireless communication has undergone rapid development during the past four decades. Starting with the first generation wireless communications in the 1970s, the industry progressed to the second generation in the 1990s, the third generation in the 2000s, and at present, is entering the fourth generation. Applications range from cellular mobile phones to healthcare and radio frequency identifications, to name just a few. Base station antennas are important components of any wireless communication system. The wide range of applications poses stringent speci- fications in power efficiency, sectorial directivity, polarization diversity, and adaptability. In addition, factors such as visual attractiveness, electromagnetic impact on environment, and, above all, cost are important considerations. The art of designing base station antennas is thus at the forefront of antenna technology and presents challenging problems requiring innovative solutions. This book, Antennas for Base Stations in Wireless Communications, edited by Zhi Ning Chen and Kwai-Man Luk, is a timely and unique contribution that addresses the background, fundamental principles, and practical solutions to many challenges in base station antenna design. Both Dr. Chen and Dr. Luk are well known and have done distinguished work in the field. They have assembled an international group of experts to contribute to the book, which covers all of the relevant issues. The authors, who are from industry, research institutions, and universities, have extensive experience in the research, development, and application of antennas in wireless communications. They provide perspectives from diverse backgrounds and, in many instances, describe their own solutions to the challenges of designing base station antennas. This book will be a welcome addition to the library of anyone interested in the forefront of antenna technology. —Kai Fong Lee University of Mississippi Oxford, Mississippi May 2009
Acknowledgments We are very excited about the publication of Antennas for Base Stations in Wireless Communications.This project has presented many chal lenges,such as gathe ring the ideas e eded to write a uniqu book organiin the coteeectivey,finding the appropriate coors working on agreements,consolidating all the chapters and moderating the book's contents,and writing our own chapters.Our grateful thanks are due to all the authors for contributing chapters to this book.They have expended muchffort and time toco a very short period.Also,we w ld like t场 opportunit 6 thank all the people involved in this project,especially Wendy Rinaldi Editorial Director at McGraw Hill,for her professional support and patience to make this project a huge success.Finally,we would like to thank our families,namely.Chen's wife Lin Liu and his twin sons.Shi feng and Shi Ya,as well as Luk's wife Jennifer and his sons,Alec and ng and support when we had t ork on this project past midnight and during many weekends and holidays
xv Acknowledgments We are very excited about the publication of Antennas for Base Stations in Wireless Communications. This project has presented many challenges, such as gathering the ideas needed to write a unique book, organizing the content effectively, finding the appropriate contributors, working on agreements, consolidating all the chapters and moderating the book’s contents, and writing our own chapters. Our grateful thanks are due to all the authors for contributing chapters to this book. They have expended much effort and time to complete this hard task within a very short period. Also, we would like to take this opportunity to thank all the people involved in this project, especially Wendy Rinaldi, Editorial Director at McGraw Hill, for her professional support and patience to make this project a huge success. Finally, we would like to thank our families, namely, Chen’s wife Lin Liu and his twin sons, Shi Feng and Shi Ya, as well as Luk’s wife Jennifer and his sons, Alec and Lewis, for their understanding and support when we had to work on this project past midnight and during many weekends and holidays