AIDS is a disease caused by a Mrus called HIV(short for human immunodefidency vinus).HIV attacks the body's immune system.When the immune system is hurt it diseases the way it People with HIV seem to be healthy at first But after several years.they begin to get sick.Often they ge serious infections or cancers.When this happens prolonged.unexplained fatque:swollen glands (lymph noe):fever asting moredays:chills andthey areagsed thDADs the final and stage f HIV disease scharacterized symptoms sever mmune deficiency.The most common cause of death in people with AlDS is a type of pneumonia calle pneumocystis carinii pneumonia or PCP There is no cure for alds at this time.However.treatments are available that can improve the quality of In traditional Chinese medicine.AIDS is considered as a disease that HIV takes advantage of transient deficiency of human body and invades.such as frequent sexual interoourse to consume vital Qi.which leads to Kdney deficiency and cannot preserve essence.the deficiency of vitality causes pathogen-evil invasion. Acupuncture and some decocion,such as bazhen decoction.Prove it effective to treat AIDS,but there are still some problem to be conquered. 艾溢实是英语“ADS中文名称，ADS是获得性免疫缺哈综合征的英文缩写，它是由于成染了人类免玻缺路 一个感染上艾滋病病毒的人，也许会在很长的一段时间内看上去或是自我感觉起米很好，但是他们却可以 把病毒传染给别人。艾滋病从发现至今还不到20年，但它在全球所引起的广泛流行，已使3000多万人受 到感染。1000多万人失去了生命，目前，世界上每天有万余人新感染上艾溢病病毒。不但医学界在竭尽全 力研究预防治疗艾溢，各国政府，社会各阶层也都纷纷投入了对抗艾病的运动。但到目前为止，我们人 类还没有找到一种治疗此病的方法。因此，为了自身的健康和家庭的幸福。大家都应该关注艾滋病。了解 艾溢病，进而预防艾滋病。 Acquired mmune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).an infectious disease that fatally depresses the human immune system,was recognized in the United States in 1980.By 1982 the disease had appeared in 24 states,471cases had been diagnosed,184 people had died,and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Allanta had temed the outbreak an epidemic.AIDS has challenged the authorty and integrity of respected medical instituions.strained the capacity of the health care system.forced the reevaluationo sexual mores.and tapped reservoirs of fear,prejudice,and compassion within individuals and communities
AIDS is a disease caused by a virus called HIV (short for human immunodeficiency virus). HIV attacks the body's immune system. When the immune system is hurt, it can no longer fight diseases the way it used to. It `s alternative names is acquired immune deficiency syndrome. People with HIV seem to be healthy at first. But after several years, they begin to get sick. Often they get serious infections or cancers. When this happens_prolonged, unexplained fatigue; swollen glands (lymph nodes); fever lasting more than 10 days; chills and so on, they are diagnosed with AIDS. AIDS is the final and most serious stage of HIV disease. It is characterized by signs and symptoms of severe immune deficiency. The most common cause of death in people with AIDS is a type of pneumonia called pneumocystis carinii pneumonia or PCP. There is no cure for AIDS at this time. However, treatments are available that can improve the quality of life of those suffering the infection. In traditional Chinese medicine, AIDS is considered as a disease that HIV takes advantage of transient deficiency of human body and invades, such as frequent sexual intercourse to consume vital Qi, which leads to Kidney deficiency and cannot preserve essence, the deficiency of vitality causes pathogen -evil invasion. Acupuncture and some decoction, such as bazhen decoction, Prove it effective to treat AIDS, but there are still some problem to be conquered. 艾滋病是英语"AIDS"中文名称，AIDS 是获得性免疫缺陷综合征的英文缩写。它是由于感染了人类免疫缺陷 病毒（简称 HIV）后引起的一种致死性传染病。HIV 主要破坏人体的免疫系统，使机体逐渐丧失防卫能力 而不能抵抗外界的各种病原体，因此极易感染一般健康人所不易患的感染性疾病和肿瘤，最终导致死亡。 一个感染上艾滋病病毒的人，也许会在很长的一段时间内看上去或是自我感觉起来很好，但是他们却可以 把病毒传染给别人。艾滋病从发现至今还不到 20 年，但它在全球所引起的广泛流行，已使 3000 多万人受 到感染，1000 多万人失去了生命。目前，世界上每天有万余人新感染上艾滋病病毒。不但医学界在竭尽全 力研究预防治疗艾滋，各国政府，社会各阶层也都纷纷投入了对抗艾滋病的运动。但到目前为止，我们人 类还没有找到一种治疗此病的方法。因此，为了自身的健康和家庭的幸福，大家都应该关注艾滋病。了解 艾滋病，进而预防艾滋病。 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), an infectious disease that f atally depresses the human immune system, was recognized in the United States in 1980. By 1982 the disease had appeared in 24 states, 471 cases had been diagnosed, 184 people had died, and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta had termed the outbreak an epidemic. AIDS has challenged the authority and integrity of respected medical institutions, strained the capacity of the health care system, forced the reevaluation of sexual mores, and tapped reservoirs of fear, prejudice, and compassion within individuals and communities
On 5 June 1981.the CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)published an article by Dr. Michael Gottlieb of the University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicne.describing five cases of Pneumocystis carini pneumonia(PCP)in young MMWR documented ten additonal cases of PCP,as well as twenty-six cases of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS),a rare skin cancer,in young homosexual males in New York City and San Frandisco.PCP is nomally seen only in patients with immune dysfunction and KS in elderly men.Under the direction of James Curran.the CDC began to investigate.hypothesizing that the young men were suffering from an immune-system in heterosex intravenous drug users in New York City In the first six months of 1982.cases were reported among hemophiliacs receiving blood components Haitian refugees,and infants bom to drug-using mothers.Transmission through blood transfusion was inu phyhadaed eoubgayad han a lifestyle-related disease;some proposed a multifactor etiology.At a meeting in July.the CD( coined the term"AIDS,"which became accepted usage for the several related disorders. More than 1.000 Americans had been dagnosed with AlDs by early 1983:of those.394 had died hnneg2repboeaasamagooaaghna ad bee tran costly and might discourage donors.In March 1983.the CDC and the Public Health Service.concerned about the risk of infection,issued a statement naming four "high-risk"groups of donors,advising them not o give blood and to avoid sexual contact.This wamning.together with a May article in the Joumal of the ngthe of infecion through casual contact,heighte media and public awareness.fears.and of people with AIDS(PWAs Some health care workers refused to treat PWAs.In many areas,moral objections blocked inexpensive control measures.such as condom distribution and sterile-needle exchanges fordrug users. Researchers.induding Robert Gallo at the National Cancer institute in Bethesda.Marand.and Luc Montagnier at the p caused AIDS.By anuary 1984.Gallo's laboratory had oultured twenty samples of a virus he named HTLV-III,believing it related to the human T-cell leukemia virus he had isolated in 1980.In February 1984 Montagnier's group reported their discovery of lymphadenopathy-associated virus(LAV).which they asserted was the AIDS virus.Their work was confimed by Donald Frandis at the CDC.Genetic testing established that LAV and HTLV-ll we identical.alloand Margaret Hecker Secretary of Health and Human Services,amounced on,however,that the National Cancer Institute had four the AlDS virus and had developed an antibody test for blood screening.clinical testing.and diagnosis.Ar interational committee renamed the virus HiV (human immunodeficiency virus)in late 1986.Shortly thereafter,President Ronald Reagan and France's President Jacques Chirac announced that the Pasteur Institute and the National Cance d royalies from the lab assistant Mikulas Popovic were dropped in 1993. Isolation of the virus confimmed AlDS as an acute infectious disease,encouraging research into vaccines
On 5 June 1981, the CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) published an article by Dr. Michael Gottlieb of the University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, describing five cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in young homosexual men. A second MMWR article on 4 July documented ten additional cases of PCP, as well as twenty-six cases of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a rare skin cancer, in young homosexual males in New York City and San Francisco. PCP is normally seen only in patients with immune dysfunction and KS in elderly men. Under the direction of James Curran, the CDC began to investigate, hypothesizing that the young men were suffering from an immune-system deficiency related to their lifestyle. In early August, however, CDC staff identified the strange "gay plague" in heterosexual intravenous drug users in New York City. In the first six months of 1982, cases were reported among hemophiliacs receiving blood components, Haitian refugees, and infants born to drug-using mothers. Transmission through blood transfusion was documented in June. Although physicians had named the outbreak gay-related immune deficiency (GRID), many suspected a viral infection transmissible through sexual contact or blood transfusion rather than a lifestyle-related disease; some proposed a multifactor etiology. At a meeting in July, the CDC coined the term "AIDS," which became accepted usage for the several related disorders. More than 1,000 Americans had been diagnosed with AIDS by early 1983; of those, 394 had died. Although the CDC had identified instances in which the infection had been transmitted through blood transfusion, the Red Cross and major blood banks refused to institute rigorous screening, which was costly and might discourage donors. In March 1983, the CDC and the Public Health Service, concerned about the risk of infection, issued a statement naming four "high-risk" groups of donors, advising them not to give blood and to avoid sexual contact. This warning, together with a May article in the Journal of the American Medical Association suggesting the possibility of infection through casual contact, heightened media and public awareness, intensified fears, and prompted ostracism of people with AIDS (PWAs). Some health care workers refused to treat PWAs. In many areas, moral objections blocked inexpensive control measures, such as condom distribution and sterile-needle exchanges for drug users. Researchers, including Robert Gallo at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, and Luc Montagnier at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, attempted to identify and characterize the viral agent that caused AIDS. By January 1984, Gallo's laboratory had cultured twenty samples of a virus he named HTLV-III, believing it related to the human T-cell leukemia virus he had isolated in 1980. In February 1984, Montagnier's group reported their discovery of lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV), which they asserted was the AIDS virus. Their work was confirmed by Donald Francis at the CDC. Genetic testing established that LAV and HTLV-III were nearly identical. Gallo and Margaret Heckler, Secretary of Health and Human Services, announced on 23 April 1984, however, that the National Cancer Institute had found the AIDS virus and had developed an antibody test for blood screening, clinical testing, and diagnosis. An international committee renamed the virus HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) in late 1986. Shortly thereafter, President Ronald Reagan and France's President Jacques Chirac announced that the Pasteur Institute and the National Cancer Institute would share credit for the discovery and royalties from the patented blood test. (Later probes of possible misappropriation of the French virus by Gallo and his lab assistant Mikulas Popovic were dropped in 1993.) Isolation of the virus confirmed AIDS as an acute infectious disease, encouraging research into vaccines
and therapeutic drugs.Lack of money hampered work,however.The Reagan administration was exuality and drug use ndMaualcangresne .induding Burtonof San Francisoo and HenryA W n of Los Angele ogether with Assistant Secretary for Health Edward Brandt,pushed for supplemental AlDS funding ir 1983 and 1984,with limited success.Organizations such as the Gay Men's Health Crisis in New York and Mathilde Krim's AlDS Medical Foundation (AMF)provided funds,but support for research remained inadequate. The burden of care for AIDS patients.many without private insurance.fell on state and loca governments and on vounteers largely drawn from the gay community.Many gay men and lesbians initially resisted invdlvement with thegay plaque"which threatened to deepen the stigma attached to homosexuality.Others resented public-health wamings to alter sexual practices.Gay organizations ought both sal antibody-s patient care,and money to PWAs.including those who were not gay.Gay men volunteered as research subjects in community-based drug trials organized by local physidans and developed patient networks that circulated experimental and imported drugs to treat PWAs suffering from opportunistic infections such as PCP and cyto egalovirus.Gay leaders lobbied for more money.A few risked community ostracism by be ng public cates forsafer sexual practices Although hampered by lack of money from the federal government research into therapeutic drugs did produce results.In early 1985,Samuel Broder at the National Cancer Institute and othe that the compound azidothymidine(AZT).developed by the phamaceutical fim Burroughs-Wellcome.appeared active against the AIDS virus in laboratory cultures.The FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION(FDA)quickly approved the manufacturer's plan for cinical trials and facilitated release to the market in 1987,although the efficacy trial lasted only seven months.The AIDS Cinical Trial Network.established by the National Institute for Alergy and Infectious atient groups at hospitals Bumoughs-Wellome marketin February1987.at the 10.000milligram he annual cost of the drug for some patients was reported to be S8.000 or higher.Although harshly criticized,the company waited until December before dropping the price 20 percent. While NIAID pursued AZT trials,physidans and patients were trying other compounds to com pounds,such as AL72 and HPA23.n te caseof ohers,such asthe Syntexcompound gancicovir,PWAs received cost for several years under a compassionate use protocol.The FDA then required a blind comparison with a placebo before ganciclovir could be marketed,but few PWAs were willing to enroll in a placebo trial after they already had used an expermental compound or if they feared rapid progression of their disease.Inve rin the NIAID-endorsedAZT rials experienced subiects Gay AlDS activists sought access to more drugs,access to infommation about trials,trial protocols that recognized patient needs and risks,inclusion of minority PWAs in trials,and PWA participation in development and testing.The AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP)captured media attention with
and therapeutic drugs. Lack of money hampered work, however. The Reagan administration was unwilling to initiate expensive programs to control a disease associated with homosexuality and drug use. Individual congressmen, including Phillip Burton of San Francisco and Henry A. Waxman of Los Angeles, together with Assistant Secretary for Health Edward Brandt, pushed f or supplemental AIDS funding in 1983 and 1984, with limited success. Organizations such as the Gay Men's Health Crisis in New York and Mathilde Krim's AIDS Medical Foundation (AMF) provided funds, but support for research remained inadequate. The burden of care for AIDS patients, many without private insurance, fell on state and local governments and on volunteers largely drawn from the gay community. Many gay men and lesbians initially resisted involvement with the "gay plague," which threatened to deepen the stigma attached to homosexuality. Others resented public-health warnings to alter sexual practices. Gay organizations fought both universal antibody-screening and the closing of public bathhouses in New York and San Francisco, which authorities saw as reservoirs of infection. At the same time gay groups provided support, patient care, and money to PWAs, including those who were not gay. Gay men volunteered as research subjects in community-based drug trials organized by local physicians and developed patient networks that circulated experimental and imported drugs to treat PWAs suffering from opportunistic infections such as PCP and cytomegalovirus. Gay leaders lobbied for more money. A few risked community ostracism by becoming public advocates for safer sexual practices. Although hampered by lack of money from the federal government, research into therapeutic drugs did produce results. In early 1985, Samuel Broder at the National Cancer Institute and other researchers confirmed that the compound azidothymidine (AZT), developed by the pharmaceutical firm Burroughs-Wellcome, appeared active against the AIDS virus in laboratory cultures. The FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA) quickly approved the manufacturer's plan for clinical trials and facilitated release to the market in 1987, although the efficacy trial lasted only seven months. The AIDS Clinical Trial Network, established by the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), developed protocols to test AZT in patient groups at hospitals across the country. Burroughs-Wellcome put AZT on the market in February 1987, at the price of $188 per 10,000 milligrams; the annual cost of the drug for some patients was reported to be $8,000 or higher. Although harshly criticized, the company waited until December before dropping the price 20 percent. While NIAID pursued AZT trials, physicians and patients were trying other compounds to slow the disease or treat opportunistic infections. The FDA gave low priority to several compounds, such as AL721 and HPA23. In the case of others, such as the Syntex compound ganciclovir, PWAs received the drug at cost for several years under a compassionate use protocol. The FDA then required a blind comparison with a placebo before ganciclovir could be marketed, but few PWAs were willing to enroll in a placebo trial after they already had used an experimental compound or if they feared rapid progression of their disease. Investigators in the NIAID-endorsed AZT trials experienced difficulty recruiting subjects. Gay AIDS activists sought access to more drugs, access to information about trials, trial protocols that recognized patient needs and risks, inclusion of minority PWAs in trials, and PWA participation in development and testing. The AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) captured media attention with
demonstrations and street theater,the group soon acquired a radical image that alienated researchers. the public,and more conservative gay groups.The small group Treatment and Data Subcommittee(later heTeamentActionCroupl.lembyhnsLong.damesEgo,andMarkHaingon,ceaiedaregstnyg cinical trials and gave testimony to the President's Commission and at congressional hearings.At the request of President George H.W Bush,the clinical-trial authority Louis Lasagna held hearings in 1989 on newdrug approval procedures.The hearings accentuated lack ofprogress by the FDAand NIAID and provided a forum for Eioo and Harrington to present their program.Anthony Fauci.director of NIAID and with acivists and backed a new parallel track for commnity-based. nonplacebo drug trials.The paralle track system was in operation by early 190.but the concep remained controversial as it competed for money and trial subjects with conventional controlled trials President Bush in 1990 appointed David Kessler as FDAcommissioner,who quicky gained a reputation for activism and endorsed parallel track. the characer of ADS n the United States had changed agan.Athough indence was ncreasing in all population groups,rates were most rapid among the poor.African Americans.Hispani Amercans,and women and children.Health care providers,researchers,and PWAs no longer defined the epidemic as an acute infectious disease responsive to early aggressive intervention.They recognized a hronic disease characterized by alengthy virus incubation(up to eleven elated dical or life ctors:an extended course in long-tem supportive services.Despite this progress.however.at the beginning of the twenty-first century. AIDS still remained a fatal disease and an effective vaccine was still years away. As of 31 December 1984.7.699 PWAs had been diagnosed and almost half of them e dead.Althouat s.more than half the cases now were nonw persons,induding many women and children.The First International AlDS Conferenoe,held in Atlanta ir April 1985.made public much new clinical infommation.Particpants debated screening programs advocated by the Reagan administration and publc-health experts but opposed by gays and other potentially stigmatized groups.Conference reports contributed to increased fear and con cem in 1985 ntry leam acto Rock Hudso dying of AIDS.Short hereafter,the news that a school in Kokomo.Indiana.had denied a young PWAnamed Ryan White the right to attend school with his classmates epitomized Americans'fear of and aversion to the disease Attitudes were changing.however.Hudson's death in October shocked Hollywood.which was heavily TheAmercan Foundation for AD Re-search.supported bya Hudson bequest merged with Krim's AMF to fom AmFAR,which attracted support from such celebrities as Elizabeth Taylor.Ryan White was accepted by another Indiana school and became a national symbol of courage before his death in 1990.In October 1986,Surgeon General C.Everett Koop broke with the Reagan administration with a bluntly worded report on the epidemic,calling for sex education in schools antbody tes ing.Koop'sre ents from the emy of Sciences Medidne that des administration's response to AIDS as inadequate.President Reagan in 1987 created the President's Commission on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic and shortly afterward spoke at the Third International AlDS Conference in Washington,D.C.Basketball player Magic Johnson's November 1991
demonstrations and street theater; the group soon acquired a radical image that alienated researchers, the public, and more conservative gay groups. The small group Treatment and Data Subcommittee (later the Treatment Action Group), led by Iris Long, James Eigo, and Mark Harrington, created a registry of clinical trials and gave testimony to the President's Commission and at congressional hearings. At the request of President George H. W. Bush, the clinical-trial authority Louis Lasagna held hearings in 1989 on new drug approval procedures. The hearings accentuated lack of progress by the FDA and NIAID and provided a forum for Eigo and Harrington to present their program. Anthony Fauci, director of NIAID an d a target of ACT UP criticism, met with activists and backed a new parallel track for community-based, nonplacebo drug trials. The parallel track system was in operation by early 1990, but the concept remained controversial as it competed for money and trial subjects with conventional controlled trials. President Bush in 1990 appointed David Kessler as FDA commissioner, who quickly gained a reputation for activism and endorsed parallel track. By 1991, the character of AIDS in the United States had changed again. Although incidence was increasing in all population groups, rates were most rapid among the poor, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and women and children. Health care providers, researchers, and PWAs no longer defined the epidemic as an acute infectious disease responsive to early aggressive intervention. They recognized AIDS as a chronic disease characterized by a lengthy virus incubation (up to eleven years); onset of active infection possibly related to medical or lifestyle cofactors; an extended course involving multiple infectious episodes; and the need for flexible treatment with a variety of drugs as well as long-term supportive services. Despite this progress, however, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, AIDS still remained a fatal disease and an effective vaccine was still years away. As of 31 December 1984, 7,699 PWAs had been diagnosed and almost half of them were dead. Although the disease was taking a heavy toll among gay white males, more than half the cases now were nonwhite persons, including many women and children. The First International AIDS Conference, held in Atlanta in April 1985, made public much new clinical information. Participants debated screening programs advocated by the Reagan administration and public-health experts but opposed by gays and other potentially stigmatized groups. Conference reports contributed to increased fear and concern in 1985, which intensified when the country learned that the actor Rock Hudson was dying of AIDS. Shortly thereafter, the news that a school in Kokomo, Indiana, had denied a young PWA named Ryan White the right to attend school with his classmates epitomized Americans' fear of and aversion to the disease. Attitudes were changing, however. Hudson's death in October shocked Hollywood, which was heavily affected by the disease. The American Foundation for AIDS Re-search, supported by a Hudson bequest, merged with Krim's AMF to form AmFAR, which attracted support from such celebrities as Elizabeth Taylor. Ryan White was accepted by another Indiana school and became a national symbol of courage before his death in 1990. In October 1986, Surgeon General C. Everett Koop broke with the Reagan administration with a bluntly worded report on the epidemic, calling for sex education in schools, widespread use of condoms, and voluntary antibody testing. Koop's report followed statements from the Public Health Service and the National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine that described the administration's response to AIDS as inadequate. President Reagan in 1987 created the President's Commission on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic and shortly afterward spoke at the Third International AIDS Conference in Washington, D.C. Basketball player Magic Johnson's November 1991
announcement that he had contracted HIV through unprotected heterosexual sex.followed by the tennis during bypass surgery, ethat reached beyondh gay community.In late 1993,public concern for PWAs was reflected in critical acclaim for the film Philadelphia and the stage play Angels in America,both of which examined the personal and social consequences of AlDS. Public attitudes toward PWAs had gradually shited from discrminaion ad fear to compassion and acceptanoe,but the burdensome costs of treatment and services were a challenge to the national will.In one example,the Comprehensive AlDS Resource Emergency Act of 1990,often called the Ryan White Act authorized s2 9 billion for areas of high incidence.it passed both houses of Conaress with enthusiastic bipartisan support but a few months later budget negotiations reduced the money drastically dOn 5Octobe Congress approved an increase of $227 million in support,bringing the 1994 total to $1.3 billion.Fuliing a campaig promise,President Bill Clinton created the position of national AlDS policy coordinator and appointed Kristine Gebbie to the post.In 1994.after lobbying by PWAs and researchers,he appointed the NIAID immunobiologist William Paul to head the Office of AlDS Research,with full budgetary authority.As of January 1996.The AmFAR HNV/AIDS Treatment Directory listed 77 dinical trial intecionand141potoce oppor nty-one dru available to patients through compassionate use or expanded access protocols.Researchers held ou hope that the disease woud prove susceptible to new aoents used in combination with AZT and its relatives,ddl and ddo.Many trials,however,continued to have difficulty recruiting patients and some ommuniy-based trialswere hreatened bybudgetcuts. By the end of the twentieth century.more than774.000 had been diagnosed nthe United States,and amost 450.000 people had died of the disease.New treatments had lengthened lives and education had slowed transmission of the disease:nevertheless an estimated 110 peode were being infected with HIV each day.And even though a remedy remained elusive.the sense of urgency in the eW.Bush appoin Polcy but wshr inCC ted Scott Eve rtz as direct Department of Health and Human Services that dealt with AlDS research and policy.Bush created a White House Task Force on HIV/AIDS but in his first budget proposal did not recommend funding increases for domestic AlDS programs. By the begming of the twenty-first tury.AIDS had been brought under in the United States hrough political action,intensive education,and expensive drug therapy.But the disease continued t ravage other parts of the world.By the end of 2001.40 million people were living with HIV/AIDS.95 percent of whom were in developing countries.The hardest hit area was Sub-Saharan Africa where 2.5 million people were dving each vear.The Bush Administration's response to this global crisis was as mixed as itse the mestic one.Secretary of State Colin Powell madeg al AIDS issues a priority.but Bush refused tosign a United Nations children'sights that supported se education for teenagers.The United States joined several international efforts to halt the spread of the epidemic.including the Intemational Partnership Against HIV/AIDS in Africa (IPAA).but its initial contribution to the UN Global Fund to finance responses to AlDS and other deadly infectious diseases
announcement that he had contracted HIV through unprotected heterosexual sex, followed by the tennis player Arthur Ashe's disclosure five months later that he had AIDS as a result of a blood transfussion during bypass surgery, helped transform the public image of AIDS to a disease that reached beyond the gay community. In late 1993, public concern for PWAs was reflected in critical acclaim for the film Philadelphia and the stage play Angels in America, both of which examined the personal and social consequences of AIDS. Public attitudes toward PWAs had gradually shifted from discrimination and fear to compassion and acceptance, but the burdensome costs of treatment and services were a challenge to the national will. In one example, the Comprehensive AIDS Resource Emergency Act of 1990, often called the Ryan White Act, authorized $2.9 billion for areas of high incidence. It passed both houses of Congress with enthusiastic bipartisan support but a few months later budget negotiations reduced the money drastically. Nevertheless, federal efforts to control the epidemic increased. On 5October 1993, Congress approved an increase of $227 million in support, bringing the 1994 total to $1.3 billion. Fulfilling a campaign promise, President Bill Clinton created the position of national AIDS policy coordinator and appointed Kristine Gebbie to the post. In 1994, after lobbying by PWAs and researchers, he appointed the NIAID immunobiologist William Paul to head the Office of AIDS Research, with full budgetary authority. As of January 1996, The AmFAR HIV/AIDS Treatment Directory listed 77 clinical trial protocols for HIV infection and 141 protocols for opportunistic infections and related disorders. Twenty-one drugs were available to patients through compassionate use or expanded access protocols. Researchers held out hope that the disease would prove susceptible to new agents used in combination with AZT and its relatives, ddl and ddo. Many trials, however, continued to have difficulty recruiting patients and some community-based trials were threatened by budget cuts. By the end of the twentieth century, more than 774,000 AIDS cases had been diagnosed in the United States, and almost 450,000 people had died of the disease. New treatments had lengthened lives and education had slowed transmission of the disease; nevertheless an estimated 110 people were being infected with HIV each day. And even though a remedy remained elusive, the sense of urgency in the fight against AIDS had waned. President George W. Bush appointed Scott Evertz as director of the Office of National AIDS Policy, but was slow to fill other key appointments to offices in the CDC and the Department of Health and Human Services that dealt with AIDS research and policy. Bush created a White House Task Force on HIV/AIDS but in his first budget proposal did not recommend funding increases for domestic AIDS programs. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, AIDS had been brought under control in the United States through political action, intensive education, and expensive drug therapy. But the disease continued to ravage other parts of the world. By the end of 2001, 40 million people were living with HIV/AIDS, 95 percent of whom were in developing countries. The hardest hit area was Sub-Saharan Africa where 2.5 million people were dying each year. The Bush Administration's response to this global crisis was as mixed as its response to the domestic one. Secretary of State Colin Powell made global AIDS issues a priority, but Bush refused to sign a United Nations declaration on children's rights that supported sex education for teenagers. The United States joined several international efforts to halt the spread of the epidemic, including the International Partnership Against HIV/AIDS in Africa (IPAA), but its initial contribution to the UN Global Fund to finance responses to AIDS and other deadly infectious diseases
was only S200 million.The Fund,created in 2001,sought $7-10 billion per year from all donors.U.S. AIDS activists now fight on two fronts.On the domestic front,they push the federal govemment to provide moe funding for resear and the care of PWAs.and they push researchers to develop a vaccine and treatments with fewer side effects.Most important they continue to impress upon young people who do not remember the AlDS epidemic before AZT that they should use "safe sex"practices because AlDs is still a fatal disease.On the dlobal front.activists seek to encourage the uS. government to increase aid for global AIDS programs.to support debt cancellation for developing ntries ravaged by the disease.and to take seps oensure 参考资料：bttp:/cired-mmune-deficeny-sndrome More media cove By offical estimates.China has 840.000 people carrying HIV,the virus that causes AIDS.and about 80.000AIDS patients. stly to high-iskoschasgusers.sers of blood products.And it has yetto sprea widely in the rest of the nation The Chinese Government is well aware of such perspectives,and the central and local govemments ention and control inces.Each year a sp yuan (USS24 million)is channeled into HIV/AIDS prevention,care and treatment Since April.free medicine to poorAIDS patients has beendelivered in regions hit hardestby the virus. Just as the impac s of AIDS re es requires united efforts from virtually all sectors Key factors needed include public education.affordable drugs,medical training for healthcare workers in hospitals and the public health system,monitoring and evaluation,care for orphans,measures to stop mother-ochild sion,a comprehensive care framework and research into vaccines and a cure None of these things can be achieved with the singe hand of any nstituion-not health offidals.not medical workers or the government
was only $200 million. The Fund, created in 2001, sought $7–10 billion per year from all donors. U.S. AIDS activists now fight on two fronts. On the domestic front, they push the federal government to provide more funding for research and the care of PWAs, and they push researchers to develop a vaccine and treatments with fewer side effects. Most important they continue to impress upon young people who do not remember the AIDS epidemic before AZT that they should use "safe sex" practices, because AIDS is still a fatal disease. On the global front, activists seek to encourage the U.S. government to increase aid for global AIDS programs, to support debt cancellation for developing countries ravaged by the disease, and to take steps to ensure access to treatment in foreign countries. 参考资料：http://www.answers.com/topic/acquired-immune-deficiency-syndrome The fight against aids More media coverage is being paid to the HIV/AIDS situation in China, especially after a gathering of leading officials, scientists, medical workers and activists in the field occurred in Beij ing on November 10. By official estimates, China has 840,000 people carrying HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, and about 80,000 AIDS patients. Despite the fairly large groups of HIV carriers and AIDS patients, the epidemic is mostly confined to high-risk groups, such as drug users, prostitutes and users of blood products. And it has yet to spread widely in the rest of the nation. The Chinese Government is well aware of such perspectives, and the central and local governments have allocated 6.8 billion yuan (US$822 billion) to establish and improve disease prevention and control mechanisms in provinces. Each year a special fund of more than 200 million yuan (US$24 million) is channeled into HIV/AIDS prevention, care and treatment. Since April, free medicine to poor AIDS patients has been delivered in regions hit hardest by the virus. Just as the impacts of AIDS reaches social and economic fields of society, effective prevention also requires united efforts from virtually all sectors. Key factors needed include public education, affordable drugs, medical training for healthcare workers in hospitals and the public health system, monitoring and evaluation, care for orphans, measures to stop mother-to-child transmission, a comprehensive care framework and research into vaccines and a cure. None of these things can be achieved with the single hand of any institution — not health officials, not medical workers or the government
The fightagainst HIV/AIDS requires the participation of as many parties as possible Asformer US President Bil Clinton sad as a co-char of the advisory board of the AlDS problem is manageable and preventable"though we must wage it on all fronts with tenuous determination.utmostpatience and tactful skills.(308 word) 艾滋病相关知识 什么是艾溢病(ADS) 艾溢病是英语ADS"中文名称，ADS是获得性免疫缺陷综合征的英文缩写，它是由于感染了人类免疫缺陷 病毒（简称H)后引起的 种致死性传染病。HV主要破坏人体的免疫系统，使机体逐渐丧失防卫能力 而不能抵抗外界的各种病原体，因此极易感染一般健康人所不易患的感染性疾病和肿嘉，最终导致死亡 一个感染上艾滋病病毒的人，也许会在很长的一段时间内看上去或是自我感觉起来很好，但是他们却可以 把病毒传染给别人。艾滋病从发现至今还不到20年，但它在全球所引起的广泛流行，已使3000多万人受 到感染，1000多万人失去了生命。目前，世界上每天有万余人新感染上艾滋病病毒。不但医学界在竭尽全 力研究预防治疗艾溢，各国政府 ,社 各阶 层也都纷纷投入了对抗文病的 但到目前为止，我们人 类还没有找到一种治疗此病的方法。因此，为了自身的健康和家庭的幸福，大家都应该关注艾滋病。了解 艾澈病，进而预防艾滋病。 什么是艾滋病病毒(HV) 最终导致死亡 艾溢病病毒成染者和艾滋病人有哪此不同之处 艾溢病病毒感染者是指已经感染了艾溢病病毒，但是还没有表现出明显的临床症状，没有被确诊为艾溢 的人：艾滋病病人指的是已经感染了艾溢病病毒，并且已经出现了明显的临床症状，被确诊为艾溢病的人 者之间的相同之处在于都携带艾滋病病毒，都具有传染性 不同之处在于艾滋病病人已经出现了明显的 床症状，而艾滋病病毒感染者还没有出现明显的临床症状，外表看起来跟健康人一样。从艾溢病病毒感染 者发展到艾滋病病人可能需要数年到10年甚至更长时间。 为什么说艾溢病是招级绝症” 艾溢病的全称为获得性免疫缺陷综合（八DS,通过性、血液和母三种接触方式传插，是一种严重危害 健康的传染性疾病。当人体处于正常状态时，体内免疫系统可以有效抵抗各种病毒的袭击。 一旦艾滋病 毒侵入人体体内，这种良好的防御体系便会土崩瓦解，各种病毒乘机通过血液、破损伤口长驱直入。此外 人体内一些像煌细胞之类的不正常细胞，也会迅速生长、繁殖，最终发展成各类癌痘。通俗地讲，艾邀病 病毒是通过破坏人的免疫系统和机体抵抗能力，而给人以致白的打击】 病机合处的临庆表到 所谓机会感染，即条件致病因素，是指一些侵袭力较低、致病力较弱的微生物，在人体免疫功能正常时 能致病，但当人体免疫功能减低时则为这类微生物造成一种感染的条件，乘机侵袭人体致病，故称作机会 性感染。尸检结果表明，90%的艾滋病人死于机会感染，能引起艾遂病机会感染的病原多达几十种，而且 常多种病原混合感染。主要包括原虫、病毒、直菌及细菌等的感染
The fight against HIV/AIDS requires the participation of as many parties as possible. As former US President Bill Clinton said as a co-chair of the advisory board of International AIDS Trust, the AIDS problem is “manageable and preventable” though we must wage it on all fronts with tenuous determination, utmost patience and tactful skills. (308 word) 艾滋病相关知识 什么是艾滋病（AIDS） 艾滋病是英语"AIDS"中文名称，AIDS 是获得性免疫缺陷综合征的英文缩写。它是由于感染了人类免疫缺陷 病毒（简称 HIV）后引起的一种致死性传染病。HIV 主要破坏人体的免疫系统，使机体逐渐丧失防卫能力 而不能抵抗外界的各种病原体，因此极易感染一般健康人所不易患的感染性疾病和肿瘤，最终导致死亡。 一个感染上艾滋病病毒的人，也许会在很长的一段时间内看上去或是自我感觉起来很好，但是他们却可以 把病毒传染给别人。艾滋病从发现至今还不到 20 年，但它在全球所引起的广泛流行，已使 3000 多万人受 到感染，1000 多万人失去了生命。目前，世界上每天有万余人新感染上艾滋病病毒。不但医学界在竭尽全 力研究预防治疗艾滋，各国政府，社会各阶层也都纷纷投入了对抗艾滋病的运动。但到目前为止，我们人 类还没有找到一种治疗此病的方法。因此，为了自身的健康和家庭的幸福，大家都应该关注艾滋病。了解 艾滋病，进而预防艾滋病。 什么是艾滋病病毒（HIV） 艾滋病病毒的医学名称为"人类免疫缺陷病毒"（英文缩写 HIV），它侵入人体后破环人体的免疫系统，使人 体发生多种难以治愈的感染和肿瘤，最终导致死亡。 艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病人有哪些不同之处 艾滋病病毒感染者是指已经感染了艾滋病病毒，但是还没有表现出明显的临床症状，没有被确诊为艾滋病 的人;艾滋病病人指的是已经感染了艾滋病病毒，并且已经出现了明显的临床症状，被确诊为艾滋病的人。 二者之间的相同之处在于都携带艾滋病病毒，都具有传染性.不同之处在于艾滋病病人已经出现了明显的临 床症状，而艾滋病病毒感染者还没有出现明显的临床症状，外表看起来跟健康人一样。从艾滋病病毒感染 者发展到艾滋病病人可能需要数年到 10 年甚至更长时间。 为什么说艾滋病是“超级绝症” 艾滋病的全称为获得性免疫缺陷综合症(AIDS)，通过性、血液和母婴三种接触方式传播，是一种严重危害 健康的传染性疾病。当人体处于正常状态时，体内免疫系统可以有效抵抗各种病毒的袭击。一旦艾滋病病 毒侵入人体体内，这种良好的防御体系便会土崩瓦解，各种病毒乘机通过血液、破损伤口长驱直入。此外， 人体内一些像癌细胞之类的不正常细胞，也会迅速生长、繁殖，最终发展成各类癌瘤。通俗地讲，艾滋病 病毒是通过破坏人的免疫系统和机体抵抗能力，而给人以致命的打击。 艾滋病机会感染的临床表现 所谓机会感染，即条件致病因素，是指一些侵袭力较低、致病力较弱的微生物，在人体免疫功能正常时不 能致病，但当人体免疫功能减低时则为这类微生物造成一种感染的条件，乘机侵袭人体致病，故称作机会 性感染。尸检结果表明，90％的艾滋病人死于机会感染。能引起艾滋病机会感染的病原多达几十种，而且 常多种病原混合感染。主要包括原虫、病毒、真菌及细菌等的感染
1.原电类 (1)卡氏肺囊虫肺炎：卡氏肺囊虫是一种专在人的肺内造穴打河的小原虫。人的肉眼看不见，面且用一般 的生物培养方法也找不到，卡氏韩魔炎主要适过空气与飞沫经呼道传。健人在感染艾溢毒后 免疫功能受到破 这时卡氏肺囊虫便乘虚面入 ,在转人体内大量紧。使肺泡中充满出液和各种形 的肺囊虫，造成肺部的严重破坏。卡氏肺囊虫肺炎在艾滋病流行前是一种不常见的感染，过去仅发现于战 争、饥饿时期的婴幼儿，或者接受免疫抑制治疗的白血病忠儿。卡氏肺囊虫肺炎是艾滋病患者的一个常见 死因，在60%以上的艾溢病志者中属于最严重的机会感染，约有80%的艾溢病患者至少要发生一次卡氏 肺囊虫肺炎。艾溢病患者合并卡氏肺囊虫肺炎时 ,首先有进行性营养不良、发热、全身不适、体重减轻 淋巴结肿大等症状。以后出现咳嗽、呼吸困难。 胸痛等症状，病程46周。发热(89%) 呼吸急促(66 为肺部最常见的体征，某些人肺部还可听到罗音，卡氏肺囊虫肺炎常复发，病情严重，是艾溢病志者常见 的致死原因。卡氏肺囊虫肺炎病人胸片显示两肺广泛性浸润。但少部分患者（约占23%）其胸片可示正常 或极少异常。据对180例卡氏肺囊虫肺炎X线胸片检查所见，表现为两侧间质性肺炎的77例，间质及助 泡炎症45例肺门周围的间历炎症26例，单侧陆泡及间历炎症24侧，未见异常著8例。肺功能测定示 肺总量及肺活量下降，随着病程的进展而进一步加刷。气管镜或肺穿刺所取之 本可以查到卡氏肺囊虫 有时还可以查到其它病原体，此时为混合性机会感染。本病病程急副：亦可缓慢，终因进行性呼吸困难 缺氧、发展为呼吸衰竭而死亡，其病死率可达90%~100%， (2)弓形体感染：芝溢病人得弓形体感染主要引起神经系统弓形体病，其发生率为26%。临床表现为偏 魔，局灶性神经异常，抽搐、意识障碍及发热等。CT检查可见单个或多个局处性病变。依据组织病理切片 成脑脊液检查可见弓形体。极少数弓形体累及肺部(1%)。该病是由寄生性原虫动物鼠弓浆虫所致的 动物传英病。人的感染 途径，先天性感染是由母亲经胎盘传给胎儿后天性 染是因吃了含有组织 囊虫的 生肉或未煮熟的肉而感染。 (3)隐孢子虫病：孢子虫是寄生于家畜和野生动物的小原虫，人感染后，附于小肠和大肠上皮，主要引起 吸收不良性腹泻，病人表现为难以控制的大量水样便，每日510次以上，每天失水310升，病死率可 高达50%以上。诊断堂肠镜活检或光便中查到隙虫的卵囊」 2。病毒 (1)巨细胞病毒感染：根据血清学调查表明，巨细胞病毒广泛存在，多数巨细胞病毒感染者无症状，但巨 细孢病毒感染的病人可在尿、唾液、粪便、眼泪、乳汁和精液中迁延排出病毒。并可经输血、母亲胎盘、 器官移植、性交、吮哺母乳等方式传播。艾滋病伴巨细胞病青感染时，常表现为肝炎、巨细胞病毒肺炎 巨细胞病毒性视网炎、血小板和白细胞减少、皮疹等。确诊巨细胞病感染必需在活检或尸解标本中找 到包酒体或分离出病毒.根据uarda等对13例艾滋病人尸解的研 ,最常见的诊断是巨细胞病毒感染(1 例)，其次是卡波济氏肉瘤(0例侧)。所有12例细胞病春感染均为播散性，并且经常影响两个或多个器官 (2)单纯抱挎病毒感染：其传播途径主要是直接接触和性接触，也可经飞沫传染，病毒可由呼吸道、口 眼、生殖器粘膜或破报皮肤侵入人体。孕妇在分娩时亦可传给婴儿。感染病毒后可引起艾滋病患者皮肤粘 装损害、累及口周、外阴、肛周、手背或食道以至支气管及肠道粘膜等，以唇缘、口角的单纯痕疹最常见： 其损害呈高密集成群的小水粒，基底稍红，水疱被擦破后可形成溃，其溃特点为大而深且有疼痛，常 件继发感染，症状多较严重， 病程持续时间长，病损部位可培养出单纯疹病毒，活检可查到典型的包涵 体。 (3)EB病毒：该病毒在艾滋病人中成染率很高，有96%的艾滋病人血清中可检测到EB病毒抗体，EB 病毒可致便发性单核细胎增名岸，伴溶血性松血。状巴结肿大、会台斑陵。T细驹成少等。 3。直黄类 (1)念珠茵感染：白色念珠菌是一种条件致病真菌，常存在于正常人的皮肤、口整、上呼吸道、肠道和阴 道粘膜上，可从皮肤和粘膜分泌物、大小便、淡液中培养出米。当人体抵抗力降低或机体菌群失调时，可 使白色念珠菌变为致病菌导致念珠菌感染。可分为皮肤念珠菌病和粘膜念珠菌病，后者多见为鹅口疮一口 腔粘膜、舌及咽喉、齿龈或唇粘膜上的乳白色薄膜，易剥离，露出鲜湿红润基底。多见于严重疾病的晚期
1．原虫类 （1）卡氏肺囊虫肺炎：卡氏肺囊虫是一种专在人的肺内造穴打洞的小原虫。人的肉眼看不见，而且用一般 的生物培养方法也找不到。卡氏肺囊虫肺炎主要通过空气与飞沫经呼吸道传播。健康人在感染艾滋病毒后， 免疫功能受到破坏，这时卡氏肺囊虫便乘虚而入，在病人体内大量繁殖，使肺泡中充满渗出液和各种形态 的肺囊虫，造成肺部的严重破坏。 卡氏肺囊虫肺炎在艾滋病流行前是一种不常见的感染，过去仅发现于战 争、饥饿时期的婴幼儿，或者接受免疫抑制治疗的白血病患儿。卡氏肺囊虫肺炎是艾滋病患者的一个常见 死因，在 60％以上的艾滋病患者中属于最严重的机会感染，约有 80％的艾滋病患者至少要发生一次卡氏 肺囊虫肺炎。 艾滋病患者合并卡氏肺囊虫肺炎时，首先有进行性营养不良、发热、全身不适、体重减轻、 淋巴结肿大等症状。以后出现咳嗽、呼吸困难、胸痛等症状，病程 4～6 周。发热（89％）和呼吸急促（66％） 为肺部最常见的体征。某些人肺部还可听到罗音。卡氏肺囊虫肺炎常复发，病情严重，是艾滋病患者常见 的致死原因。卡氏肺囊虫肺炎病人胸片显示两肺广泛性浸润。但少部分患者（约占 23％）其胸片可示正常 或极少异常。据对 180 例卡氏肺囊虫肺炎 X 线胸片检查所见，表现为两侧间质性肺炎的 77 例，间质及肺 泡炎症 45 例，肺门周围的间质炎症 26 例，单侧肺泡及间质炎症 24 例，未见异常者 8 例。 肺功能测定示 肺总量及肺活量下降，随着病程的进展而进一步加剧。 气管镜或肺穿刺所取之标本可以查到卡氏肺囊虫， 有时还可以查到其它病原体，此时为混合性机会感染。本病病程急剧；亦可缓慢，终因进行性呼吸困难、 缺氧、发展为呼吸衰竭而死亡，其病死率可达 90％～100％。 （2）弓形体感染：艾滋病人得弓形体感染主要引起神经系统弓形体病，其发生率为 26％。临床表现为偏 瘫，局灶性神经异常，抽搐、意识障碍及发热等。CT 检查可见单个或多个局灶性病变。依据组织病理切片 或脑脊液检查可见弓形体。极少数弓形体累及肺部（1％）。该病是由寄生性原虫动物鼠弓浆虫所致的一种 动物传染病。人的感染途径，先天性感染是由母亲经胎盘传给胎儿．后天性感染是因吃了含有组织囊虫的 生肉或未煮熟的肉而感染。 （3）隐孢子虫病：孢子虫是寄生于家畜和野生动物的小原虫，人感染后，附于小肠和大肠上皮，主要引起 吸收不良性腹泻，病人表现为难以控制的大量水样便，每日 5～10 次以上，每天失水 3～10 升，病死率可 高达 50％以上。诊断靠肠镜活检或粪便中查到原虫的卵囊。 2．病毒类 （1）巨细胞病毒感染：根据血清学调查表明，巨细胞病毒广泛存在，多数巨细胞病毒感染者无症状，但巨 细胞病毒感染的病人可在尿、唾液、粪便、眼泪、乳汁和精液中迁延排出病毒。并可经输血、母亲胎盘、 器官移植、性交、吮哺母乳等方式传播。艾滋病伴巨细胞病毒感染时，常表现为肝炎、巨细胞病毒肺炎、 巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎、血小板和白细胞减少、皮疹等。确诊巨细胞病毒感染必需在活检或尸解标本中找 到包涵体或分离出病毒。根据 Guarda 等对 13 例艾滋病人尸解的研究，最常见的诊断是巨细胞病毒感染（12 例），其次是卡波济氏肉瘤（l0 例）。所有 12 例巨细胞病毒感染均为播散性，并且经常影响两个或多个器官。 （2）单纯疱疹病毒感染：其传播途径主要是直接接触和性接触，也可经飞沫传染，病毒可由呼吸道、口、 眼、生殖器粘膜或破报皮肤侵入人体。孕妇在分娩时亦可传给婴儿。感染病毒后可引起艾滋病患者皮肤粘 膜损害、累及口周、外阴、肛周、手背或食道以至支气管及肠道粘膜等，以唇缘、口角的单纯疱疹最常见， 其损害呈高密集成群的小水疱，基底稍红，水疱被擦破后可形成溃疡，其溃疡特点为大而深且有疼痛，常 伴继发感染，症状多较严重，病程持续时间长，病损部位可培养出单纯疱疹病毒，活检可查到典型的包涵 体。 （3）EB 病毒：该病毒在艾滋病人中感染率很高，有 96%的艾滋病人血清中可检测到 EB 病毒抗体，EB 病毒可致原发性单核细胞增多症，伴溶血性贫血、淋巴结肿大、全身斑疹，T 细胞减少等。 3．真菌类 （1）念珠菌感染：白色念珠菌是一种条件致病真菌，常存在于正常人的皮肤、口腔、上呼吸道、肠道和阴 道粘膜上，可从皮肤和粘膜分泌物、大小便、痰液中培养出来。当人体抵抗力降低或机体菌群失调时，可 使白色念珠菌变为致病菌导致念珠菌感染。可分为皮肤念珠菌病和粘膜念珠菌病，后者多见为鹅口疮-口 腔粘膜、舌及咽喉、齿龈或唇粘膜上的乳白色薄膜，易剥离，露出鲜湿红润基底。多见于严重疾病的晚期
或艾滋病毒感染者。如果同性恋者持续有鹅口疮无其他原因解释时，往往表明志者已感染了艾溢病毒或将 发展为艾滋病的指征。念珠菌性食道炎可造成吞咽困难及疼痛或胸骨后疼痛，食道镜检查可见食道粘膜有 不规则溃和白色伪膜。其它尚有念球菌性口角炎、念珠菌性阴道炎、念珠菌性龟头包皮炎、内脏念珠 病等，皮肤、粘膜念珠菌病的诊断有赖于临床表现和求助于真菌检查， (2)隐球菌病：是由新型隐球菌感染引起的一种急性或慢性深部真菌病。当机体抵抗力减弱时，容易经呼 吸道，偶可经肠道或皮肤入侵致病。隐球菌脑膜炎是艾滋病常见的并发症。有很高的病死率，表现为发热、 头痛、持神错乱及脑膜刺激症状。肺部隐球菌，以亚急性或慢性发病，伴咳嫩、粘碳、低热、胸痛、乏力」 X线检查为非特异性改变。对隐球菌病的诊断主要依据临床表现和真菌检查确诊 4细南类 (1)结核杆菌：结核病常发生于有艾滋病感染但尚无艾滋病的病人，这可能因为结核杆菌的毒力强于其它 与艾滋病相关的病原体，如卡氏肺囊虫等，所以结核病更易发生于免疫缺陷早期。74%一100%的艾滋病 感染伴结核病人有肺结核，其症状和体征常很难鉴别于其他艾滋病相关的肺部疾病。艾溢病患者常表现为 扩散性的感染。艾溢病感染病人并发结核最突出临床特征是高发肺外结核，艾避病伴结核病人或发现结核 而诊断艾滋病人中70%以上有肺外结核。艾溢病件肺外结核最常见的形式为淋巴结炎和栗粒性病变，还 波及骨髓、泌尿生殖道和中枢神经系统。 (2)非典型分枝杆茵感染：为艾滋病的重要并发建之一，常波及肝、肺、跑、肾、血液、骨髓、胃肠道」 林巴结等，其表现为发热、消瘦、吸收不良、淋巴结肿大、肝脾肿大。实验室检查为非特异性，确诊靠病 便分离培养及活松 (3)其他常见的致病菌：绿胀杆菌、大肠杆菌、伤寒杆菌、淋球菌等均可引起机会感染。 艾溢病的传染源有哪些 血液、不洁性交、吸毒静脉注射、母竖传插 艾滋病的传染途径有哪些 艾溢病虽然很可怕，但HV病毒的传播力并不是很强，它不会通过我们日常的活动来传播，也就是说，我 们不会经浅吻、捏手、拥抱、共餐、共用办公用品、共用厕所、游泳池、共用电话、打喷嚏、蚊虫的叮咬 而成染。其至题料HV感染者或艾滋病电者部没有关系。HV的传播途径只有三个： (1)性交传插 HV可性交特别是性乱交传播。男性同性肛门性交，阴消性交，口交都会传HV。生随器右性 病（如梅毒、淋病 、尖锐湿疣)或溃时，会增加感染HV的危险。无论是同性 ,异性 还是两性之间的 性接触都会导致艾滋病的传播。艾滋病感染者的精液或阴道分泌物中有大量的病毒，在性活动（包括阴道 性交、肛交和口交)时，由于性交部位的摩擦，很容易造成生殖器黏膜的细微破损，这时，病毒就会趁虚 而入，进入未感染者的血液中值得一提的是。由于直肠的肠壁较阴道壁更容易破损，所以肛门性交的危险 性比阴消性交的危险性更大。 (2)血液传播 输血传插：如果血液里有HN,输入此血者将会被感染 血液制品传播：有些病人（例如血友病）需要注射由血液中提起的某些成份制成的生物制品。有些血液制 品中有可能有艾滋病病毒，使用血液制品就有可能感染上HV. ?共用针具的传播： 使用不洁针具可以把艾滋病毒从一个人传到另一个人。例如：静脉吸毒者共用针具：医院里重复使用针具 品针等。另外，如果与艾溢病瑞感染者共用一只未消毒的注射器，也会被留在针头中的毒所感染。使 用被血液污染而又未经严格消毒的注射器、针灸针、拔牙工具，都是十分危险的。 (3)母樱传播 如果母亲是艾溢病感染者，那么她很有可能会在怀孕、分娩过程或是通过母乳喂养使她的孩子受到感染
或艾滋病毒感染者。如果同性恋者持续有鹅口疮无其他原因解释时，往往表明患者已感染了艾滋病毒或将 发展为艾滋病的指征。念珠菌性食道炎可造成吞咽困难及疼痛或胸骨后疼痛，食道镜检查可见食道粘膜有 不规则溃疡和白色伪膜。其它尚有念球菌性口角炎、念珠菌性阴道炎、念珠菌性龟头包皮炎、内脏念珠菌 病等。 皮肤、粘膜念珠菌病的诊断有赖于临床表现和求助于真菌检查。 （2）隐球菌病：是由新型隐球菌感染引起的一种急性或慢性深部真菌病。当机体抵抗力减弱时，容易经呼 吸道，偶可经肠道或皮肤入侵致病。隐球菌脑膜炎是艾滋病常见的并发症。有很高的病死率，表现为发热、 头痛、精神错乱及脑膜刺激症状。肺部隐球菌，以亚急性或慢性发病，伴咳嗽、粘痰、低热、胸痛、乏力、 X 线检查为非特异性改变。对隐球菌病的诊断主要依据临床表现和真菌检查确诊。 4.细菌类 （1）结核杆菌：结核病常发生于有艾滋病感染但尚无艾滋病的病人，这可能因为结核杆菌的毒力强于其它 与艾滋病相关的病原体，如卡氏肺囊虫等，所以结核病更易发生于免疫缺陷早期。 74％～100％的艾滋病 感染伴结核病人有肺结核，其症状和体征常很难鉴别于其他艾滋病相关的肺部疾病。 艾滋病患者常表现为 扩散性的感染。艾滋病感染病人并发结核最突出临床特征是高发肺外结核，艾滋病伴结核病人或发现结核 而诊断艾滋病人中 70％以上有肺外结核。艾滋病伴肺外结核最常见的形式为淋巴结炎和粟粒性病变，还常 波及骨髓、泌尿生殖道和中枢神经系统。 （2）非典型分枝杆菌感染：为艾滋病的重要并发症之一，常波及肝、肺、脾、肾、血液、骨髓、胃肠道、 淋巴结等，其表现为发热、消瘦、吸收不良、淋巴结肿大、肝脾肿大。实验室检查为非特异性，确诊靠病 原分离培养及活检。 （3）其他常见的致病菌：绿脓杆菌、大肠杆菌、伤寒杆菌、淋球菌等均可引起机会感染。 艾滋病的传染源有哪些 血液、不洁性交、吸毒/静脉注射、母婴传播 艾滋病的传染途径有哪些 艾滋病虽然很可怕，但 HIV 病毒的传播力并不是很强，它不会通过我们日常的活动来传播，也就是说，我 们不会经浅吻、握手、拥抱、共餐、共用办公用品、共用厕所、游泳池、共用电话、打喷嚏、蚊虫的叮咬 而感染，甚至照料 HIV 感染者或艾滋病患者都没有关系。HIV 的传播途径只有三个： （1） 性交传播 HIV 可通过性交特别是性乱交传播。男性同性恋肛门性交，阴道性交，口交都会传播 HIV。生殖器患有性 病（如梅毒、淋病、尖锐湿疣）或溃疡时，会增加感染 HIV 的危险。无论是同性、异性、还是两性之间的 性接触都会导致艾滋病的传播。艾滋病感染者的精液或阴道分泌物中有大量的病毒，在性活动（包括阴道 性交、肛交和口交）时，由于性交部位的摩擦，很容易造成生殖器黏膜的细微破损，这时，病毒就会趁虚 而入，进入未感染者的血液中.值得一提的是，由于直肠的肠壁较阴道壁更容易破损，所以肛门性交的危险 性比阴道性交的危险性更大。 （2）血液传播 输血传播：如果血液里有 HIV，输入此血者将会被感染。 -血液制品传播：有些病人（例如血友病）需要注射由血液中提起的某些成份制成的生物制品。有些血液制 品中有可能有艾滋病病毒，使用血液制品就有可能感染上 HIV。 ?共用针具的传播： 使用不洁针具可以把艾滋病毒从一个人传到另一个人。例如：静脉吸毒者共用针具；医院里重复使用针具， 吊针等。另外，如果与艾滋病病毒感染者共用一只未消毒的注射器，也会被留在针头中的病毒所感染。使 用被血液污染而又未经严格消毒的注射器、针灸针、拔牙工具，都是十分危险的。 （3）母婴传播 如果母亲是艾滋病感染者，那么她很有可能会在怀孕、分娩过程或是通过母乳喂养使她的孩子受到感染
谁是艾滋病的易感人群 人们经过研究分析，已清楚地发现了哪些人易志艾精，并把易枣艾滋病的这个人群统称为艾滋病易感高 危人群 称之为易感人群 的易感 人群主要是指男性同性恋志者、静脉吸毒成者、血友病志 者，接受输血及其它血制品者、 与以上高危人群有性关系者等。 1。男性同性恋患者 男性同性恋者，包括双重性生活者（指既有同性恋又有异性恋者）占全部艾避病病人的70%76%，在 芙国为75%。这类人的性关系混乱，常常大量使用非法的性刺激药物。与性活动频紧而未发生艾滋病的 男性同性恋者相比 发病的男样 性恋者具有较多的性伙作，他们习横于每调与5一10个不同的性 发生性行为，有些人的性伙件甚至更多，他们不但较多地使用非法药物，而且常有性病和腹泻病史，也朝 是说，艾滋病与同性恋现象密切相关。同性恋现象在西方社会已十分普遍，仅美国就有大钓800万男性 同性恋者，占美国成年男子总数的1/10左右，在西方一些国家的军营和监狱中，同性恋的发生率尤其 高，但终身同性恋者仅占国家总人口的4%但是另右研究发现同性恋议种独特的现兔，在世界冬地 有发生)不同文化背景中同性恋者所占的比例相差无几。中国的同性恋现象在多年隐藏之后也逐渐有所 披露。据说，在北京 公认的同性恋话动场所就有50多处，除公园外，厕所、绿草地 街心花园、公 浴池及某些酒吧、舞厅，也是同性恋者的活动场所。北京究竟有多少同性恋者尚不好回答，据一个经常出 入此场所的内行人"说，光他~见面眼热"的就有1000多.对我国同性恋者的多性伴侣现象统计结果显示： 在上海遐查了96名同性恋男子，平均每个人的同性性伴侣为7人，肛交和口交发生率分别为81%和60% 由于我国的传统道德观念：许多同性恋者都己结婚或正准备结姬，虽然他们并不愿意过异性恋生活。对 北京的51名男性同性恋者作问卷调查，发现其中的31人（占61%）有婚姻史 :职业构成比例为：51人 中，大专以上学历者14人：工人15人，行政干部14人，科技文艺工作者5入，农民及其他职业17人 年龄最大者70岁，最小者22岁。由国性恋行为染上艾溢病的实例在我国也有报导：1989年4月，北京 动和医院从一位梅毒病人的血清中检出艾滋病毒，经调查，该男性患者有同性恋史，曾与外国人发生过问 寒行为：这是从中国大陆同性恋者中发现的首例艾滋病病成者，日因种种原因，曾与此人有讨来 切性接触的同性恋者均未找到 据报导，美国旧金山娱乐区”的同性恋者血清艾滋病病 毒抗体阳性率从 1978年的不到1%上升到1980年的25%， 1986年又刷增到65%.在西方其他国家的同性恋者中艾滋 病发病情况也与美因相似，丹麦、芬兰、西德、英国、卢森堡等国的同性恋者中，艾滋病抗体阳性率为 60%~100%:在瑞典、都威为70%：在比利时、希腊、西班牙、意大利等国为50%。在同性恋者中 有如此高的艾溢病感染率，避怪人们称艾滋病是“同性恋嘉疫”。同性恋者易患艾游病的原因，一是可能 酸盐吸入作性刺激剂，而亚硝酸盐又是一种免疫抑制剂，使 性恋者免疫力异常 一情有铁生人质森：三华限北它温积史形及根贴，所清中的文海精度 用亚 受伤部位，进入同性恋者血液循环中：据有人分析：男性同性恋者被动的一方发生卡波济氏肉瘤的危陷 性比主动的一方大，三是因同性恋者过度的性放纵而造成大量精液流失，引起机体缺锌，由锌的缺失而造 成机体免疫功能下降。四是因同性恋者的性滥，常伴发其他性病。如梅毒、淋病、软下疳等。由于性病 引起皮肤、盐膜受损出血 增加了艾装病的感垫机会。五是相当一分同性恋著，又是静酰吸毒成者 因而增加了艾滋病的另一感染机会。所以说男性同性恋者是第一个最大的艾溢病传染易感人群 2.吸毒者 经静脉注射毒品成稳者钓占全部艾滋病病例的15%~17%，主要是因为他们在吸毒过程中反复使用了未经 消毒或消毒不彻底的注射器、针头，而其中被艾滋病毒污染的注射器具无疑造成了艾滋病在吸毒者中的 流行和传播，使吸毒著成为第二个最大的艾溢病危险人群。洪用成植性药物和毒品是艾滋病多发和流行 的一个重要原因。在欧关使用春品的风气盛行并逐渐蔓延到亚洲（特别是素），据关国家春品用 愿研究所最近作出的词查报告指出，在全美国2.4亿人口中，约有1亿人非法使用过毒品，有3000万 到4000万人经常使用一种或多种毒品，另有200万人经常使用迷幻药，而迷幻药可直接抑制免疫系统的 功能。在亚洲的泰国，估计有10万静脉吸毒者，其中75%在曼谷。有不少吸毒者同时又是同性恋者或
谁是艾滋病的易感人群 人们经过研究分析，已清楚地发现了哪些人易患艾滋病， 并把易患艾滋病的这个人群统称为艾滋病易感高 危人群，又 称之为易感人群。艾滋病的易感人群主要是指男性同性恋患 者、静脉吸毒成瘾者、血友病患 者，接受输血及其它血制品者、 与以上高危人群有性关系者等。 1．男性同性恋患者 男性同性恋者，包括双重性生活者（指既有同性恋又有异 性恋者）占全部艾滋病病人的 70％～76％，在 美国为 75％。这 类人的性关系混乱，常常大量使用非法的性刺激药物。与性活 动频繁而未发生艾滋病的 男性同性恋者相比，发病的男性同 性恋者具有较多的性伙伴，他们习惯于每周与 5～10 个不同 的性伴侣 发生性行为，有些人的性伙伴甚至更多，他们不但较 多地使用非法药物，而且常有性病和腹泻病史，也就 是说，艾 滋病与同性恋现象密切相关。同性恋现象在西方社会已十分 普遍，仅美国就有大约 800 万男性 同性恋者，占美国成年男子 总数的 1／10 左右，在西方一些国家的军营和监狱中，同性恋 的发生率尤其 高，但终身同性恋者仅占国家总人口的 4％。但 是另有研究发现，同性恋这种独特的现象，在世界各地均 有发 生）不同文化背景中同性恋者所占的比例相差无几。中国的同 性恋现象在多年隐藏之后也逐渐有所 披露。据说，在北京，公 认的同性恋活动场所就有 50 多处，除公园外，厕所、绿草地、 街心花园、公共 浴池及某些酒吧、舞厅，也是同性恋者的活动 场所。北京究竟有多少同性恋者尚不好回答，据一个经常出 入 此场所的“内行人”说，光他“见面眼熟”的就有 1000 多。对我 国同性恋者的多性伴侣现象统计结果显示： 在上海调查了 96 名同性恋男子，平均每个人的同性性伴侣为 7 人，肛交和口交 发生率分别为 81％和60％。 由于我国的传统道德观念；许多 同性恋者都已结婚或正准备结婚，虽然他们并不愿意过异性 恋生活。对 北京的 51 名男性同性恋者作问卷调查，发现其中 的 31 人（占 61％）有婚姻史；职业构成比例为：51 人 中，大专 以上学历者 14 人；工人 15 人，行政干部 14 人，科技文艺工作 者 5 入，农民及其他职业 17 人； 年龄最大者 70 岁，最小者 22 岁。由同性恋行为染上艾滋病的实例在我国也有报导：1989 年 4 月，北京 协和医院从一位梅毒病人的血清中检出艾滋病 毒，经调查，该男性患者有同性恋史，曾与外国人发生过同 性 恋行为：这是从中国大陆同性恋者中发现的首例艾滋病病毒 感染者，且因种种原因，曾与此人有过密 切性接触的同性恋者 均未找到。 据报导，美国旧金山“娱乐区”的同性恋者血清艾滋病病 毒抗体阳性率从 1978 年的不到 1％上升到 1980 年的 25％， 1986 年又剧增到 65％。在西方其他国家的同性恋者中艾滋 病 发病情况也与美国相似，丹麦、芬兰、西德、英国、卢森堡等国 的同性恋者中，艾滋病抗体阳性率为 60％～100％；在瑞典、 挪威为 70％；在比利时、希腊、西班牙、意大利等国为 50％。在 同性恋者中， 有如此高的艾滋病感染率，难怪人们称艾滋病是 “同性恋瘟疫”。 同性恋者易患艾滋病的原因，一是可能 因为同性恋者使 用亚硝酸盐吸入作性刺激剂，而亚硝酸盐又是一种免疫抑制 剂，使同性恋者免疫力异常， 艾滋病毒易侵入和使人发病；二是因直肠粘膜比其它组织更容易受损和出血，精液中的 艾滋病毒趁机侵入 受伤部位，进入同性恋者血液循环中；据有 人分析；男性同性恋者被动的一方发生卡波济氏 肉瘤的危险 性比主动的一方大，三是因同性恋者过度的性放 纵而造成大量精液流失，引起机体缺锌，由锌的缺失而造 成机 体免疫功能下降。四是因同性恋者的性滥，常伴发其他性病。 如梅毒、淋病、软下疳等，由于性病 引起皮肤、粘膜受损出血， 增加了艾滋病的感染机会。五是相当一部分同性恋者，又是静 脉吸毒成瘾者， 因而增加了艾滋病的另一感染机会。所以说男 性同性恋者是第一个最大的艾滋病传染易感人群。 2．吸毒者 经静脉注射毒品成瘾者约占全部艾滋病病例的 15％～17％，主要是因为他们在吸毒过程中反复使用了未经 消毒或 消毒不彻底的注射器、针头，而其中被艾滋病毒污染的注射器 具无疑造成了艾滋病在吸毒者中的 流行和传播，使吸毒者成 为第二个最大的艾滋病危险人群。 滥用成瘾性药物和毒品是艾滋病多发和流行 的一个重要 原因。在欧美使用毒品的风气盛行并逐渐蔓延到亚洲（特别是 泰国），据美国国家毒品滥用问 题研究所最近作出的调查报告 指出，在全美国 2．4 亿人口中，约有 1 亿人非法使用过毒品， 有 3000 万 到 4000 万人经常使用一种或多种毒品，另有 200 万人经常使用迷幻药，而迷幻药可直接抑制免疫系统的 功能。 在亚洲的泰国，估计有 10 万静脉吸毒者，其中 75％在曼谷。 有不少吸毒者同时又是同性恋者或