The United States ofAmerica Unit9 Social Movements of the1960s(20世纪60年代的社会运动) 一、本单元重点内容 L.Greensboro S-n(格林斯博罗静坐) 2.the Civil Rights Movement(民权运动 3.Martin Luther King..J(马丁路德·金) 4.Free Speech Movement and the Anti-War Mowement(言论自由运动和反战运动 5.Coumer Culture(反主流文化) 6.Women's Liberation Movement(妇女解放运动) 二、本单元重、难点辅导 L.Greensboro Sit--in(格林斯博罗兽坐) O角Fy1,I94 freshmen from a black college in Greensboro,North Carolir图（北卡罗菜钠州 格林斯博罗的一所凰人学院的4名大一新生)网t down at a department store lunch couter(坐在百货商 店的午餐柜台边)and ordered cotfee.When refusod,they continued to sit at the counter,openly defying he买grcg减tion law prevailing in the state(公开反抗在这个州盛行的种族隔离法)The next da,more students joined them.Thus began the civil rights movement(黑人民t权运动)，which spread from the south to the north Later,this quiet"sit-in"became the major nomviolent direct action tactics to be used by black civil rights activists(后米。这种“静坐”成为黑人民权活动家的非暴力直接行动使用的主要策略) *The civil rights movement,and the youh anti-war and the women's liberation movements had long roots m【United St减shi过ay,(累人民权运动、青年反战运边以及后来的妇女解位运边都那深深地植根于美 国历史之中) 2.The Civil Rights Movement(民权塔动 It is one of the most important of all social movement in the 1960s U.S.history.Ros Park's( 克折)spontancous action(白发行为)in1955 s believed0 be the true beginning of the civil rights movement.The black students'sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off(. the nationwide civil rights mowement.During the first half of the decade,civil rights organizations like SNCC(the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee学生半暴力统一行动委员会)，CORE(the Coegress of Racial Equality争取种族平等大会and SCLC(the Southern Chris过ian Leadership Conference南部琴督我领导眼合会)struggled for racial integration by providing leadership.tactics. network and the people(通过提供领导力量，策略、网塔和人员来争取种族胜合).in the latier half of the decade.some black organizations changed their nonviolent tacties,and emphasized on more madical means to end discrimination and raised the selfimage of the blacks(在0世纪60年代后半期，一些累人组政 变了他们的非暴力策略，强调要以更加激进的方式来消灭种族歧混，提高黑人的自身形象).ecv
The United States of America 1 Unit 9 Social Movements of the 1960s (20 世纪 60 年代的社会运动) 一、本单元重点内容 1. Greensboro Sit-in (格林斯博罗静坐) 2. the Civil Rights Movement (民权运动) 3. Martin Luther King, Jr. (马丁·路德·金) 4. Free Speech Movement and the Anti-War Movement (言论自由运动和反战运动) 5. Counter Culture (反主流文化) 6. Women’s Liberation Movement (妇女解放运动) 二、本单元重、难点辅导 1. Greensboro Sit-in (格林斯博罗静坐) On February 1, 1960, 4 freshmen from a black college in Greensboro, North Carolina (北卡罗莱纳州 格林斯博罗的一所黑人学院的 4 名大一新生), sat down at a department store lunch counter (坐在百货商 店的午餐柜台边) and ordered coffee. When refused, they continued to sit at the counter, openly defying the segregation law prevailing in the state (公开反抗在这个州盛行的种族隔离法). The next day, more students joined them. Thus began the civil rights movement (黑人民权运动), which spread from the south to the north. Later, this quiet “sit-in” became the major nonviolent direct action tactics to be used by black civil rights activists (后来，这种“静坐”成为黑人民权活动家的非暴力直接行动使用的主要策略). *The civil rights movement, and the youth anti-war, and the women’s liberation movements had long roots in United States history.（黑人民权运动、青年反战运动以及后来的妇女解放运动都深深地植根于美 国历史之中） 2. The Civil Rights Movement (民权运动) It is one of the most important of all social movement in the 1960s U.S. history. Rosa Park’s (罗莎·帕 克斯) spontaneous action (自发行为) in 1955 was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement. The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off (触发，激 起) the nationwide civil rights movement. During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like SNCC(the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 学生非暴力统一行动委员会), CORE (the Congress of Racial Equality 争取种族平等大会), and SCLC(the Southern Christian Leadership Conference 南部基督教领导联合会) struggled for racial integration by providing leadership, tactics, network and the people (通过提供领导力量、策略、网络和人员来争取种族融合). In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self image of the blacks (在 20 世纪 60 年代后半期，一些黑人组织改 变了他们的非暴力策略，强调要以更加激进的方式来消灭种族歧视，提高黑人的自身形象). The civil
The United States of America rights movement produced s到ch great leaders as Martin Luther King Jr.(马丁-路德金，.and Malcolm X (马尔科姆·艾克斯).who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting or racial equality(种族平等)mheU.S. Montgomery【nart'gman可Bus Boycott(象哥马刊燕制公交车隔离或策运动：In December I955, RaPk(罗莎-帕克斯)，a NAACP(Naional Association for the Advancement of Colored People(美国) 全国有色人种恃进会)member in Montgomery Alabama,refured to give up her seat to a white man on a public bus.Alabama law required that blacks sit at the back of the b&and when asked.surren灯（交出） their seats to whites.Mrs.Parks was amrested.Local black leaders decided to boycott the city's bus system (联合钟制这个载市的公交系统.Black people in the city spontancous女y began to be∽ott the bus sy以em refusing to ride on public buses In the year long(长达一年的Montgomery bus boycott blacks young and old.walked to work With the bus company near bankruptey.and the aid of a 1956 Supreme Court decision. Montgomery blacks triumphed(在公交公可的湖临破产和I956年最高法庭的决议的桥助下，蒙哥马利 的里人胜利了).In fact.the bo∽cott was believed to be the beginning of the civil rights movement Direct Action Tactics(直接行动策略) When the civil rights movement began,non-violent direct action tactics like"sit-ins"and "freedom rides自由乘车运动)，cter registration(投票者登记)Later,anti-war activis本added "teach-ins”on college campuses.(大学师生举行的)时事宣讲会，时讨论会，斜论会)0edue除people about the理 in5 etnam as well as prote过marches and rallies and ete(也有游行不减和集会等) 3.Marti加Luther King.Jr.(马丁路镶金) Martin Luther King.JL,en Atlanta-born Baptist minister(设礼会牧师)，as the keader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference(南部基督教领导联合会的领袖)during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonwiolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice.King organized a series of"marches".including the March on Washingion of Agu过，1963，hen King delivered his famous"I have a Dream”aech(为了宣扬其月非暴力手段反抗 种疾隔离和其它社会不公的理老，金组织了一系列的“游行“，包括1963年的“华盛顿大游行”。椰 次游行中他发表了著名的演说“我有一个梦想”)Asa civil rights lea红，King worked not only to end racial discrimination(种族歧视)and poverty,.but also to raise the self image of the blacks.Due to his strong belief in nomviolent peaceful protest King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964(由于他坚信 要进行非暴力的和平反抗，所以在1964年，他按授予“诺贝尔和平奖”1 He was assass1ae(暗杀) in the city of Memphis孟斐斯)in April1968 Contrary to King's nomviolent tactics,Malcom X(马尔科妈-艾克斯)平oke in favour of black separatism(分离主义)and again过nomiolence in fighting racial dixcrimination. Some of SNCC学生非暴力统一行动委员会)members thought they needed a strong lead如rhe than collective leadership(集体领导)lnl9%5.they elected a new chairman,Stokeley Carmichacl(斯托克 利卡迈克尔)who spoke about Black Power(宣扬“黑权主叉”). 2
The United States of America 2 rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King, Jr. (马丁·路德·金), and Malcolm X (马尔科姆·艾克斯), who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality (种族平等) in the U.S. Montgomery Bus Boycott (蒙哥马利抵制公交车隔离政策运动)：In December 1955, Rosa Park’s (罗莎·帕克斯), a NAACP（National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (美国) 全国有色人种协进会）member in Montgomery Alabama, refused to give up her seat to a white man on a public bus. Alabama law required that blacks sit at the back of the bus, and when asked, surrender (交出) their seats to whites. Mrs. Parks was arrested. Local black leaders decided to boycott the city’s bus system (联合抑制这个城市的公交系统). Black people in the city spontaneously began to boycott the bus system refusing to ride on public buses. In the year long (长达一年的) Montgomery bus boycott, blacks young and old, walked to work. With the bus company near bankruptcy, and the aid of a 1956 Supreme Court decision, Montgomery blacks triumphed (在公交公司的濒临破产和 1956 年最高法庭的决议的帮助下，蒙哥马利 的黑人胜利了). In fact, the boycott was believed to be the beginning of the civil rights movement. Direct Action Tactics (直接行动策略) When the civil rights movement began, non-violent direct action tactics like “sit-ins” and “freedom rides”(自由乘车运动), voter registration (投票者登记). Later, anti-war activists added “teach-ins” on college campuses, （(大学师生举行的）时事宣讲会，讨论会，辩论会) to educate people about the war in Vietnam as well as protest marches and rallies and etc (也有游行示威和集会等). 3. Martin Luther King, Jr. (马丁·路德·金) Martin Luther King, Jr., an Atlanta-born Baptist minister (浸礼会牧师), was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (南部基督教领导联合会的领袖) during the civil rights movement of the 1960s. To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”, including the March on Washington of August, 1963, when King delivered his famous “I have a Dream” speech (为了宣扬其用非暴力手段反抗 种族隔离和其它社会不公的理念，金组织了一系列的“游行”，包括 1963 年的“华盛顿大游行”。那 次游行中他发表了著名的演说“我有一个梦想”). As a civil rights leader, King worked not only to end racial discrimination（种族歧视）and poverty, but also to raise the self image of the blacks. Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 (由于他坚信 要进行非暴力的和平反抗，所以在 1964 年，他被授予 “诺贝尔和平奖”). He was assassinated (暗杀) in the city of Memphis(孟斐斯) in April 1968. *Contrary to King’s nonviolent tactics, Malcom X (马尔科姆·艾克斯) spoke in favour of black separatism (分离主义) and against nonviolence in fighting racial discrimination. *Some of SNCC(学生非暴力统一行动委员会) members thought they needed a strong leader rather than collective leadership (集体领导). In 1965, they elected a new chairman, Stokeley Carmichael (斯托克 利·卡迈克尔) who spoke about Black Power (宣扬“黑权主义”)
The United States of America "The most notorious terrorist group against black civil rights workers in the South was known as Ku KxKn.(反对南方的黑人民权运动的最臭名留著的恐怖集圆是三K党) "Those who worked in the civil rights movement included Negro leaders,black and white young people,and some professionals and some housewives 4.The Youth Movement(青年运动) Many young people were imolved in the social movements of the 1960 because they resented traditional white male values in U S.society. I.Free Speech Movement(言论自由运动 Free Speech Movement:Mario Savic马里奥·萨维奥，a student who had just returned from working with SNCC(学生丰暴力统一行动委员会)neMs1 ssippi Freedom Summer(密西西比的“自由之夏 运动)，took off his shoes and stood on top of the police c.He demanded that the CORE(争取种族平等 大会)worker be freed and the rulesin free speech be changed(要果释载“争取种族平等大会”的成 员，改变反对言论自由的规定).The studen略过around the car for32 hours in spontaneous,nomiolent, direct action.Other students "sat-in"at the administration buildings and organized "Free University" classes(“自由大学”i讲学).The California govemor called hundred站of police to the campus8O0 udents were arrested.Graduale students organized a stnke and closed the university The teachers and professors voted to change the rule that violate the 1s and 14 Amendments.The young poople's "Free Speech Movement"began with success 2)heAn-War Movement(agan以the war in Victnam)(反战运动：反对越南截争) 3)Counter Culture(反主流文化) Coumter Culture:In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left.there appeared a phenomenon that historians called the“"counter culture'"(在“言论自由运动”和“新左银运动”之后，出 现了一种现象，历史学家称为“反主流文化”).The Counter Culture rejected capitalism and other American principles(“反主流文化”反对资本主文和其它的美国原.They had morals(道德观) different from taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life. Among the most famous were the hippiss)They sought new experience through dropping out. dugs(他们通过选学和吸毒寻求新的体验).But it was music.rock musie in particular,that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on traditionll American society(但是是音乐，尤其是摇滚乐 成为反主流文化攻击传统美国社会的主要工具.The counter culture exerted a罗eat irfluence upon people's attitudes toward social mores,marriage,career,and scoes反主流文化对人们的社会道德观 多、婚烟观、事业观以及对特成功的布度产生了很大的影响) S.Vomen's Liberation Movement妇女解故运动 The women's movement in the 1960s was started by three groups of women and an accident. 1).a group of professional women who were appointed to a Commission on the Status of Women( 女地位委员会)by President Kennedy in 196l
The United States of America 3 *The most notorious terrorist group against black civil rights workers in the South was known as Ku Klux Klan. (反对南方的黑人民权运动的最臭名昭著的恐怖集团是三 K 党) *Those who worked in the civil rights movement included Negro leaders, black and white young people, and some professionals and some housewives. 4. The Youth Movement (青年运动) Many young people were involved in the social movements of the 1960 because they resented traditional white male values in U.S. society. 1). Free Speech Movement (言论自由运动) Free Speech Movement: Mario Savio(马里奥·萨维奥), a student who had just returned from working with SNCC (学生非暴力统一行动委员会) in the Mississippi Freedom Summer (密西西比的“自由之夏” 运动), took off his shoes and stood on top of the police car. He demanded that the CORE (争取种族平等 大会) worker be freed and the rules against free speech be changed (要求释放“争取种族平等大会”的成 员，改变反对言论自由的规定). The students sat around the car for 32 hours in spontaneous, nonviolent, direct action. Other students “sat-in” at the administration buildings and organized “Free University” classes (“自由大学”讲学). The California governor called hundreds of police to the campus. 800 students were arrested. Graduate students organized a strike and closed the university. The teachers and professors voted to change the rule that violate the 1st and 14th Amendments. The young people’s “Free Speech Movement” began with success. 2) the Anti-War Movement (against the war in Vietnam) (反战运动：反对越南战争) 3) Counter Culture (反主流文化) Counter Culture: In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left, there appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counter culture”(在“言论自由运动”和“新左派运动”之后，出 现了一种现象，历史学家称为“反主流文化”). The Counter Culture rejected capitalism and other American principles (“反主流文化”反对资本主义和其它的美国原则). They had morals (道德观) different from taught by their parents. Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life. Among the most famous were the hippies(嬉皮士). They sought new experience through dropping out, drugs (他们通过逃学和吸毒寻求新的体验). But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on traditional American society (但是是音乐，尤其是摇滚乐 成为反主流文化攻击传统美国社会的主要工具). The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social mores, marriage, career, and success(反主流文化对人们的社会道德观 念、婚姻观、事业观以及对待成功的态度产生了很大的影响). 5. Women’s Liberation Movement (妇女解放运动) The women’s movement in the 1960s was started by three groups of women and an accident. 1). a group of professional women who were appointed to a Commission on the Status of Women(妇 女地位委员会) by President Kennedy in 1961
The United States ofAmerica 2).white housewives and mothers who read Betty Friedan'具蒂弗里丹)book,The Feminine Myszique《女性之送)，published in 1963 3).young activis(激进主义分子，行动主义分子)in the civil rightsand anti-war movemer路 NOW(美国)全国妇女组织：With the publication of The Feminine Mystique in19%3.Betty Friedan became the chief spokesperson of the Women's Liberation Movement.In her book,she compared the American family.or the American society as a whole,to a "comfortable concentration camp".where women were discriminated against and oppressed.In 1966,she helped to found the National Organizatic for Women (NOW).A reform organization,NOW hattled for"equall rights in partnership with men." 4
The United States of America 4 2). white housewives and mothers who read Betty Friedan’s(贝蒂·弗里丹) book, The Feminine Mystique《女性之迷》, published in 1963. 3). young activists (激进主义分子, 行动主义分子)in the civil rights and anti-war movements. NOW((美国)全国妇女组织)：With the publication of The Feminine Mystique in 1963, Betty Friedan became the chief spokesperson of the Women’s Liberation Movement. In her book, she compared the American family, or the American society as a whole, to a “comfortable concentration camp”, where women were discriminated against and oppressed. In 1966, she helped to found the National Organization for Women (NOW). A reform organization, NOW battled for “equal rights in partnership with men