The Convention on the Rights of the Child The Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989. It entered into force 2 September 1990,in accordance with article 49 Status of ratifications Preamble The States Parties to the present Convention, Considering that,in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations,recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom,justice and peace in the world, Bearing in mind that the peoples of the United Nations have,in the Charter, reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights and in the dignity and worth of the human person and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, Recognizing that the United Nations has,in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenants on Human Rights,proclaimed and agreed that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein,without distinction of any kind,such as race,colour,sex,language,religion,political or other opinion,national or social origin,property,birth or other status, Recalling that,in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,the United Nations has proclaimed that childhood is entitled to special care and assistance, Convinced that the family,as the fundamental group of society and the natural environment for the growth and well-being of all its members and particularly children, should be afforded the necessary protection and assistance so that it can fully assume its responsibilities within the community, Recognizing that the child,for the full and harmonious development of his or her personality,should grow up in a family environment,in an atmosphere of happiness, love and understanding, Considering that the child should be fully prepared to live an individual life in society and brought up in the spirit of the ideals proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations 1
1 The Convention on the Rights of the Child The Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989. It entered into force 2 September 1990, in accordance with article 49. Status of ratifications Preamble The States Parties to the present Convention, Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Bearing in mind that the peoples of the United Nations have, in the Charter, reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights and in the dignity and worth of the human person and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, Recognizing that the United Nations has, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenants on Human Rights, proclaimed and agreed that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status, Recalling that, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations has proclaimed that childhood is entitled to special care and assistance, Convinced that the family, as the fundamental group of society and the natural environment for the growth and well-being of all its members and particularly children, should be afforded the necessary protection and assistance so that it can fully assume its responsibilities within the community, Recognizing that the child, for the full and harmonious development of his or her personality, should grow up in a family environment, in an atmosphere of happiness, love and understanding, Considering that the child should be fully prepared to live an individual life in society and brought up in the spirit of the ideals proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations
and in particular in the spirit of peace,dignity,tolerance,freedom,equality and solidarity, Bearing in mind that the need to extend particular care to the child has been stated in the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924 and in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child adopted by the General Assembly on 20 November 1959 and recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (in particular in articles 23 and 24),in the International Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights(in particular in article 10)and in the statutes and relevant instruments of specialized agencies and international organizations concerned with the welfare of children, Bearing in mind that,as indicated in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child,"the child,by reason of his physical and mental immaturity,needs special safeguards and care,including appropriate legal protection,before as well as after birth", Recalling the provisions of the Declaration on Social and Legal Principles relating to the Protection and Welfare of Children,with Special Reference to Foster Placement and Adoption Nationally and Internationally;the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules);and the Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict, Recognizing that,in all countries in the world,there are children living in exceptionally difficult conditions and that such children need special consideration, Taking due account of the importance of the traditions and cultural values of each people for the protection and harmonious development of the child, Recognizing the importance of international co-operation for improving the living conditions of children in every country,in particular in the developing countries, Have agreed as follows: PartI Article 1 For the purposes of the present Convention,a child means every human 2
2 and in particular in the spirit of peace, dignity, tolerance, freedom, equality and solidarity, Bearing in mind that the need to extend particular care to the child has been stated in the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924 and in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child adopted by the General Assembly on 20 November 1959 and recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (in particular in articles 23 and 24), in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (in particular in article 10) and in the statutes and relevant instruments of specialized agencies and international organizations concerned with the welfare of children, Bearing in mind that, as indicated in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, "the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth", Recalling the provisions of the Declaration on Social and Legal Principles relating to the Protection and Welfare of Children, with Special Reference to Foster Placement and Adoption Nationally and Internationally; the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules); and the Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict, Recognizing that, in all countries in the world, there are children living in exceptionally difficult conditions and that such children need special consideration, Taking due account of the importance of the traditions and cultural values of each people for the protection and harmonious development of the child, Recognizing the importance of international co-operation for improving the living conditions of children in every country, in particular in the developing countries, Have agreed as follows: Part I Article 1 For the purposes of the present Convention, a child means every human
being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier. Article 2 1.States Parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in the present Convention to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child's or his or her parent's or legal guardian's race,colour,sex, language,religion,political or other opinion,national,ethnic or social origin,property, disability,birth or other status. 2.States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the status, activities,expressed opinions,or beliefs of the child's parents,legal guardians,or family members. Article 3 1.In all actions concerning children,whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions,courts of law,administrative authorities or legislative bodies,the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration. 2.States Parties undertake to ensure the child such protection and care as is necessary for his or her well-being,taking into account the rights and duties of his or her parents, legal guardians,or other individuals legally responsible for him or her,and,to this end, shall take all appropriate legislative and administrative measures 3.States Parties shall ensure that the institutions,services and facilities responsible for the care or protection of children shall conform with the standards established by competent authorities,particularly in the areas of safety,health,in the number and suitability of their staff,as well as competent supervision. Article 4 States Parties shall undertake all appropriate legislative,administrative and other measures for the implementation of the rights recognized in the present Convention.With regard to economic,social and cultural rights,States Parties shall undertake such measures to the maximum extent of their available resources and,where needed,within the framework of international co-operation. Article 5 States Parties shall respect the responsibilities,rights and duties of parents or,where applicable,the members of the extended family or community as provided for by local custom,legal guardians or other persons legally responsible for the child
3 being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier. Article 2 1. States Parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in the present Convention to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child's or his or her parent's or legal guardian's race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status. 2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child's parents, legal guardians, or family members. Article 3 1. In all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration. 2. States Parties undertake to ensure the child such protection and care as is necessary for his or her well-being, taking into account the rights and duties of his or her parents, legal guardians, or other individuals legally responsible for him or her, and, to this end, shall take all appropriate legislative and administrative measures. 3. States Parties shall ensure that the institutions, services and facilities responsible for the care or protection of children shall conform with the standards established by competent authorities, particularly in the areas of safety, health, in the number and suitability of their staff, as well as competent supervision. Article 4 States Parties shall undertake all appropriate legislative, administrative and other measures for the implementation of the rights recognized in the present Convention. With regard to economic, social and cultural rights, States Parties shall undertake such measures to the maximum extent of their available resources and, where needed, within the framework of international co-operation. Article 5 States Parties shall respect the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents or, where applicable, the members of the extended family or community as provided for by local custom, legal guardians or other persons legally responsible for the child
to provide,in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child,appropriate direction and guidance in the exercise by the child of the rights recognized in the present Convention. Article 6 1.States Parties recognize that every child has the inherent right to life. 2.States Parties shall ensure to the maximum extent possible the survival and development of the child. Article 7 1.The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name,the right to acquire a nationality and,as far as possible,the right to know and be cared for by his or her parents. 2.States Parties shall ensure the implementation of these rights in accordance with their national law and their obligations under the relevant international instruments in this field,in particular where the child would otherwise be stateless. Article 8 1.States Parties undertake to respect the right of the child to preserve his or her identity,including nationality,name and family relations as recognized by law without unlawful interference. 2.Where a child is illegally deprived of some or all of the elements of his or her identity,States Parties shall provide appropriate assistance and protection,with a view to reestablishing speedily his or her identity Article 9 1.States Parties shall ensure that a child shall not be separated from his or her parents against their will,except when competent authorities subject to judicial review determine,in accordance with applicable law and procedures,that such separation is necessary for the best interests of the child.Such determination may be necessary in a particular case such as one involving abuse or neglect of the child by the parents,or one where the parents are living separately and a decision must be made as to the child's place of residence. 2.In any proceedings pursuant to paragraph 1 of the present article,all interested parties shall be given an opportunity to participate in the proceedings and make their views known. 3.States Parties shall respect the right of the child who is separated from one or both parents to maintain personal relations and direct contact with both parents on a regular
4 to provide, in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child, appropriate direction and guidance in the exercise by the child of the rights recognized in the present Convention. Article 6 1. States Parties recognize that every child has the inherent right to life. 2. States Parties shall ensure to the maximum extent possible the survival and development of the child. Article 7 1. The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality and, as far as possible, the right to know and be cared for by his or her parents. 2. States Parties shall ensure the implementation of these rights in accordance with their national law and their obligations under the relevant international instruments in this field, in particular where the child would otherwise be stateless. Article 8 1. States Parties undertake to respect the right of the child to preserve his or her identity, including nationality, name and family relations as recognized by law without unlawful interference. 2. Where a child is illegally deprived of some or all of the elements of his or her identity, States Parties shall provide appropriate assistance and protection, with a view to reestablishing speedily his or her identity. Article 9 1. States Parties shall ensure that a child shall not be separated from his or her parents against their will, except when competent authorities subject to judicial review determine, in accordance with applicable law and procedures, that such separation is necessary for the best interests of the child. Such determination may be necessary in a particular case such as one involving abuse or neglect of the child by the parents, or one where the parents are living separately and a decision must be made as to the child's place of residence. 2. In any proceedings pursuant to paragraph 1 of the present article, all interested parties shall be given an opportunity to participate in the proceedings and make their views known. 3. States Parties shall respect the right of the child who is separated from one or both parents to maintain personal relations and direct contact with both parents on a regular
basis,except if it is contrary to the child's best interests. 4.Where such separation results from any action initiated by a State Party,such as the detention,imprisonment,exile,deportation or death(including death arising from any cause while the person is in the custody of the State)of one or both parents or of the child,that State Party shall,upon request,provide the parents,the child or,if appropriate,another member of the family with the essential information concerning the whereabouts of the absent member(s)of the family unless the provision of the information would be detrimental to the well-being of the child.States Parties shall further ensure that the submission of such a request shall of itself entail no adverse consequences for the person(s)concerned. Article 10 1.In accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9, paragraph 1,applications by a child or his or her parents to enter or leave a State Party for the purpose of family reunification shall be dealt with by States Parties in a positive, humane and expeditious manner.States Parties shall further ensure that the submission of such a request shall entail no adverse consequences for the applicants and for the members of their family 2.A child whose parents reside in different States shall have the right to maintain on a regular basis,save in exceptional circumstances personal relations and direct contacts with both parents.Towards that end and in accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9,paragraph 1,States Parties shall respect the right of the child and his or her parents to leave any country,including their own and to enter their own country.The right to leave any country shall be subject only to such restrictions as are prescribed by law and which are necessary to protect the national security,public order (ordre public),public health or morals or the rights and freedoms of others and are consistent with the other rights recognized in the present Convention. Article 11 1.States Parties shall take measures to combat the illicit transfer and non- return of children abroad. 2.To this end,States Parties shall promote the conclusion of bilateral or multilateral agreements or accession to existing agreements
5 basis, except if it is contrary to the child's best interests. 4. Where such separation results from any action initiated by a State Party, such as the detention, imprisonment, exile, deportation or death (including death arising from any cause while the person is in the custody of the State) of one or both parents or of the child, that State Party shall, upon request, provide the parents, the child or, if appropriate, another member of the family with the essential information concerning the whereabouts of the absent member(s) of the family unless the provision of the information would be detrimental to the well-being of the child. States Parties shall further ensure that the submission of such a request shall of itself entail no adverse consequences for the person(s) concerned. Article 10 1. In accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9, paragraph 1, applications by a child or his or her parents to enter or leave a State Party for the purpose of family reunification shall be dealt with by States Parties in a positive, humane and expeditious manner. States Parties shall further ensure that the submission of such a request shall entail no adverse consequences for the applicants and for the members of their family. 2. A child whose parents reside in different States shall have the right to maintain on a regular basis, save in exceptional circumstances personal relations and direct contacts with both parents. Towards that end and in accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9, paragraph 1, States Parties shall respect the right of the child and his or her parents to leave any country, including their own and to enter their own country. The right to leave any country shall be subject only to such restrictions as are prescribed by law and which are necessary to protect the national security, public order (ordre public), public health or morals or the rights and freedoms of others and are consistent with the other rights recognized in the present Convention. Article 11 1. States Parties shall take measures to combat the illicit transfer and nonreturn of children abroad. 2. To this end, States Parties shall promote the conclusion of bilateral or multilateral agreements or accession to existing agreements
Article 12 1.States Parties shall assure to the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child. 2.For this purpose,the child shall in particular be provided the opportunity to be heard in any judicial and administrative proceedings affecting the child,either directly, or through a representative or an appropriate body,in a manner consistent with the procedural rules of national law. Article 13 1.The child shall have the right to freedom of expression;this right shall include freedom to seek,receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers,either orally,in writing or in print,in the form of art,or through any other media of the child's choice 2.The exercise of this right may be subject to certain restrictions,but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary: (a)For respect of the rights or reputations of others;or (b)For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public),or of public health or morals. Article 14 1.States Parties shall respect the right of the child to freedom of thought, conscience and religion 2.States Parties shall respect the rights and duties of the parents and,when applicable, legal guardians,to provide direction to the child in the exercise of his or her right in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child. 3.Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety,order, health or morals,or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others Article 15 1.States Parties recognize the rights of the child to freedom of association and to freedom of peaceful assembly. 2.No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of these rights other than those imposed in conformity with the law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety,public order (ordre public),the
6 Article 12 1. States Parties shall assure to the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child. 2. For this purpose, the child shall in particular be provided the opportunity to be heard in any judicial and administrative proceedings affecting the child, either directly, or through a representative or an appropriate body, in a manner consistent with the procedural rules of national law. Article 13 1. The child shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of the child's choice. 2. The exercise of this right may be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary: (a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others; or (b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals. Article 14 1. States Parties shall respect the right of the child to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. 2. States Parties shall respect the rights and duties of the parents and, when applicable, legal guardians, to provide direction to the child in the exercise of his or her right in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child. 3. Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health or morals, or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others. Article 15 1. States Parties recognize the rights of the child to freedom of association and to freedom of peaceful assembly. 2. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of these rights other than those imposed in conformity with the law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the
protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. Article 16 1.No child shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his or her privacy,family,home or correspondence,nor to unlawful attacks on his or her honour and reputation. 2.The child has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. Article 17 States Parties recognize the important function performed by the mass media and shall ensure that the child has access to information and material from a diversity of national and international sources,especially those aimed at the promotion of his or her social,spiritual and moral well-being and physical and mental health.To this end,States Parties shall: (a)Encourage the mass media to disseminate information and material of social and cultural benefit to the child and in accordance with the spirit of article 29; (b)Encourage international co-operation in the production,exchange and dissemination of such information and material from a diversity of cultural,national and international sources; (c)Encourage the production and dissemination of children's books; (d)Encourage the mass media to have particular regard to the linguistic needs of the child who belongs to a minority group or who is indigenous; (e)Encourage the development of appropriate guidelines for the protection of the child from information and material injurious to his or her well-being,bearing in mind the provisions of articles 13 and 18 Article 18 1.States Parties shall use their best efforts to ensure recognition of the principle that both parents have common responsibilities for the upbringing and development of the child.Parents or,as the case may be,legal guardians,have the primary responsibility for the upbringing and development of the child.The best interests of the child will be their basic concern. 2.For the purpose of guaranteeing and promoting the rights set forth in the present Convention,States Parties shall render appropriate assistance to parents and legal
7 protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. Article 16 1. No child shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his or her privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his or her honour and reputation. 2. The child has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. Article 17 States Parties recognize the important function performed by the mass media and shall ensure that the child has access to information and material from a diversity of national and international sources, especially those aimed at the promotion of his or her social, spiritual and moral well-being and physical and mental health. To this end, States Parties shall: (a) Encourage the mass media to disseminate information and material of social and cultural benefit to the child and in accordance with the spirit of article 29; (b) Encourage international co-operation in the production, exchange and dissemination of such information and material from a diversity of cultural, national and international sources; (c) Encourage the production and dissemination of children's books; (d) Encourage the mass media to have particular regard to the linguistic needs of the child who belongs to a minority group or who is indigenous; (e) Encourage the development of appropriate guidelines for the protection of the child from information and material injurious to his or her well-being, bearing in mind the provisions of articles 13 and 18. Article 18 1. States Parties shall use their best efforts to ensure recognition of the principle that both parents have common responsibilities for the upbringing and development of the child. Parents or, as the case may be, legal guardians, have the primary responsibility for the upbringing and development of the child. The best interests of the child will be their basic concern. 2. For the purpose of guaranteeing and promoting the rights set forth in the present Convention, States Parties shall render appropriate assistance to parents and legal
guardians in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities and shall ensure the development of institutions,facilities and services for the care of children. 3.States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that children of working parents have the right to benefit from child-care services and facilities for which they are eligible. Article 19 1.States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative,administrative,social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence,injury or abuse,neglect or negligent treatment,maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse,while in the care of parent(s),legal guardian(s)or any other person who has the care of the child. 2.Such protective measures should,as appropriate,include effective procedures for the establishment of social programmes to provide necessary support for the child and for those who have the care of the child,as well as for other forms of prevention and for identification,reporting,referral,investigation,treatment and follow-up of instances of child maltreatment described heretofore,and,as appropriate,for judicial involvement. Article 20 1.A child temporarily or permanently deprived of his or her family environment,or in whose own best interests cannot be allowed to remain in that environment,shall be entitled to special protection and assistance provided by the State. 2.States Parties shall in accordance with their national laws ensure alternative care for such a child. 3.Such care could include,inter alia,foster placement,kafalah of Islamic law, adoption or if necessary placement in suitable institutions for the care of children.When considering solutions,due regard shall be paid to the desirability of continuity in a child's upbringing and to the child's ethnic,religious,cultural and linguistic background. Article 21 States Parties that recognize and/or permit the system of adoption shall ensure that the best interests of the child shall be the paramount consideration and they shall: (a)Ensure that the adoption of a child is authorized only by competent authorities who determine,in accordance with applicable law and procedures and on the basis of
8 guardians in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities and shall ensure the development of institutions, facilities and services for the care of children. 3. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that children of working parents have the right to benefit from child-care services and facilities for which they are eligible. Article 19 1. States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child. 2. Such protective measures should, as appropriate, include effective procedures for the establishment of social programmes to provide necessary support for the child and for those who have the care of the child, as well as for other forms of prevention and for identification, reporting, referral, investigation, treatment and follow-up of instances of child maltreatment described heretofore, and, as appropriate, for judicial involvement. Article 20 1. A child temporarily or permanently deprived of his or her family environment, or in whose own best interests cannot be allowed to remain in that environment, shall be entitled to special protection and assistance provided by the State. 2. States Parties shall in accordance with their national laws ensure alternative care for such a child. 3. Such care could include, inter alia, foster placement, kafalah of Islamic law, adoption or if necessary placement in suitable institutions for the care of children. When considering solutions, due regard shall be paid to the desirability of continuity in a child's upbringing and to the child's ethnic, religious, cultural and linguistic background. Article 21 States Parties that recognize and/or permit the system of adoption shall ensure that the best interests of the child shall be the paramount consideration and they shall: (a) Ensure that the adoption of a child is authorized only by competent authorities who determine, in accordance with applicable law and procedures and on the basis of
all pertinent and reliable information,that the adoption is permissible in view of the child's status concerning parents,relatives and legal guardians and that,if required,the persons concerned have given their informed consent to the adoption on the basis of such counselling as may be necessary; (b)Recognize that inter-country adoption may be considered as an alternative means of child's care,if the child cannot be placed in a foster or an adoptive family or cannot in any suitable manner be cared for in the child's country of origin;(c)Ensure that the child concerned by inter-country adoption enjoys safeguards and standards equivalent to those existing in the case of national adoption; (d)Take all appropriate measures to ensure that,in inter-country adoption,the placement does not result in improper financial gain for those involved in it; (e)Promote,where appropriate,the objectives of the present article by concluding bilateral or multilateral arrangements or agreements and endeavour,within this framework,to ensure that the placement of the child in another country is carried out by competent authorities or organs. Article 22 1.States Parties shall take appropriate measures to ensure that a child who is seeking refugee status or who is considered a refugee in accordance with applicable international or domestic law and procedures shall,whether unaccompanied or accompanied by his or her parents or by any other person,receive appropriate protection and humanitarian assistance in the enjoyment of applicable rights set forth in the present Convention and in other international human rights or humanitarian instruments to which the said States are Parties. 2.For this purpose,States Parties shall provide,as they consider appropriate,co- operation in any efforts by the United Nations and other competent intergovernmental organizations or non-governmental organizations co-operating with the United Nations to protect and assist such a child and to trace the parents or other members of the family of any refugee child in order to obtain information necessary for reunification with his or her family.In cases where no parents or other members of the family can be found, the child shall be accorded the same protection as any other child permanently or 9
9 all pertinent and reliable information, that the adoption is permissible in view of the child's status concerning parents, relatives and legal guardians and that, if required, the persons concerned have given their informed consent to the adoption on the basis of such counselling as may be necessary; (b) Recognize that inter-country adoption may be considered as an alternative means of child's care, if the child cannot be placed in a foster or an adoptive family or cannot in any suitable manner be cared for in the child's country of origin; (c) Ensure that the child concerned by inter-country adoption enjoys safeguards and standards equivalent to those existing in the case of national adoption; (d) Take all appropriate measures to ensure that, in inter-country adoption, the placement does not result in improper financial gain for those involved in it; (e) Promote, where appropriate, the objectives of the present article by concluding bilateral or multilateral arrangements or agreements and endeavour, within this framework, to ensure that the placement of the child in another country is carried out by competent authorities or organs. Article 22 1. States Parties shall take appropriate measures to ensure that a child who is seeking refugee status or who is considered a refugee in accordance with applicable international or domestic law and procedures shall, whether unaccompanied or accompanied by his or her parents or by any other person, receive appropriate protection and humanitarian assistance in the enjoyment of applicable rights set forth in the present Convention and in other international human rights or humanitarian instruments to which the said States are Parties. 2. For this purpose, States Parties shall provide, as they consider appropriate, cooperation in any efforts by the United Nations and other competent intergovernmental organizations or non-governmental organizations co-operating with the United Nations to protect and assist such a child and to trace the parents or other members of the family of any refugee child in order to obtain information necessary for reunification with his or her family. In cases where no parents or other members of the family can be found, the child shall be accorded the same protection as any other child permanently or
temporarily deprived of his or her family environment for any reason,as set forth in the present Convention. Article 23 1.States Parties recognize that a mentally or physically disabled child should enjoy a full and decent life,in conditions which ensure dignity,promote self- reliance and facilitate the child's active participation in the community 2.States Parties recognize the right of the disabled child to special care and shall encourage and ensure the extension,subject to available resources,to the eligible child and those responsible for his or her care,of assistance for which application is made and which is appropriate to the child's condition and to the circumstances of the parents or others caring for the child. 3.Recognizing the special needs of a disabled child,assistance extended in accordance with paragraph 2 of the present article shall be provided free of charge, whenever possible,taking into account the financial resources of the parents or others caring for the child and shall be designed to ensure that the disabled child has effective access to and receives education,training,health care services,rehabilitation services, preparation for employment and recreation opportunities in a manner conducive to the child's achieving the fullest possible social integration and individual development, including his or her cultural and spiritual development 4.States Parties shall promote,in the spirit of international cooperation,the exchange of appropriate information in the field of preventive health care and of medical, psychological and functional treatment of disabled children,including dissemination of and access to information concerning methods of rehabilitation,education and vocational services,with the aim of enabling States Parties to improve their capabilities and skills and to widen their experience in these areas.In this regard,particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing countries. Article 24 1.States Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health.States Parties shall strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services. 10
10 temporarily deprived of his or her family environment for any reason, as set forth in the present Convention. Article 23 1. States Parties recognize that a mentally or physically disabled child should enjoy a full and decent life, in conditions which ensure dignity, promote selfreliance and facilitate the child's active participation in the community. 2. States Parties recognize the right of the disabled child to special care and shall encourage and ensure the extension, subject to available resources, to the eligible child and those responsible for his or her care, of assistance for which application is made and which is appropriate to the child's condition and to the circumstances of the parents or others caring for the child. 3. Recognizing the special needs of a disabled child, assistance extended in accordance with paragraph 2 of the present article shall be provided free of charge, whenever possible, taking into account the financial resources of the parents or others caring for the child and shall be designed to ensure that the disabled child has effective access to and receives education, training, health care services, rehabilitation services, preparation for employment and recreation opportunities in a manner conducive to the child's achieving the fullest possible social integration and individual development, including his or her cultural and spiritual development 4. States Parties shall promote, in the spirit of international cooperation, the exchange of appropriate information in the field of preventive health care and of medical, psychological and functional treatment of disabled children, including dissemination of and access to information concerning methods of rehabilitation, education and vocational services, with the aim of enabling States Parties to improve their capabilities and skills and to widen their experience in these areas. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing countries. Article 24 1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. States Parties shall strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services