MODERN FOOD MICROBIOLOGY SEVENTH EDITION JAMES M.JAY MARTIN J.LOESSNER DAVID A.GOLDEN
FOOD SCIENCE TEXT SERIES The Food Science Text Series provides faculty with the leading teaching tools.The Editorial Board has EDITORIAL BOARD Series Editor Dennis R.Heldman,Ph.D..Heldman Associates,San Marcos.California. Board Members Richard W.Hartel.Professor of Food Engineering.Department of Food Science.University of Wisconsin. Hilegarde Hemoof Sensory Science.Department of Food ScienceTecholoy.University Institute of Food Scienceand Institute for Comparative and Environmental Toxicoloy,and Chair.Food Science Deparment Comell University ames M.Jay.Deparment of Biological Sciences,Wayne State University and Adjunct Norman G.Marriott.Emeritus Professor Extension Food Scientist,Department of Food Science and Josep State University-San Luis Obispo Titles Essentials of Food Science,Second Edition.Vickie A.Vaclavik and Elizabeth W.Christian (2003) Food Analysis,Third Edition.S. zanne Nielsen (2003) Fundamentals of Food Process Engineering,Second Edition,Romeo T.Toledo(190) (2005 PrinciplesofFod Chemistry,Third Editin,hn M.deMan(1) G.Md W artel (1997) Sensory Evaluation of Food:Principles and Practices.Hany T.Lawless and Hildegarde Heymann (1998)
Modern Food Microbiology Seventh Edition James M. Jay University of Nevada Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada Martin J. Loessner Institute of Food Science and Nutrition Ziirich, Switzerland David A. Golden University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Springer
usiness Media.Inc. ation. proprictary rights. Printed in the United States of America. (BSDH 987654321 springeronline.com
Preface s that are fo revised and updated.The new material in this edition includes over 80new bacterial and 10new genera of fungi.This title is suitable for use in a second or subsequent course in a microbiology curriculum. or as a primary food microbiology course in a food science or food technology curriculum.Although organic chemistry is a desirable prerequisite,it is not necessary for one to get a good grasp of most of the topics covered. microbiology text,the following sequenc of the this dis provide of the have is not rece mended since much of this information is presented again in the tive chanter The material in Chapter 2 includes a synopsis of modem methods currently used to classify bacteria. taxonomic schemes for yeasts and molds,and brief information on the genera of bacteria and fungi encountered in foods.This material may be combined with the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of er3a ey exis ect the common foodb ey may ata vered to the e v be dealt with in this sequence or just before oe.The food protec on m nods in Chapters 13 to 19 include some information that goes beyond the usual scope of a second course.but the principles that underlie each of these methods should be covered. Chapters 20 and 21 deal with food sanitation.indicator organisms.HACCP,and FSO systems;and ing with the pathogens.Chapter 3deal with the y and contro of it ways in the known roles a factors and au ganisms.The other ma in this chapter that deals with the mechanisms of pathogenesis is probably best dealt with when the specific pathogens are covered in their respective chapters.The new Appendix section presents a simplified scheme for grouping foodbome and some general environmental bacterial genera by use of Gram,oxidase,and calalase reactions along with colony pigmentation
Preface The 7th edition of Modern Food Microbiology, like previous editions, focuses on the general biology of the microorganisms that are found in foods. All but one of the 31 chapters have been extensively revised and updated. The new material in this edition includes over 80 new bacterial and 10 new genera of fungi. This title is suitable for use in a second or subsequent course in a microbiology curriculum, or as a primary food microbiology course in a food science or food technology curriculum. Although organic chemistry is a desirable prerequisite, it is not necessary for one to get a good grasp of most of the topics covered. When used as a microbiology text, the following sequence may be used. A synopsis of the information in Chapter 1 will provide students with a sense of the historical developments that have shaped this discipline and how it continues to evolve. Memorization of the many dates and events is not recommended since much of this information is presented again in the respective chapters. The material in Chapter 2 includes a synopsis of modern methods currently used to classify bacteria, taxonomic schemes for yeasts and molds, and brief information on the genera of bacteria and fungi encountered in foods. This material may be combined with the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of growth in Chapter 3 as they exist in food products and as they affect the common foodborne organisms. Chapters 4 to 9 deal with specific food products, and they may be covered to the extent desired with appropriate reviews of the relevant topics in Chapter 3. Chapters 10 to 12 cover methods for culturing and identifying foodborne organisms and/or their products, and these topics may be dealt with in this sequence or just before foodborne pathogens. The food protection methods in Chapters 13 to 19 include some information that goes beyond the usual scope of a second course, but the principles that underlie each of these methods should be covered. Chapters 20 and 21 deal with food sanitation, indicator organisms, HACCP, and FSO systems; and coverage of these topics is suggested before dealing with the pathogens. Chapters 22 to 31 deal with the known (and suspected) foodborne pathogens including their biology and methods of control. Chapter 22 is intended to provide an overview of the chapters that follow. Some of it includes ways in which foodborne pathogens differ from nonpathogens, their behavior in biofilms, and some information on the known roles of sigma factors and quorum sensing among foodborne organisms. The other material in this chapter that deals with the mechanisms of pathogenesis is probably best dealt with when the specific pathogens are covered in their respective chapters. The new Appendix section presents a simplified scheme for grouping foodborne and some general environmental bacterial genera by use of Gram, oxidase, and calalase reactions along with colony pigmentation. v
MODERN FOOD MICROBIOLOGY For most semester courses with a 3-credit lecture and accompanying 2 or 3 credit laboratory.only about 65-70%of the material in this text is likely to be covered.The remainder is meant for reference puiposes. The following individuals assisted us by critiquing various parts or sections of this edition.and we
vi Modern Food Microbiology For most semester courses with a 3-credit lecture and accompanying 2 or 3 credit laboratory, only about 65-70% of the material in this text is likely to be covered. The remainder is meant for reference puiposes. The following individuals assisted us by critiquing various parts or sections of this edition, and we extend special thanks to each: B. P. Hedlund, K. E. Kesterson, J. Q. Shen, and H. H. Wang. Those who assisted with the previous six editions are acknowledged in the respective editions
Contents Part I-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.. 2 1-History of Microorganisms in Food....................................... Historical Developments............................................................ Fo0 d Preservation… g4”…444…444………4……44……·…4…4……400………。*+4…+4 4567 Food。 Part II-HABITATS,TAXONOMY,ANDGROWTH PARAMETERS................... 11 2-Taxonomy,Role,and Significance of Microorganisms in Foods.. 13 Bacterial Taxonomy.. 14 rRNA Analyses Analysis ofDNA.............................................................. Primary So rgar Synopsis non ger 31 3-Intrinsic and Extrinsic Parameters of Foods That Affect Microbial Growth. 39 Intrinsic Parameters pH. 39 Moisture Content. 45 Oxidation-Reduction Potential...................................... 49 Nutrient Content.. ial Constituents............................................. 08 al Structures........... 54 Relative Humidity of Environment. 56 Presence and Concentration of Gases in the Environment... 56 Presence and Activities of Other Microorganisms.56
Contents Part I—HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ............................................... 1 1—History of Microorganisms in Food ................................................ 3 Historical Developments............................................................ 4 Food Preservation ............................................................... 5 Food Spoilage ................................................................... 6 Food Poisoning .................................................................. 7 Food Legislation................................................................. 8 Part II—HABITATS, TAXONOMY, AND GROWTH PARAMETERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2—Taxonomy, Role, and Significance of Microorganisms in Foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Bacterial Taxonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 rRNA Analyses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Analysis of DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 The Proteobacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Primary Sources of Microorganisms Found in Foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Synopsis of Common Foodborne Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Synopsis of Common Genera of Foodborne Molds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Synopsis of Common Genera of Foodborne Yeasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3—Intrinsic and Extrinsic Parameters of Foods That Affect Microbial Growth . . . . . . . . . . 39 Intrinsic Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Moisture Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Oxidation–Reduction Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Nutrient Content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Antimicrobial Constituents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Biological Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Extrinsic Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Temperature of Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Relative Humidity of Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Presence and Concentration of Gases in the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Presence and Activities of Other Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 vii
viⅷ MODERN FOOD MICROBIOLOGY Part III-MICROORGANISMS IN FOODS.... 61 4-Fresh Meats and Poultry... 6 Biochemical Events That Lead to Rigor Mortis....................................... The Biota of Meats and Poultry... cldence/Prevalence of Microorganisms in Fresh Red Meats........................c Bacte nded C ned Meats Hot-Boned Meats Organ and Variety Meats. Microbial Spoilage of Fresh Red Meats Spoilageo /Preval roorganisms in Fresh Poultry. Carcass S 91 5Processed Meats and Seafoods 10i Processed Meats. 101 Curing......... Smoking.... 108 108 10g Fish and Shellfish. 109 Microorganisms 109 Spoilage of Fish and Shellfish............................ 118 6-Vegetable and Fruit Pre sh and p 128 Bacterial Agents. 128 Fungal Agents.… Spoilage of Fruits....... Fresh-Cut F Sprouts 140 Intemalization of Pathogens 142 Disease Outbreaks. 143
viii Modern Food Microbiology Part III—MICROORGANISMS IN FOODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4—Fresh Meats and Poultry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Biochemical Events That Lead to Rigor Mortis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 The Biota of Meats and Poultry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Incidence/Prevalence of Microorganisms in Fresh Red Meats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Soy-Extended Ground Meats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Mechanically Deboned Meats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Hot-Boned Meats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Organ and Variety Meats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Microbial Spoilage of Fresh Red Meats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Spoilage of Fresh Livers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Incidence/Prevalence of Microorganisms in Fresh Poultry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Microbial Spoilage of Poultry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Carcass Sanitizing/Washing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5—Processed Meats and Seafoods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Processed Meats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Curing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Sausage, Bacon, Bologna, and Related Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Spoilage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Bacon and Cured Hams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Seafoods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Fish and Shellfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Spoilage of Fish and Shellfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Shellfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 6—Vegetable and Fruit Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Fresh and Frozen Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Spoilage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Bacterial Agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Fungal Agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Spoilage of Fruits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Fresh-Cut Produce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Microbial Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Seed Sprouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Pathogens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Internalization of Pathogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Disease Outbreaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Contents ix 7-Milk,Fermentation,and Fermented and Nonfermented Dairy Products... 149 140 Defined and Characterized. 150 The Lactic Acid Bacteria 150 Metabolic Pathways and Molar Growth Yields.................... .154 Acetic Acid Bacteria................. 157 General microbiota of milk 158 Milk-Borne Pathogens 158 Spoilage. 160 Probiotics and Prebiotics......... 16 Lactose Intolerance..... mented Products......................... 16 Diseases caused by Lactic Acid Bacteria 169 8-Nondairy Fermented Foods and Products... ish Products 170 Plant products 180 Sauerkraut 180 Olives 。。。 180 Pickle Beer.Ale.Win r and Ale.... 185 Distilled spirits 1R6 Miscellaneous Products. 188 9-Miscellaneous F od Products......... n and Related Foods.… 9 1s. ng h D. 20 Bakery Products 203 Frozen meat pies 204 Sugars,Candies,and Spices. 204 Nutmeats. 205 Dehydrated Foods 206
Contents ix 7—Milk, Fermentation, and Fermented and Nonfermented Dairy Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Fermentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Defined and Characterized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 The Lactic Acid Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Metabolic Pathways and Molar Growth Yields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Acetic Acid Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Dairy Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Milk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Pasteurization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 General Microbiota of Milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Milk-Borne Pathogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Spoilage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Probiotics and Prebiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Lactose Intolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Starter Cultures, Fermented Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Fermented Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Cheeses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Diseases caused by Lactic Acid Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 8—Nondairy Fermented Foods and Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Meat Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Fish Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Breads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Plant Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Sauerkraut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Olives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Pickles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Beer, Ale, Wines, Cider, and Distilled Spirits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Beer and Ale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Wines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Cider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Distilled Spirits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Miscellaneous Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 9—Miscellaneous Food Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Delicatessen and Related Foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Eggs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Mayonnaise and Salad Dressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Cereals, Flour, and Dough Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Bakery Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Frozen Meat Pies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Sugars, Candies, and Spices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Nutmeats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Dehydrated Foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
MODERN FOOD MICROBIOLOGY Enteral Nutrient Solutions(Medical Foods)......................... .206 Single-Cell Protein(SCP).. 207 Rationale for SCP Production. 207 Organisms and Fermentation Substrates.........................................207 SCP Products 210 Part IV-DETERMINING MICROORGANISMS AND/OR THEIR PRODUCTS IN FOODS .215 Culture,Microscopic,and Sampling Methods.... 217 Conventional Standar d Plat 。2 i0n0fo0 d Samples......... 220 Direct Epifluo scent Filter Technique )1 Microcolony-DEFT Hydrophobic Grid Membrane Filter(HGMF).... 。。 22 Microscope Colony Counts............ Agar Droplets. Dry Film and Re 224 Dve Reduction 2 Roll Tubes 225 Direct micros opic Count (DMC) 225 Howard Mold Counts. 226 Microbiological Examination of Surfaces. 229 Swab/Swab Rinse Methods........ 227 Cont Agar Sa usage"Method 228 229 Recovery/Repair.. 231 Mechanism of Repair 233 Viable but Nonculturable Organisms.......... 233 11-Chemical,B ological,and Physical Methods.............................. 241 341 244 Adenosine Triphosphate Measurement. 247 Radiometry 247 Fluorogenic and Chromogenic Substrates............. 248 Immunological Methods.... 2 Serotyping Fluorescent Antibody.................... 251
x Modern Food Microbiology Enteral Nutrient Solutions (Medical Foods). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Single-Cell Protein (SCP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Rationale for SCP Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Organisms and Fermentation Substrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 SCP Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Nutrition and Safety of SCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Bottled Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Part IV—DETERMINING MICROORGANISMS AND/OR THEIR PRODUCTS IN FOODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 10—Culture, Microscopic, and Sampling Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Conventional Standard Plate Count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Homogenization of Food Samples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 The Spiral Plater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Membrane Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Direct Epifluorescent Filter Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Microcolony-DEFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Hydrophobic Grid Membrane Filter (HGMF). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Microscope Colony Counts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Agar Droplets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Dry Film and Related Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Most Probable Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Dye Reduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Roll Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Direct Microscopic Count (DMC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Howard Mold Counts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Microbiological Examination of Surfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Swab/Swab-Rinse Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Contact Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Agar Syringe/“Agar Sausage” Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Other Surface Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Metabolically Injured Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Recovery/Repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Mechanism of Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Viable but Nonculturable Organisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 11—Chemical, Biological, and Physical Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Chemical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Thermostable Nuclease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Limulus Lysate for Endotoxins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Adenosine Triphosphate Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Radiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Fluorogenic and Chromogenic Substrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Immunological Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Serotyping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Fluorescent Antibody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
