七、长句和难句 长句翻译练习： 1.I confess I am not charmed with an ideal of life held out by those who think that the normal state of human beings is that of struggling to get on;that the trampling,crushing,elbowing and treading on each other's heels,which form the existing type of social life,are the most desirable lot of humankind,or anything but the disagreeable symptoms of one of the phases of industrial progress. --The Cost of Economic Growth 2.Citizens and scholars are today raising a fundamental question:Is economic growth desirable?Or to it only slightly less grandly:when a society has reached a stage of wealth where all the necessities of life and a high (historical standards) degree of comfort have been assured to the overwhelming number of its citizens,does it thereby reach a stage when the costs of growth begin to exceed its benefits,when its energies should properly be turned in other directions? 3.Monopoly and competition are very generally regarded,not simply as antithetical,but as mutually exclusive.To demonstrate completions is to prove the absence of monopoly,and vice versa.Indeed,to many the very phrase "monopolistic competition "will seem self-contradictory---a juggling of words.This conception is most unfortunate.Neither force excludes the other,and more often than not both are requite to an intelligible account of process. 4.Under pure competition,the market of each seller is perfectly merged with those of his rivals;now it is to be recognized that each is in some measure isolated, so that the whole is not a single large market of many sellers,but a network of related markets,one for each seller. 5.In retail trade to take only one instance,these conditions include such factors as the convenience of the seller's location,the general tone or character of his establishment,his way of doing business,his reputation or fair dealing, courtesy,efficiency,and all the personal links which attach his customers either to himself or to those employed by him
七、长句和难句 长句翻译练习： 1.I confess I am not charmed with an ideal of life held out by those who think that the normal state of human beings is that of struggling to get on; that the trampling, crushing, elbowing and treading on each other’s heels, which form the existing type of social life, are the most desirable lot of humankind, or anything but the disagreeable symptoms of one of the phases of industrial progress. ----The Cost of Economic Growth 2.Citizens and scholars are today raising a fundamental question: Is economic growth desirable? Or to it only slightly less grandly: when a society has reached a stage of wealth where all the necessities of life and a high (historical standards) degree of comfort have been assured to the overwhelming number of its citizens, does it thereby reach a stage when the costs of growth begin to exceed its benefits, when its energies should properly be turned in other directions? 3.Monopoly and competition are very generally regarded, not simply as antithetical, but as mutually exclusive. To demonstrate completions is to prove the absence of monopoly, and vice versa. Indeed, to many the very phrase “monopolistic competition “ will seem self-contradictory----a juggling of words. This conception is most unfortunate. Neither force excludes the other, and more often than not both are requite to an intelligible account of process. 4.Under pure competition, the market of each seller is perfectly merged with those of his rivals; now it is to be recognized that each is in some measure isolated, so that the whole is not a single large market of many sellers, but a network of related markets, one for each seller. 5.In retail trade to take only one instance, these conditions include such factors as the convenience of the seller’s location, the general tone or character of his establishment, his way of doing business, his reputation or fair dealing, courtesy, efficiency, and all the personal links which attach his customers either to himself or to those employed by him
6.Obviously the government has also had a lot to do with building up these strong and increasingly competitive export industries through its explicit methods of preferential credit rationing,tax exemptions,extraordinary depreciation allowances,readier permission to import know-how and,at times,tight protection against foreign imports. 7.Undoubtedly the government deserves considerable credit for Japan's high growth.It taxed moderately-20%percent of GNP,as opposed to 27%percent in the United States and 35%percent in the United Kingdom---supported growth industries by controlling foreign exchange allocations and guiding the inflow of technology, and ultimately guaranteed the availability of industrial band credit through the Bank of Japan,business and government worked hand in hand toward the common objective rapid economic growth;sometimes it was hard to know where one entity began and the other left off.Of course the fact that defense expenditures were less than 1%of GNP helped both government and business.It is perhaps worth recalling that Japanese defense was inexpensive because of American guarantees. 8.Two countries---or one country at different historical periods--may have identical rates of growth of inputs and very different rates of growth of aggregate output.This difference is usually called "the residual",and its existence has generally been ascribed to technological progress,to the possibilities of exploiting economies of scale,and to qualitative improvements in inputs. 9.Joseph A.Schumpeter,the great Austrian-American economist,emphasized the pivotal role of new products and new productive methods as stimuli to business investment.He considered the introduction and absorption of innovational advances to be the mainspring of the major fluctuations of a modern economy.The judgment on whether investment sin a new line of business or new productive process will work is not a mechanical one:it involves considerable un certainty and,indeed, Schumpeter felt that those who took the lead in innovations had to have certain special qualities of character and leadership ability.Once these creative entrepreneurs had shown the way,other businessmen would follow in a swarm, introducing their new methods and business combinations.Schumpeter found herein
6.Obviously the government has also had a lot to do with building up these strong and increasingly competitive export industries through its explicit methods of preferential credit rationing, tax exemptions, extraordinary depreciation allowances, readier permission to import know-how and, at times, tight protection against foreign imports. 7.Undoubtedly the government deserves considerable credit for Japan’s high growth. It taxed moderately---20%percent of GNP, as opposed to 27% percent in the United States and 35%percent in the United Kingdom--- supported growth industries by controlling foreign exchange allocations and guiding the inflow of technology, and ultimately guaranteed the availability of industrial band credit through the Bank of Japan, business and government worked hand in hand toward the common objective rapid economic growth; sometimes it was hard to know where one entity began and the other left off. Of course the fact that defense expenditures were less than 1% of GNP helped both government and business. It is perhaps worth recalling that Japanese defense was inexpensive because of American guarantees. 8.Two countries --- or one country at different historical periods--- may have identical rates of growth of inputs and very different rates of growth of aggregate output. This difference is usually called “the residual”, and its existence has generally been ascribed to technological progress, to the possibilities of exploiting economies of scale, and to qualitative improvements in inputs. 9.Joseph A.Schumpeter, the great Austrian-American economist, emphasized the pivotal role of new products and new productive methods as stimuli to business investment. He considered the introduction and absorption of innovational advances to be the mainspring of the major fluctuations of a modern economy. The judgment on whether investment sin a new line of business or new productive process will work is not a mechanical one: it involves considerable un certainty and, indeed, Schumpeter felt that those who took the lead in innovations had to have certain special qualities of character and leadership ability. Once these creative entrepreneurs had shown the way, other businessmen would follow in a swarm, introducing their new methods and business combinations. Schumpeter found herein
the whole secret of the business cycle the swarm-like appearance of new combinations easily and necessarily explains the fundamental features of periods of boom. 10.It (the appearance of combination)explains why increasing capital investment is the very first symptom of the coming boom,why industries producing means of production are the first to show supernormal stimulation,above all why the consumption of iron increases.It explains the appearance of new purchasing power in bulk and thereby the characteristic rise in process during booms which obviously no reference to increased need or increased costs alone can explain. 11.The uniform,constant,and uninterrupted effort of every man to better his condition,the principle from which public and national,as well as private opulence is originally derived,is frequently powerful enough to maintain the natural progress of things toward improvement in spite both of the extravagance government, and of the greatest errors of administration.Like the unknown principle of animal life,it frequently restores health and vigor to the constitution,in spite,not only of the disease,but also of the absurd proscriptions of the doctor
the whole secret of the business cycle the swarm-like appearance of new combinations easily and necessarily explains the fundamental features of periods of boom. 10.It (the appearance of combination) explains why increasing capital investment is the very first symptom of the coming boom, why industries producing means of production are the first to show supernormal stimulation, above all why the consumption of iron increases. It explains the appearance of new purchasing power in bulk and thereby the characteristic rise in process during booms which obviously no reference to increased need or increased costs alone can explain. 11.The uniform, constant, and uninterrupted effort of every man to better his condition, the principle from which public and national, as well as private opulence is originally derived, is frequently powerful enough to maintain the natural progress of things toward improvement in spite both of the extravagance government, and of the greatest errors of administration. Like the unknown principle of animal life, it frequently restores health and vigor to the constitution, in spite, not only of the disease, but also of the absurd proscriptions of the doctor