第八单元 Lessons for Europe from the Quebec Trade Summit L.教学目的 通过本文的学习，使学生对有关全球化、市场经济、自由贸易、贸易保护主 义等问题的争论有所认识，从而对世界经济的未来及发展趋势有所了解，同 时也可帮助学生加深对我国改革开放伟大历史意义的理解。本文涉及到许多 经贸知识，如：贸易壁垒、自由贸易区、进口替代、公司福利、世贸组织中 的争端解决机制等，对于这些内容的基本概念学生也应掌握。另外，增强学 生对上述内容的英语表达也是教学目的之一。 Ⅱ.教学计划 本课用时4小时，介绍背景知识、难点、重点知识、课文串讲等用时2.5小 时。讨论、课堂练习1.5小时。 Ⅲ.教学方法： 以学生为中心，通过师生互动、各抒己见的方式理解和认识课文中涉及到的 问题（也包括语言方面的问题）。 V.背景知识 1.Third Summit of the Americas In 2000,with the implementation process still underway,the countries of the hemisphere began the preparations for the Third Summit of the Americas,held in Quebec City,Canada,April 20-22,2001.With a fully institutionalized process in place,the Troika and the SIRG set about negotiating the draft texts of the Declaration and Plan of Action.These texts were adopted by the Heads of State and Government and represent an agenda for the Americas for the next four years. The Quebec City Summit was notable both for its demonstration of the successes of the process to date as well as for its new challenges to the
第八单元 Lessons for Europe from the Quebec Trade Summit I．教学目的 通过本文的学习，使学生对有关全球化、市场经济、自由贸易、贸易保护主 义等问题的争论有所认识，从而对世界经济的未来及发展趋势有所了解，同 时也可帮助学生加深对我国改革开放伟大历史意义的理解。本文涉及到许多 经贸知识，如：贸易壁垒、自由贸易区、进口替代、公司福利、世贸组织中 的争端解决机制等，对于这些内容的基本概念学生也应掌握。另外，增强学 生对上述内容的英语表达也是教学目的之一。 II．教学计划 本课用时 4 小时，介绍背景知识、难点、重点知识、课文串讲等用时 2.5 小 时。讨论、课堂练习 1.5 小时。 III．教学方法： 以学生为中心，通过师生互动、各抒己见的方式理解和认识课文中涉及到的 问题（也包括语言方面的问题）。 IV．背景知识 1．Third Summit of the Americas In 2000, with the implementation process still underway, the countries of the hemisphere began the preparations for the Third Summit of the Americas, held in Quebec City, Canada, April 20-22, 2001. With a fully institutionalized process in place, the Troika and the SIRG set about negotiating the draft texts of the Declaration and Plan of Action. These texts were adopted by the Heads of State and Government and represent an agenda for the Americas for the next four years. The Quebec City Summit was notable both for its demonstration of the successes of the process to date as well as for its new challenges to the
countries of the Americas to continue moving forward.The most important issue from the political Declaration was the preparation of an Inter-American Democratic Charter to reinforce the OAS instruments for the active defense of representative democracy.The Charter was adopted on September 11,2001,in Lima,Peru,in a Special General Assembly of the OAS.On the institutional side,the Troika system was abandoned and replaced with an Executive Council,comprised of Canada,Chile,the United States,Argentina,Mexico, Brazil,one representative from Central America,one representative from CARICOM,one representative from the Rio Group,and one representative from the Andean Community.A Steering Committee was also created comprised of the United States,Canada,Argentina,and Chile 2.People's Summit The "Second People's Summit of the Americas"was organised in order to discuss the ramifications of the Free Trade Area of the Americas(FTAA)in regards to labour,environment and other social issues in the Hemisphere.The Peoples's Summit was held in Quebec City from April 17 to 21,2001 which coincided with the Third Summit of the Americas.The two organisations responsible for organising the Summit were Reseau quebecois sur l'integration continentale(RQIC)and Common Frontiers,which represent two coalitions of labour unions,international co-operation organisations,environmental groups, research groups and other grassroots organisations.The attendees,for the most part,were members of the Hemispheric Social Alliance (HSA)which is a network of organisations and social movements.The objectives of the People's Summit were stated as follows: To inform and educate citizens on issues of market globalisation and, specifically,on the Santiago Action Plan and the Free Trade Area of the Americas(FTAA). To bring the FTAA issue into discussions within the various areas of civil society in order to foster critical analysis of the FTAA itself and its social, economic and political effects on our populations
countries of the Americas to continue moving forward. The most important issue from the political Declaration was the preparation of an Inter-American Democratic Charter to reinforce the OAS instruments for the active defense of representative democracy. The Charter was adopted on September 11, 2001, in Lima, Peru, in a Special General Assembly of the OAS. On the institutional side, the Troika system was abandoned and replaced with an Executive Council, comprised of Canada, Chile, the United States, Argentina, Mexico, Brazil, one representative from Central America, one representative from CARICOM, one representative from the Rio Group, and one representative from the Andean Community. A Steering Committee was also created comprised of the United States, Canada, Argentina, and Chile. 2．People’s Summit The "Second People’s Summit of the Americas" was organised in order to discuss the ramifications of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) in regards to labour, environment and other social issues in the Hemisphere. The Peoples’s Summit was held in Quebec City from April 17 to 21, 2001 which coincided with the Third Summit of the Americas. The two organisations responsible for organising the Summit were Réseau québécois sur l'intégration continentale (RQIC) and Common Frontiers, which represent two coalitions of labour unions, international co-operation organisations, environmental groups, research groups and other grassroots organisations. The attendees, for the most part, were members of the Hemispheric Social Alliance (HSA) which is a network of organisations and social movements. The objectives of the People’s Summit were stated as follows: ⚫ To inform and educate citizens on issues of market globalisation and, specifically, on the Santiago Action Plan and the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). ⚫ To bring the FTAA issue into discussions within the various areas of civil society in order to foster critical analysis of the FTAA itself and its social, economic and political effects on our populations
To pursue our analysis of the project to integrate markets and its impact on societies,communities,economic policy,and social and environmental programs To strengthen and consolidate the Hemispheric Social Alliance (HSA)on the organisational and political level,ensuring that it becomes an important ad vocate capable of making itself heard by our governments and societies To make negotiations more transparent and democratic by promoting full access to all of the information available on the effects of market liberalisation on vulnerable populations and on social environments. To pursue exchanges with members of the HSA on the one hand,and the public on the other. To pursue the analysis outlined in the Alternatives for the Americas document. To improve existing negotiating processes and the mechanics of consultations undertaken to date To make the Second Peoples'Summit of the Americas primary in the process of strengthening the Hemispheric Social Alliance. 3.About the Summit Demonstrations During the April 20-22 Summit of the Americas held in Quebec City, Canadian authorities brought in 6,000 police officers from across Canada and circled the summit venue with a 2.3-mile concrete and chain-link fence to keep the demonstrators away from the regional leaders.More than 6,000 specially trained riot police were also on hand.Protesters also prepared for violence,bringing their own gas masks,helmets and padded clothing for protection.Protesters vehemently opposed a free trade agreement-which was high on the agenda of the summit of 34 Western Hemisphere leaders-because they believed it would benefit only multinational corporations. On April 20,protesters clashed with police near the Summit of the Americas after the crowd tore down parts of a fence and barricades erected to keep them
⚫ To pursue our analysis of the project to integrate markets and its impact on societies, communities, economic policy, and social and environmental programs. ⚫ To strengthen and consolidate the Hemispheric Social Alliance (HSA) on the organisational and political level, ensuring that it becomes an important advocate capable of making itself heard by our governments and societies. ⚫ To make negotiations more transparent and democratic by promoting full access to all of the information available on the effects of market liberalisation on vulnerable populations and on social environments. ⚫ To pursue exchanges with members of the HSA on the one hand, and the public on the other. ⚫ To pursue the analysis outlined in the Alternatives for the Americas document. ⚫ To improve existing negotiating processes and the mechanics of consultations undertaken to date. ⚫ To make the Second Peoples' Summit of the Americas primary in the process of strengthening the Hemispheric Social Alliance. 3．About the Summit Demonstrations During the April 20-22 Summit of the Americas held in Quebec City, Canadian authorities brought in 6,000 police officers from across Canada and circled the summit venue with a 2.3-mile concrete and chain-link fence to keep the demonstrators away from the regional leaders. More than 6,000 specially trained riot police were also on hand. Protesters also prepared for violence, bringing their own gas masks, helmets and padded clothing for protection. Protesters vehemently opposed a free trade agreement - which was high on the agenda of the summit of 34 Western Hemisphere leaders - because they believed it would benefit only multinational corporations. On April 20, protesters clashed with police near the Summit of the Americas after the crowd tore down parts of a fence and barricades erected to keep them
away from the conference in southeastern Canada.Riot police with helmets, batons and shields stood shoulder-to-shoulder trying to maintain their perimeter while demonstrators lobbed rocks,bottles and parts of the fence at the officers.Police answered with tear gas.Protesters picked up some of the tear gas canisters and tossed them back at police.The air soon grew hazy with the gas. 4.Import Substitution A strategy which emphasizes the replacement of imports with domestically produced goods,rather than the production of goods for export,to encourage the development of domestic industry. 5.Diversion and Appeasement For over six decades,free traders in the United States have pursued trade liberalization through a strategy of diversion and appeasement:diverting attention away from opening the U.S.market by focusing on exports and foreign policy goals,and appeasing protectionists at home with "fair trade" policies in the hope of preventing even worse import barriers.That strategy achieved considerable success:it shifted the basic orientation of U.S.trade policy away from protectionism and toward gradual liberalization. To revitalize their cause,free traders need more than better salesmanship. They need a new strategy which is rooted in the assumption that head-on confrontations with protectionist forces should be avoided at all costs. According to this view,free trade is too weak politically to win a fair fight;it can only hold and gain ground by alternately diverting and appeasing protectionist pressures.Diversion is accomplished through trade negotiations, which enable free traders to downplay reductions in U.S.trade barriers while trumpeting new opportunities for U.S.exporters,as well as play ing on the need for America's international leadership.Appeasement,meanwhile,occurs primarily through the so-called trade remedy laws-namely,the antidumping and countervailing duty laws,and the Section 201 escape clause-which
away from the conference in southeastern Canada. Riot police with helmets, batons and shields stood shoulder-to-shoulder trying to maintain their perimeter while demonstrators lobbed rocks, bottles and parts of the fence at the officers. Police answered with tear gas. Protesters picked up some of the tear gas canisters and tossed them back at police. The air soon grew hazy with the gas. 4．Import Substitution A strategy which emphasizes the replacement of imports with domestically produced goods, rather than the production of goods for export, to encourage the development of domestic industry. 5．Diversion and Appeasement For over six decades, free traders in the United States have pursued trade liberalization through a strategy of diversion and appeasement: diverting attention away from opening the U.S. market by focusing on exports and foreign policy goals, and appeasing protectionists at home with “fair trade” policies in the hope of preventing even worse import barriers. That strategy achieved considerable success: it shifted the basic orientation of U.S. trade policy away from protectionism and toward gradual liberalization. To revitalize their cause, free traders need more than better salesmanship. They need a new strategy which is rooted in the assumption that head-on confrontations with protectionist forces should be avoided at all costs. According to this view, free trade is too weak politically to win a fair fight; it can only hold and gain ground by alternately diverting and appeasing protectionist pressures. Diversion is accomplished through trade negotiations, which enable free traders to downplay reductions in U.S. trade barriers while trumpeting new opportunities for U.S. exporters, as well as playing on the need for America’s international leadership. Appeasement, meanwhile, occurs primarily through the so-called trade remedy laws—namely, the antidumping and countervailing duty laws, and the Section 201 escape clause—which
impose protection when certain pre-established criteria are met Thus,the traditional free-trade strategy may be summarized as the attempt to achieve freer trade here and abroad without ever making the case for it here. Liberalization of the U.S.market is achieved by changing the subject;a full-scale protectionist reaction is avoided by providing safety valves that enable aggrieved interests to get some relief without wrecking the whole system.Over the course of six decades,this strategy has achieved considerable success.Tariff rates in the United States and other industrialized countries on manufactured goods have plummeted.The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)has substantially furthered economic integration,and the Uruguay Round and follow-up World Trade Organization(WTO)negotiations have extended free-trade principles on a global basis to agriculture,textiles and apparel,intellectual property,telecommunications,and financial services. V.重点讲解 概念讲解 anti-globalization 反全球化 trade barrier 贸易壁垒 flow of goods and capital 货物及资本流动 mercantilist assumptions 商业主义的观点 dispute settlement process 结局争端进程 课文讲解 1.I saw heart in great abundance-in-your-face public displays of compassion were the order of the day-but clear thinking was conspicuously scarce.(p. 117) 本句中heat一词与前面一句中的head形成对比，作者在前面说，反对 自由贸易的人们都没有“头脑”，在这里作者强调他们有的只是异常丰富 的“心”。“心”在此处指的是抗议者们发泄出的、毫无理智的情绪。在 in-your-face public displays of compassion were the order of the day, compassion的意思是deep awareness of the suffering of another coupled
impose protection when certain pre-established criteria are met. Thus, the traditional free-trade strategy may be summarized as the attempt to achieve freer trade here and abroad without ever making the case for it here. Liberalization of the U.S. market is achieved by changing the subject; a full-scale protectionist reaction is avoided by providing safety valves that enable aggrieved interests to get some relief without wrecking the whole system. Over the course of six decades, this strategy has achieved considerable success. Tariff rates in the United States and other industrialized countries on manufactured goods have plummeted. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has substantially furthered economic integration, and the Uruguay Round and follow-up World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations have extended free-trade principles on a global basis to agriculture, textiles and apparel, intellectual property, telecommunications, and financial services. V．重点讲解 概念讲解 anti-globalization 反全球化 trade barrier 贸易壁垒 flow of goods and capital 货物及资本流动 mercantilist assumptions 商业主义的观点 dispute settlement process 结局争端进程 课文讲解 1． I saw heart in great abundance – in-your-face public displays of compassion were the order of the day – but clear thinking was conspicuously scarce. (p. 117) 本句中 heart 一词与前面一句中的 head 形成对比，作者在前面说，反对 自由贸易的人们都没有“头脑”，在这里作者强调他们有的只是异常丰富 的“心”。“心”在此处指的是抗议者们发泄出的、毫无理智的情绪。在 in-your-face public displays of compassion were the order of the day 中， compassion 的意思是 deep awareness of the suffering of another coupled
with the wish to relieve it,即汉语中所说的怜悯之情”，但同时又有恨 人间路不平的意思；order of the day在这里的意思是the characteristic or dominant feature or activity,即特点、特征或最主要的方面或活动”。 上面整句话的意思是：我所看到的是抗议者们反对自由贸易、反对全球 化而发泄出的无边无际的情绪，是在人们面前公开展示出的一种对受到 全球化伤害的人们的怜悯和同情以及改变这种不合理”现象的要求，如 果说抗议活动有什么特征的话，这就是该活动的特征。但是，这一切都 与真实不符，因此，这里所缺少的是清醒、理智的思考。 【参考译文】我所看到的只是心绪的漫天宣泄，我面前是一腔悲天悯人 热情的公然展示。显而易见，这里的稀缺之物是清醒的思 考。 2.But I traveled to Quebec for the real show;the "People's Summit",an alternative event organized ostensibly to represent-what else?-the people's views.'(I had assumed that the elected leaders at the Summit were there for that purpose,but who am I to question 'the people'?).(p.117) 作者这里的意思是说，参加“人民高峰会”的那些抗议者们本身就是人民， 他们按照常理应该代表“人民的意见”，但实际上并非如此。那些被选举出 来的领导人（西半球34国首脑）参加美洲高峰会”正是为了人民的利益。 因此，作者实际上是在说，那些所谓的“人民”代表不了“人民的意见”。说 人民代表不了人民自己似乎有勃于常理，因此，作者说自己怎能有资格向 “人民”提出质疑呢？ 3.Gracious to a fault,the Canadian government(i.e.Canadian taxpayers)funded the event and paid for Latin American activists to attend.(p.117) An innovation of the Quebec Summit was the invitation by the Canadian hosts to some 60 civil society organizations to enter the Summit conclave and to participate in a roundtable discussion with ministers.Many of the civic leaders voiced the same concerns being heard in the streets-that Latin American economies must do a better job at meeting the needs of the poor majorities
with the wish to relieve it，即汉语中所说的“怜悯之情”，但同时又有“恨 人间路不平”的意思；order of the day 在这里的意思是 the characteristic or dominant feature or activity，即“特点、特征或最主要的方面或活动”。 上面整句话的意思是：我所看到的是抗议者们反对自由贸易、反对全球 化而发泄出的无边无际的情绪，是在人们面前公开展示出的一种对受到 全球化伤害的人们的怜悯和同情以及改变这种“不合理”现象的要求，如 果说抗议活动有什么特征的话，这就是该活动的特征。但是，这一切都 与真实不符，因此，这里所缺少的是清醒、理智的思考。 【参考译文】我所看到的只是心绪的漫天宣泄，我面前是一腔悲天悯人 热情的公然展示。显而易见，这里的稀缺之物是清醒的思 考。 2．But I traveled to Quebec for the real show; the “People’s Summit”, an alternative event organized ostensibly to represent – what else? – the ‘people’s views.’ (I had assumed that the elected leaders at the Summit were there for that purpose, but who am I to question ‘the people’?). (p. 117) 作者这里的意思是说，参加“人民高峰会”的那些抗议者们本身就是人民， 他们按照常理应该代表“人民的意见”，但实际上并非如此。那些被选举出 来的领导人（西半球 34 国首脑）参加“美洲高峰会”正是为了人民的利益。 因此，作者实际上是在说，那些所谓的“人民”代表不了“人民的意见”。说 人民代表不了人民自己似乎有勃于常理，因此，作者说自己怎能有资格向 “人民”提出质疑呢？ 3．Gracious to a fault, the Canadian government (i.e. Canadian taxpayers) funded the event and paid for Latin American activists to attend. (p. 117) An innovation of the Quebec Summit was the invitation by the Canadian hosts to some 60 civil society organizations to enter the Summit conclave and to participate in a roundtable discussion with ministers. Many of the civic leaders voiced the same concerns being heard in the streets — that Latin American economies must do a better job at meeting the needs of the poor majorities
The exchange with ministers was polite and rather pro forma,but it set an important precedent that could further democratize hemispheric diplomacy. Civil society representatives can now demand a voice at the many ministerials and working groups that flow from the Summit process and that seek to implement the Summit mandates.Many clauses in the Summit's Plan of Action also call for inclusion of non-governmental groups in post-Summit activities. 4.Consider the following actual exchange I had with a startlingly well-fed young activist (who wore,naturally,imported jeans and sneakers).As she shook her flabby fist at me,a comrade filmed the exchange with a Japanese video camera that easily cost more than a year's salary for the average Latin American.(p.118) 本部分中，作者的一些话具有讽刺意味，如“startlingly well-.fed young activist'”(保养得极好的年轻激进分子)，“wore,naturally,imported jeans and sneakers'”（自然穿着进口的牛仔裤和运动鞋)，“she shook her flabby fist at me”(她向我挥动着的拳头，肌肉松弛，毫无力量。)以及“with a Japanese video camera'”(用一架日本摄象机)等。全球化的发展，国际间的贸易往 来，促进了社会繁荣，使人可以穿上进口的牛仔裤和运动鞋，购买价格昂 贵的摄象机。即使是那些懒惰的人（如，那个肌肉松弛，毫无力量的人） 也可以保养得极好。作者此处意指：那些激进分子在从全球化中得到好处 的同时，却极力反对全球化。 5.Yet throughout it all,not once did I hear a logical,never mind reasonable,case against free trade.(p.118) 本句中a logical,never mind reasonable为定语，修饰case。意思是说，那 些反对自由贸易的宣传材料逻辑上都有问题，姑且不谈其是否有道理。 6.Yet the protesters see none of that,choosing to make themselves the enemies of the downtrodden by denying poor countries the tools of development,arguing that capitalism and free trade cause poverty.Such ignorance is criminal.(p
The exchange with ministers was polite and rather pro forma, but it set an important precedent that could further democratize hemispheric diplomacy. Civil society representatives can now demand a voice at the many ministerials and working groups that flow from the Summit process and that seek to implement the Summit mandates. Many clauses in the Summit’s Plan of Action also call for inclusion of non-governmental groups in post-Summit activities. 4．Consider the following actual exchange I had with a startlingly well-fed young activist (who wore, naturally, imported jeans and sneakers). As she shook her flabby fist at me, a comrade filmed the exchange with a Japanese video camera that easily cost more than a year’s salary for the average Latin American. (p. 118) 本部分中，作者的一些话具有讽刺意味，如“startlingly well-fed young activist”（保养得极好的年轻激进分子），“wore, naturally, imported jeans and sneakers”（自然穿着进口的牛仔裤和运动鞋），“she shook her flabby fist at me”（她向我挥动着的拳头，肌肉松弛，毫无力量。）以及“with a Japanese video camera”（用一架日本摄象机）等。全球化的发展，国际间的贸易往 来，促进了社会繁荣，使人可以穿上进口的牛仔裤和运动鞋，购买价格昂 贵的摄象机。即使是那些懒惰的人（如，那个肌肉松弛，毫无力量的人） 也可以保养得极好。作者此处意指：那些激进分子在从全球化中得到好处 的同时，却极力反对全球化。 5．Yet throughout it all, not once did I hear a logical, never mind reasonable, case against free trade. (p. 118) 本句中 a logical, never mind reasonable 为定语，修饰 case。意思是说，那 些反对自由贸易的宣传材料逻辑上都有问题，姑且不谈其是否有道理。 6．Yet the protesters see none of that, choosing to make themselves the enemies of the downtrodden by denying poor countries the tools of development, arguing that capitalism and free trade cause poverty. Such ignorance is criminal. (p
119) 本部分中的the downtrodden意思是“受压迫者，劳苦大众”；to make themselves the enemies of the downtrodden的意思是使他们自己成为劳苦 大众的敌人”；to deny poor countries the tools of development的意思是“剥 夺贫穷国家赖以发展的手段”。 7.While there is little in the way of substantive criticism coming from the activists,their continual presence at international meetings gives cover to old-style protectionists who would like to see more restrictions on the flow of goods and capital around the globe.(p.119) 本部分中的in the way of为介词短语，意思是“至于说.，关于方面例 如： Don't expect too much ofyour boss in the way ofpay rises. King doesn't have much in the way of new material. They have nothing helpful to offer in the way of advice. substantive一词的意思是“本质上的，实质性的”，substantive criticism就 是“有实质性内容的批评”。substantive还可修饰issue,.problem,change, reason,principle等。 8.It is an order of faith among protesters that globalization is a recent phenomena that has been driven primarily by international institutions.(p.120) 本句中的an order of faith among protesters在这里是指抗议者们处在一种 盲目相信（某种说法）的状态之中。本句话的意思是说，抗议者们都盲 目地相信全球化现象主要是国际机构促成的。 9.By failing to directly challenge mercantilist assumptions and fair trade fallacies that is,to make an unapologetic case for truly free and open trade economic liberals are helping to perpetuate popular suspicions that trade's critics have legitimate complaints.(p.121) 本句的意思是说，主张自由贸易的人没有直接向重商主义以及公平贸易的 错误论调提出挑战，也就是说，他们没有讲明自由、公开贸易的意义，因
119) 本部分中的 the downtrodden 意思是“受压迫者，劳苦大众”；to make themselves the enemies of the downtrodden 的意思是“使他们自己成为劳苦 大众的敌人”；to deny poor countries the tools of development 的意思是“剥 夺贫穷国家赖以发展的手段”。 7．While there is little in the way of substantive criticism coming from the activists, their continual presence at international meetings gives cover to old-style protectionists who would like to see more restrictions on the flow of goods and capital around the globe. (p. 119) 本部分中的 in the way of 为介词短语，意思是“至于说..., 关于...方面”例 如： Don’t expect too much of your boss in the way of pay rises. King doesn't have much in the way of new material. They have nothing helpful to offer in the way of advice. substantive 一词的意思是“本质上的，实质性的”，substantive criticism 就 是“有实质性内容的批评”。substantive 还可修饰 issue, problem, change, reason, principle 等。 8．It is an order of faith among protesters that globalization is a recent phenomena that has been driven primarily by international institutions. (p. 120) 本句中的 an order of faith among protesters 在这里是指抗议者们处在一种 盲目相信（某种说法）的状态之中。本句话的意思是说， 抗议者们都盲 目地相信全球化现象主要是国际机构促成的。 9．By failing to directly challenge mercantilist assumptions and fair trade fallacies – that is, to make an unapologetic case for truly free and open trade – economic liberals are helping to perpetuate popular suspicions that trade’s critics have legitimate complaints. (p. 121) 本句的意思是说，主张自由贸易的人没有直接向重商主义以及公平贸易的 错误论调提出挑战，也就是说，他们没有讲明自由、公开贸易的意义，因
而，那些所谓的自由贸易人士实际上是助长了公众的错误想法，认为有关 对自由贸易的批评也有其合理性。另外，本句中的mercantilist assumptions 意指mercantilism所涵盖的内容。 10.That strategy has begun to work in the United States,where,for example, automobile manufacturers and other steel-using industries have begun to fight efforts by domestic steel manufacturers to further close the already protected US market.(p.121) 本句中的That strategy指作者此前文中所谈到的那些具有竞争优势的企业 所应采取的联合起来、共同反对受政府保护企业的做法。作者在这里是说， 如果大家都采取这样的策略，情况就会有所不同。例如，面对美国的钢铁 生产厂家试图进一步关闭美国市场、不允许外来竞争的局面，美国的汽车 生产厂家与其他以钢铁为原料的生产商就联合起来，共同反对这种贸易保 护主义的做法，并产生了效果。 11.Another way to further free trade is by reforming the dispute settlement process in the WTO.Specifically,there should be more reliance upon 'compensation' as the means for enforcing judgments against nations that violate their trade commitments.(p.122) 世界贸易组织中的争端解决机构负责解决世贸成员国之间的贸易争端，其 法律依据是1994年关税与贸易总协定第23条和乌拉圭回合通过的关于解 决规则和程序的谅解书。解决争端的程序一般包括磋商程序、斡旋、调解 与调停程序、专家小组程序、上诉审查程序以及对争端解决机构的正式建 议或裁定的监督执行。当一国不遵守裁决时，争端解决机构可授权争端中 的另一国对其进行报复。 以报复作为制裁手段显然不是理想的解决问题的办法，对发展中国家来 说，这样做是否可行也是个问题。发展中国家受经济贸易实力限制，其采 取报复措施的能力有限，对发达国家不一定能构成威胁。世贸组织争端解 决机制是否能够真正有效地解决国际经贸争端，目前人们有着不同的看 法。作者在这里的意思是说，可以对争端解决程序进行改革，更多地依靠 “补偿”（如使应被报复的国家减少贸易壁垒)而不是“报复
而，那些所谓的自由贸易人士实际上是助长了公众的错误想法，认为有关 对自由贸易的批评也有其合理性。另外，本句中的 mercantilist assumptions 意指 mercantilism 所涵盖的内容。 10．That strategy has begun to work in the United States, where, for example, automobile manufacturers and other steel-using industries have begun to fight efforts by domestic steel manufacturers to further close the already protected US market. (p. 121) 本句中的 That strategy 指作者此前文中所谈到的那些具有竞争优势的企业 所应采取的联合起来、共同反对受政府保护企业的做法。作者在这里是说， 如果大家都采取这样的策略，情况就会有所不同。例如，面对美国的钢铁 生产厂家试图进一步关闭美国市场、不允许外来竞争的局面，美国的汽车 生产厂家与其他以钢铁为原料的生产商就联合起来，共同反对这种贸易保 护主义的做法，并产生了效果。 11．Another way to further free trade is by reforming the dispute settlement process in the WTO. Specifically, there should be more reliance upon ‘compensation’ as the means for enforcing judgments against nations that violate their trade commitments. (p. 122) 世界贸易组织中的争端解决机构负责解决世贸成员国之间的贸易争端，其 法律依据是1994年关税与贸易总协定第23条和乌拉圭回合通过的关于解 决规则和程序的谅解书。解决争端的程序一般包括磋商程序、斡旋、调解 与调停程序、专家小组程序、上诉审查程序以及对争端解决机构的正式建 议或裁定的监督执行。当一国不遵守裁决时，争端解决机构可授权争端中 的另一国对其进行报复。 以报复作为制裁手段显然不是理想的解决问题的办法，对发展中国家来 说，这样做是否可行也是个问题。发展中国家受经济贸易实力限制，其采 取报复措施的能力有限，对发达国家不一定能构成威胁。世贸组织争端解 决机制是否能够真正有效地解决国际经贸争端，目前人们有着不同的看 法。作者在这里的意思是说，可以对争端解决程序进行改革，更多地依靠 “补偿”（如使应被报复的国家减少贸易壁垒）而不是“报复