DOI:10.1673.ck.yge.215.0.030 工作中却更需要翻译类专业学生们接触他们不熟悉,甚 至根本不了解的内容,这也为翻译专业学生在翻译行业 科技文体与科普文体 的就业造成了一定的困难。 最后,学生们自我定位过高也是导致如今现象的一 的语域分析与比较 部分原因。部分学生对翻译行业不够了解,或者是了解 翻译行业,但由于认为薪水不符合自我的预期所以不愿 从事。还有学生认为翻译工作的发展空间太小,因此不 愿意从事这一行业 口刘钊铭刘佳欣李珍张慧 建议解决方案 武汉东湖学院外语学院 (1)各个高校应该面向学科建设中国翻译教育 [摘要]文体与翻译有天然的联系:文体学强调在一定 根据当前翻译学科建设成果和现状,加强翻译学学 的语言场合下选择最有效的方式,翻译研究也强调语言 科建设,完善翻译人才培养方案和课程改制,仲伟合教的得体性。科技翻译就要译得像科技文章,不但内容是 授提出从三个方面完成:首先完善中国翻译教育教学体科技的,遗词造句、文风墨气也是科技的。语篇的得体 现在虽然已经有了本科、专业硕土和博士学位,但基于语段的得体,语段的得体基于词句的得体。翻译不 是高层次的翻译专业人才、高端的能够承担译审工作的,可能脱离文 际上,得体与否正是译品高下的重要 不足千人 步应该论证、设置DTA,即翻译专业博尺度之一。科技文体的语域种类繁多,为了便于计论 士,逐步完善中国的翻译专业人才的培养体系。其次,深我们根据功能语言学情景语境三部分组成的概念框架 化学科建设内涵,转变人才培养理念,改革人才培养模(即语旨、语场和语式)将其分为两大类:专用科技文 式,加强学科建设,完善课程设置,推进教材编写,注重体和普通科技文体,并分折它们的基本文体特征。这 教师培养包括建立高级访问学者项目和师资培训班在内的样,既不会把普通科技文体(特别是科普文章)当作科 教师教育平台,建设由学术研究团队、高级教授团队、人技文体的代表,以偏概金;也不会只见专用科技文体 才管理团队组成的人才培养团队。(中国翻译协会)加强校(特别是专业文章),望而生畏 校协同,根据调查结果,师范类和财经类学校的翻译教学[关键词科枝英语:语城;专用科枝文体;普通科枝文体 应加大同知名语言类学校的联系,取其长处,结合自己学 中图分类号]H059[文献标识码A [文章编号]1009-6167(2015)07-0036-04 (2)学界和业界应该加强合作,翻译行业、协会与 高等学校多方位合作,校企协同,共同促进中国翻译教 有的发展:让翻译行业参与高校翻译人才培养方案和课学理论技木性法律条文,涉反科学试验、科学技术研 程设置的制定,和高校一起共建实习基地以及教学平台 比如武汉传神翻译公司同华中师范大学翻译系长期 究、工程项目、生产制造等领域,通常是专家写给专家看 36建实习越地有助子学生的译实习1翻子以及你在术利要:相对能,通技交体 政府、相关管理以及政策制定部门之间的关系:负责翻用于传播科技知识、描写生产过程、说明产品的使用方法 译专业人才的培养高校,除在培养学术性翻译人才方面 等,通常是内行对外行的科技知识普及( scientist/journalis 继续大力投入,还应重点培养应用型职业翻译人才和高 layperson writing),采用自然语言,偶尔也会使用人工符 用词生动,文风活泼,以简明的语言、生动的方式把 级译管理人才,为盒业提供订单式培等人水各高校信息传速给受众,带有较强的对导性:然而如何洁晰准 到翻译教育教学过程中 面笔者将分别从词法、语法和修辞三个角度进行 (3)翻译专业学生应该对自我能力形成清楚认识 学会自主了解市场行情和自我调解,切忌自视过高或自 比较和分析 入场,了解求和,抓准自已定位,回时国词法角度 (1)专用科技文体用词正式,多用专业术语:普通科 9n30 建议在做出职业选择时,结合国家政策、区域特色、当技文体用词较平易,用简单词来代替专业术语,通俗易懂。 以“ Radioactive Waste”与“ Atomic Waste”这两篇文 长意见来选择。当然作为社会主义现代化建设中的青年 章为例。首先,我们比较一下这两篇文章的开头一段: 做出职业选择时,不仅要考虑个人,还应该考虑到社 One of the major problems of nuclear energy is the 会国家,以社会主义核心价值观指导自己的思想,努力 inability of scientists to discover a safe way to dispose of 实现中国梦和个人梦想。(人民网) the radioactive wastes which occur throughout the nuclear process. Many of these wastes remain dangerous/y active for thousands of years, while others have a life span closer to a 参考文献 quarter of million years. Various methods have been used to uhp/wwwsirtrans.com/html/77.html《翻译行业的现状与窘|dme,butallhaverevealedweaknesses.forcingscientiststo 境 continue their search 2http://www.tac-online,org.cn/ch/tran/2014-08/06/ The problem of what to do with ato ste. the harmful content7121590hm中国翻译协会 unwanted products of atonic eNergy, is being studied by scientific [3http://culture.peoplecom.cn/n/2014/0801/c172318-25387063 htm人民网 eleme arge atomic reactors produce harmful radioactive ents at the same time they produce energy. The atomic 21994-2019ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreservedhttp://www.cnki.net
DOI: 10. 16723 /j . cnki . yygc . 2015. 07. 030
waste is so powerful that it will be a danger for centuries.式用语,而“Bio- evaders”多选用 under, alone、alam、fel done with it? Where can it be placed so that it will not harm human beings?"(《科技翻译教程》, Atomic on、 live in、 result in、ndo、 confine to、 compete with、 come to、 adapt to、 alien、 be able to、 as a result of、 of course、 take the case 废料”和“原子能废料”,虽然字面译文有所不同,但实化,简单化,体现了普通科技文体用词平易的特点。 质上表达的意思都是“核能废料”,即核反应过程中产生 (2)专用科技文体名词词组和名词化结构普遍,避 的废物。“ Radioactive Waste”表述客观,用词正式,逻辑免使用代词:普通科技文体多用动词或动名词替代名词, 密,行文规范,句式严谨,可判断是属于专用科技文多用代词。 体范畴。而“ Atomic Waste”用词更为平易,句法较为简 前面提到的“ Radioactive Waste”中普遍使用名词 单,多用修辞格,可判断是属于普通科技文体范睹。 词组及名词化结构而少用动词。例如,“ one of the major 在选词上,标题“ Radioactive waste”,相较于 problem energy is the inability of scientists to discover a safe “ Atomic Waste”更为正式,正好突显了专用科技文的 way to dispose of the radioactive waste.”可转写为:“ one of 词特点——正式。在“ Radioactive Waste”中,其他的词 the major problem energy is that scientists are not able to find a 语,例如d9o、reel、 tesi ykk install throughou,se safe way.”但原文中采用了“ Inability”而不用“able”, 等也很正式,多用于专用和 这一现象鲜明地反映出了专用科技文体的名词化特 此外,“ unclear energy”意为“核能”,“ active”意为性。文中的其他的名词化结构还有,“ the accumulation of “活跃的物质分子”,这些词汇均为专业术语,特别是 wastes"”“ under consideration for above-ground.”等。 语篇中所采用的“ thereby"( where they would melt the ice, 语篇中避免使用甚至不用人称代词,如“ it is believed NOm thereby sinking down about a mile)为现代写作已经不用的 that the nuclear waste problem had been solved, until some of 而在“ Atomic Waste”中,使用的词语平易,往往用 environment.”翻译中常将开头译为“我们相信……”,然 意义的单词 是“ atomIc energy”,比“ unclear”更简单、更贴近大众;又 而科普文体多用动词或动名词替代名词,多用代 如,用 armful unwanted products of atomic energy指代 atomic 词;前面讨论过的“ Atomic Waste”,更偏向于用动词来 waste,并且多用 do with、 study、 produce等简单词来代替代替抽象名词,如,"“ the only thing we can do is to keep the dispose、 discover、 process等词,使语义更加明晰易馑。 waste in a place where it will be harmless”句子几乎不用名 英语广场 耳对比下另外两篇文章:“ Extinction Crisis Looms in 结构,又如“ Throwing it into the ocean is one method that 0 ceara”和“Bio- Invaders”的部分选段。 had been tried”句子中使用动名词做主语,从而避免使用 Published in the international journal conversation名词做主语。 biology, the report is the first comprehensive review of more 在“ Atomic Waste”中经常用代词来拉近作者与读者 ha24000 scientific publications related to conversation in的距离,增加读者的亲切感,例如," Large atomic reactors the oceanic region. Compiled by a team of 14 scientists, it produce harmful radioactive elements at the same time that they reveals a sorry and worsening picture of habitat destruction produce energy, What can be done with it? We are trying 37 and species loss.. It also describes the deficiencies of and to destroy energy..”等等。另外,语篇中常用到人称代词 opportunities for governmental actions to lessen this we,you、 no one,物质代词the、it等。在该语篇中,“I”多 mounting regional and global probler 用于指代 atomic waste More than 1200 bird species have become extinct in the 在另外两篇文章“ Extinction Crisis Looms in Oceania” pacific islands and archipelagos"《新编科技英语阅读教程》,和“ Bio-Invaders”中也是如此 Extinction crisis looms in Oceania") “ Extinction crisis looms in oceania”中,多使用名 Are we under attack by non- native species? Should词来代替动词,例如,“ It also describes the deficiencies we care of and opportunities for governmental action to lessen this "That kind of information is dangerous, scolded Jodi mounting regional and global problem""more effort into Cassell, Cassell, who works with the California Sea Grant rchabilitation of major threatened ecosystems""management Species in Coastal Waters: What are the real ecological animals”等,多用名词+of的名词化形式,在“Many and Social Costs? at the February America Association for people are just beginning to understand the full extent of these the Advancement of Science meeting in Washington, D. C. problems in terms of land-clearing, degradation of rivers, pest She wasn' t alone in her alarm.“ We have members of the species and overfishing”等文中“ degradation”“ overfishing press here;” warned a mem ber of the audience.“" l am very等词没有采用一般惯用的动词形式,而使用了名词形式, concerned that thev might think that his view is the dominant清楚地说明了专用科技文体名词化结构普遍的特点。 vew."(《新编科技英语阅读教程》,“Bi- inaders”) 相比,“ Bio-Invaders”中则多用动词来代替名词,例 Why ecologists feel this way is no small matter. It is one su, "I am very concerned that they might think that his of the hottest questions in contemporary ecology, and one which view is the dominant view" zebra mussels have played a steps be taken to make sure"non-native species"are kept out allowing for an increase""Having Sagoff point out such of any given ecosystem”(《新编科技英语阅读教程》,“Bi positive development was."The wcu provisions call invaders”) for."以及“ It is important to differentiate between natural 在选词用词方面,两篇文章风格迥异 on crisis invasions and human introductions of species.”等。 looms in Oceania”中多用 related to, reveal,des (3)专用科技文体多用被动语态:普通科技文体多 decline, catalogue, endanger, prevail, biodiversity n等正用主动态。 21994-2019ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.alLrightsreservedhttp://www.cnki.net
如“ Radioactive Waste”中普遍使用被动语态,例如, National Park of at least 10 percent of terrestrial areas and up to Various methods have been used to date. ""The unclear fuel 50 percent of marine areas but these may not be enough. " U rods are installed in the reactors….”等等,这是由科技英语及“ There is a need for commitment to more protected areas and 这一文体本身的特点决定的。科技英语的语旨是要阐述 more effort into rehabilitation of major threatened ecosystems 客观事物的本质特征,描述其发生、发展及变化过程, such as wetlands.”等句子,句套句、结构套结构的情况使 得句子过长,不易分析,复杂难懂 或自然现象,这样一来,被动语态也就得以大量使用。 反观“Bio- Invaders”,多用短句,例如,“ Should we 而“ Atomic waste”中则多用主动态,如“ we are care?”“ The kind of information is dangerous."“ Sagoff s trying to destroy energy, and that is impossible.”用有生命的名in?”“ Why ecologists feel this way is no small 词做主语,句子中多呈现主动语态 matter.Besides, more than 60 percent of insect pets are 又如“ Extinction Crisis Looms in Oceania”中,“ Published native,”等,句子结构简短,语言简洁,通俗易懂,普遍 in the international journal Conservation Biology" Compiled体现了普通科技文体贴近大众的特点 y a team of 14 scientists". species are known to be threatened (2)专用科技文体常用ⅱ作形式主语或宾语:而普通 with, mammals were listed as. amphibians have been科技文体避免使用i和 there结构。 evaluated... policies are just seen as.."that should be adopted “ Radioactive Waste”中,“ For a long time it was believed that the by government.. Many of these broad policies are being unclear waste problem had been solved."The nature of these wastes implemented"Populations are set to increase significantly by together with their lengthy life span has made it extremely difficult for 2050.- The report s authors are particularly concemed about..”等句子中“i”做形式主语或形式宾语颏繁出现。 都采用被动语态。被动语态大量反复出现,体现了专用 “ Atomic waste”中则用短语代替单词,很少使 科技文体以研究物体为主体的客观性。 用形式主语i和引导词 there,如“ no one now has the final 而“ Bio-Invaders”中,“ We speaking at a sy mposium answer, but hundreds of scientists are searching for it”并没有 on.”“ He further challenged his fellow.”“ continental species用“ there is no final answe.”形式,因为 It there结构容易 are better able to."“ I am very concerned that.”“He'dhad使句子分离,达不到强调的作 the temerity to point out..”等,句子多用主动语态,“主谓 同样,“ Extinction Crisis Looms in Oceania”中多使用形 宾”是最基本的句型,它有利于作者与读者的交流,创式主语i和 there结构,使得文章更具客观性,例如,“…,it 造一种非正式的语气。 reveals a sorry and worsening picture of.,,"It also describes the 除了这些不同之处,专用科技文体和科普文体同属 deficiencies of…"“ There is a real need to invest in.”“ There 科技文体,谓语动词常用一般现在时态,表示真理的普 is a need for commitment to."“ there was relatively poor 遍陈述,在时态上属于“零时态” capacity”等 而在“Bio- evaders”中,往往避免使用形式主语it 2句法角度 和引导词 there,因为用it和 there展开句子往往阻碍信息 快速传递,语气较弱且使文字显得呆板和抽象 38 (1)专用科技文体句子长而复杂,句子成分多,由 无生命主语,及物动词和宾语或者加上宾语补足语组成B3修辞角度 的句子比较多:科普文体句法简单易懂,句子较短,句 结构简单。 1)专用科技文体具有特定程序,无修辞格;普通 在“ Radioactive Waste”中句子普遍较长,结构复杂,科技文体修辞格形式多样, 多使用从句,句套句的情况较多,例如,“ One of the major 如“ Radioactive waste”中,句法单一,结构严谨 problems of nuclear energy is the inability of scientists to discover语言客观,比较程序化,即有特定的格式,一般使用常 safe way to dispose of the radioactive wastes which occur用固定句型,例如,“ Various methods have been used to dato throughout the uncles s.”,of所有格修饰“ inability"”, “ This idea has been abandoned because of.”“ methods” which引导的定语从句修饰“ the radioactive wastes”。句 总是与“use”搭配,“idea”与“ abandon”搭配,其中都 关系环环相扣,复杂难译。 有其固定的搭配模式,结构单一,完全符合专用科技文 而“ Radioactive waste”中宁用紧缩性状语从句雨不体程序化的特点。另外,本篇文章中通篇文字内容单 用完整句,割裂修饰比较普遍,句中并列成分较多,如纯,旨在陈述事实,例如,“ One of the major problems of the " Various methods have been used to date, but all have revealed unclear energy is. The unclear fuel rods are installed in the g39 weakness, forcing scientists to continue their search, For a long reactor, where.. The used fuel is then sent to a reprocessing time, it is believed that the nuclear waste problem had been plant, ."For a long time it was believed that the unclear waste solved, until some of these tanks leaked, allowing the radioactive roblem had been solved”等,没有重复的修辞,只是在解 wastes to seep into the environmenα”长句子中修饰成分分裂释说明介绍,比较枯燥乏味。整篇语篇基本上无修辞枱 严重,并列成分过多,为句子的翻译造成了阻碍 但文章思路清晰,逻辑性强。 相比之下,“ Atomic Waste”句法更简单,多使用短句, 而“ Atomic waste”说理性强,面向大众读者,多用 du, First, the cost of preparing the double containers and taking them to 修辞格,使文章内容浅显易懂 sea is very great. Second, it is not known how long these strong cases can 常用的修辞格有:①比喻,使文本内容显得更加 endure the deep ocean currents.”,句子精悍清晰,方便读者理形象,如“ a box the size of a package of cigarettes would 解,使文字简洁有力,生动活泼,通俗易懂。 hold the radioactive waste produced by an atomic reactor in five 同样,作为专用科技文体,“ Extinction Crisis Looms minutes.”,这个句子表达的信息是“在五分钟内,这个 in Oceania”中也多用结构复杂的句子,例如,“ This is核电站产生的放射性能源废料就可以装满一个香烟盒 predicted to continue without serious changes to the way we子”,对于普通大众来说,这样的表达比纯粹精确的专 conserve our environments and dependent organisms.""the业数字表达更加易于被理解,通过形象的描述,在人们 scientists recommend setting targets for protected areas such as 的思想中更能明白放射性能源浪费问题的严重性, 再 21994-2019ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreservedhttp://www.cnki.net
sa"Atomic waste is placed in metal barrels that are then put in ③排比,“Why? From a strictly ecological point of view containers as thick and strong as stone.”笔者认为,在这个 should we care whether a species arrives on a piece of driftwood 句子中,将盛放放射性能源废料的容器比作“像石头 or on a cargo boat? Why not just regard the introduction of non- <sWp 样坚固”会比“专家测验得出的物理硬度值”更加好 native species as fascinating experiments?”,一连串的发问 懂。②设问,如“ What can be done with it? Where can it be 层层递进,使文章有气势,引起读者的注意 placed so that it will not harm human beings? No one now ha ④举例,“ For example, the brown tree snake came to guam he final answer, but hundreds of scientists are searching for it. from New Guam from New Guinea or the Solomon Islands 吸引读者眼球,使文章内容更加生动形象。③列举法 during World WarⅡ.”此处同时也运用了举例子的修辞, 修辞,如最后一段中“Firs, the cost of preparing the double增加文章的趣味性,引起读者的共鸣 known how long these strong cases can endure the deep ocean 4siE currents.”使句子层次清晰,结构明朗有条理,便于理解。 整篇语篇的逻辑思维有序,层层推进,将文章内容 根据以上分析对比,我们具体地阐释了“ Radioactive 形象生动地展现在读者眼前。文章具有大众接纳性,适We”与“ Atomic waste”这两篇文章在语域层次上的不同之 合一般读者的广泛阅读 处,也更加清楚地了解到专用科技文体与普通科技文体的差 mad”两篇文章 Mix sis looms in Oceania”和“Bio.异,更加深刻地体会到了科技翻译过程中的不易与难处 再比较“ Extinction Cr 在科技翻译中,精通英汉两类语言的同时,还需要 具备专业的科技知识技能,才能更好地应对科技英语的 the report is the first comprehensive review of more than2400翻译。在科技翻译中,语域的不同会造成对译文的不同 region. Compiled by a team of4 scientists. it reveals a sorry and技文体,不仅要掌握专业术语的翻译,还需在译入语文 ictions to lessen this mounting regional and global problen,”构更加严谨正式,并且还有其固定的程序和模式,万不 (《新编科技英语阅读教程》,“" Extinction crisis looms in可断章取义,信口胡许:另一方面,在普通科技文体翻 译中,科普文体主要用于大众阅读,普及相应科学知识 Are we under attack by non-native' species? Should we对于读者的专业知识水平并不做具体要求。因此,译文 care? “ That kind of information is dangerous," scolded jodi且注意到科普文的劝导说理性,从积极的角度选取最佳 Extension program, was speaking at a symposium on Alien 完成一篇较好的科技翻译,对于语域的分析必不可 5(cwAA你要产在代的社:盐的求益规高39 gton, D. C. Sh alone in her alarm. We have members of the press 参考文献 think that his view is the dom inant view"《新编科技英语阅读樊才云,钟含春科技术语副泽例析中国翻译,300 教程》,“ Bio-invaders”,82页) “ Extinction crisis looms in Oceania”语篇的开头段,整范莹芳新编科技英语阅读教程哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学 段篇幅都引用了大量的专业报道和科学依据,开门见山 直接切入主题,不设任何悬念,完全符合专用科技文体{方梦之,范武邱科技翻泽教程M,上海:上海外语教有出版 的正式、程序化的行文风格,而“Bio- - Invaders”以设问 社,2008 句开头“ Are we under attack by non-native species?”“ Should ]方梦之翻译新论与实践№青岛:青岛出版社,2002 we care?”,语言生动,更能吸引读者的眼球 阿]方梦之.英语科技间题:范式与应用[M].上海教育出版社 在两篇文章中,“ Extinction Crisis Looms in oceania” 语篇中,“ Nearly17000 of the world's45000 assessed.( 门7]方梦之翻译新论与实践[M青岛出版社,2002 38 percent.“ Of course,3246 are in the highest.4770are图郭建中,科普与科幻译理论、技巧与实践M中国对外 Endangered and8912are.,”“5500,1141,5487,450 翻译出版公司, rcent,7 0 fish species.290 reptiles.,150 amphibians,1000李海军,吴迪龙.科技翻译与形象思维Ul科技英语学习, 10000,60 million”等,用大量数字用来客观陈述事实, 多用固定句型,没有使用修辞。 [10毛正坎科技英语翻译方法英汉语比较解析[M教育科学 而“Bio- Invaders”中,普通科技文体多用修辞格, 出版社,1987 形式多样。例如 l王佐良.英语文体学论文集M外语教学与研究出版社,1986. ①比喻,“ They strain algae and nutrients like fertilizer12王振平科普著作的文体与翻译门上海翻译,200(2 runoff from the lakes'wacr.”在原文中,把“ They strain1额方明,秦情,科技英语中分隔构及其翻译U,科技英语学 algae and nutrients”比喻成“ fertilizer”,语言生动活泼; 习,200311 ②打比方,“ Ninety- nine percent of crop plants in the[杨寿康论科技英语与科技翻译M,合肥:安徽文艺出版社, United States are non-native, as are all our livestock except the turkey”这句话说“美国百分之九十九的庄稼不是本土 [15]杨寿康论科技英语的美感及其在译中的体现·上海科技翻 的,就像我们有除了火鸡之外所有的家禽”,将“crop 与“tkey”相比,语言更加简单易懂 [16章土嵘科学发现的逻辑[M.人民出版社,1986 21994-2019ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.alLrightsreservedhttp://www.cnki.net