Table of contents Contributors VIII Acknowledgements IX Foreword XI Leonard Talmy Introduction:The many faces of research in Cognitive Linguistics XXII The Editors I.Methods and motivations Why cognitive linguists should care more about empirical methods 2 Raymond W.Gibbs,Jr. They actually said that?An introduction to working with usage data through discourse and corpus analysis 9 Irene Mittelberg,Thomas A.Farmer and Linda R.Waugh An introduction to experimental methods for language researchers 53 Monica Gonzalez-Marquez,Raymond B.Becker and James E.Cutting Inferential statistics in the context of empirical cognitive linguistics 87 Rafael Nunez II.Corpus and discourse analysis Multiple empirical approaches to a complex analysis of discourse 120 Linda R.Waugh,Bonnie Fonseca-Greber,Caroline Vickers and Betil Eroz A case for a cognitive corpus linguistics 149 Stefan Grondelaers,Dirk Geeraerts and Dirk Speelman III.Sign language and gesture Empirical methods in signed language research 171 Sherman Wilcox and Jill P.Morford Looking at space to study mental spaces:Co-speech gesture as a crucial data source in cognitive linguistics 201 Eve Sweetser
JB[v.20020404] Prn:13/04/2007; 13:32 F: HCP18CO.tex / p.1 (47-107) Table of contents Contributors viii Acknowledgements ix Foreword xi Leonard Talmy Introduction: The many faces of research in Cognitive Linguistics xxii The Editors I. Methods and motivations Why cognitive linguists should care more about empirical methods 2 Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr. They actually said that? An introduction to working with usage data through discourse and corpus analysis 19 Irene Mittelberg, Thomas A. Farmer and Linda R. Waugh An introduction to experimental methods for language researchers 53 Monica Gonzalez-Marquez, Raymond B. Becker and James E. Cutting Inferential statistics in the context of empirical cognitive linguistics 87 Rafael Núñez II. Corpus and discourse analysis Multiple empirical approaches to a complex analysis of discourse 120 Linda R. Waugh, Bonnie Fonseca-Greber, Caroline Vickers and Betil Eröz A case for a cognitive corpus linguistics 149 Stefan Grondelaers, Dirk Geeraerts and Dirk Speelman III. Sign language and gesture Empirical methods in signed language research 171 Sherman Wilcox and Jill P. Morford Looking at space to study mental spaces: Co-speech gesture as a crucial data source in cognitive linguistics 201 Eve Sweetser
Table of contents Methodology for multimodality:One way of working with speech and gesture data 225 Irene Mittelberg IV.Behavioral research Experimental methods for studying language and space 250 Laura A.Carlson and Patrick L.Hill Experimental methods for simulation semantics 277 Benjamin Bergen Experimental methods for studying the mental representation of language 302 Uri Hasson and Rachel Giora Eye movements in language and cognition:A brief introduction 323 Daniel C.Richardson,Rick Dale and Michael J.Spivey Speaking for the wordless:Methods for studying the foundations of cognitive linguistics in infants 345 Amanda Brandone,Roberta Michnick Golinkoff,Rachel Pulverman,Mandy J.Maguire,Kathy Hirsh-Pasek,and Shannon M.Pruden Experimental study of first and second language morphological processing 367 Kira Gor V.Neural approaches Electrifying results:ERP data and cognitive linguistics 400 Seana Coulson Bridging language with the rest of cognition:Computational,algorithmic and neurobiological issues and methods 424 Shimon Edelman Index 446
JB[v.20020404] Prn:13/04/2007; 13:32 F: HCP18CO.tex / p.2 (107-147) Table of contents Methodology for multimodality: One way of working with speech and gesture data 225 Irene Mittelberg IV. Behavioral research Experimental methods for studying language and space 250 Laura A. Carlson and Patrick L. Hill Experimental methods for simulation semantics 277 Benjamin Bergen Experimental methods for studying the mental representation of language 302 Uri Hasson and Rachel Giora Eye movements in language and cognition: A brief introduction 323 Daniel C. Richardson, Rick Dale and Michael J. Spivey Speaking for the wordless: Methods for studying the foundations of cognitive linguistics in infants 345 Amanda Brandone, Roberta Michnick Golinkoff, Rachel Pulverman, Mandy J. Maguire, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, and Shannon M. Pruden Experimental study of first and second language morphological processing 367 Kira Gor V. Neural approaches Electrifying results: ERP data and cognitive linguistics 400 Seana Coulson Bridging language with the rest of cognition: Computational, algorithmic and neurobiological issues and methods 424 Shimon Edelman Index 446
Contributors Leonard Talmy Eve Sweetser State University of New York,Buffalo University of California,Berkeley Raymond Gibbs Laura Carlson University of California,Santa Cruz University of Notre Dame Irene Mittelberg Patrick L.Hill European University Viadrina University of Notre Dame Thomas Farmer Ben Bergen Cornell University University of Hawai'i,Manoa Linda R.Waugh Uri Hasson University of Arizona The University of Chicago Monica Gonzalez-Marquez Rachel Giora Cornell University Tel Aviv University Daniel C.Richardson Raymond B.Becker University of Reading University of California,Merced Rick Dale James Cutting University of Memphis Cornell University Michael Spivey Rafael Nunez Cornell University University of California,San Diego University of California,Merced Bonnie Fonseca-Greber Amanda Brandone Bowling Green State University University of Michigan Caroline Vickers Roberta Michnick Golinkoff California State University University of Delaware San Bernardino Rachel Pulverman Betil Eroz University of Michigan Middle East Technical University Mandy J.Maguire Stefan Grondelaers University of Texas at Dallas Universite Libre de Bruxelles Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Radboud University Nijmeyen Temple University Dirk Geeraerts Shannon M.Pruden University of Leuven Temple University Dirk Speelman Kira Gor University of Leuven University of Maryland Sherman Wilcox Seana Coulson University of New Mexico University of California,San Diego Jill Morford Shimon Edelman University of New Mexico Cornell University
JB[v.20020404] Prn:12/04/2007; 9:36 F: HCP18CON.tex / p.1 (47-330) Contributors Leonard Talmy State University of New York, Buffalo Raymond Gibbs University of California, Santa Cruz Irene Mittelberg European University Viadrina Thomas Farmer Cornell University Linda R. Waugh University of Arizona Mónica González-Márquez Cornell University Raymond B. Becker University of California, Merced James Cutting Cornell University Rafael Núñez University of California, San Diego Bonnie Fonseca-Greber Bowling Green State University Caroline Vickers California State University San Bernardino Betil Eröz Middle East Technical University Stefan Grondelaers Université Libre de Bruxelles & Radboud University Nijmeyen Dirk Geeraerts University of Leuven Dirk Speelman University of Leuven Sherman Wilcox University of New Mexico Jill Morford University of New Mexico Eve Sweetser University of California, Berkeley Laura Carlson University of Notre Dame Patrick L. Hill University of Notre Dame Ben Bergen University of Hawai’i, Manoa Uri Hasson The University of Chicago Rachel Giora Tel Aviv University Daniel C. Richardson University of Reading Rick Dale University of Memphis Michael Spivey Cornell University & University of California, Merced Amanda Brandone University of Michigan Roberta Michnick Golinkoff University of Delaware Rachel Pulverman University of Michigan Mandy J. Maguire University of Texas at Dallas Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Shannon M. Pruden Temple University Kira Gor University of Maryland Seana Coulson University of California, San Diego Shimon Edelman Cornell University
Acknowledgements Putting together a book like this requires inspiration,patience and lots of help!First of all,we want to thank all of the contributors to this volume.Writing pedagogical mate- rial is,without a doubt,one of the most challenging tasks in our profession.How does one explain clearly to a neonate in the field what has become common sense to us as researchers?Not an easy question to answer,yet one to which all of our authors have responded admirably. The foundation for this volume came from the energy of all of the participants of the first Empirical Methods in Cognitive Linguistics(EMCL)workshop,held at Cornell University,NY,2003.A warm thank you to you all.The faculty presenters were:Leonard Talmy,Tatiana Chernigovskaya,Seana Coulson,Shimon Edelman,Raymond Gibbs, Kira Gor,Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk,Scott Liddell,Teenie Matlock,Wolfgang Settekorn,Lera Boroditsky,Chris Sinha,Michael Spivey,and Eve Sweetser.The faculty participants were:Ben Bergen,Claire Cardie,Marianella Casasola,Roberta Golinkoff, Jeff Hancock,Naomi Khoda,Ed Kako,Suzanne Kemmer,Andrej Kibrik,Ken McRae, Rafael Nunez,Yasuhiro Shirai,Guy Van Orden,Morten Christiansen,Herb Colston,James Cutting,and Joerg Zinken.The student participants were:Carey Benon,Michele Bishop, Sean Flanagan,Uri Hasson,Daniel Richardson,David Havas,Michael Klieman,Chris Koops,Sarah Kriz,Kristin Mulrooney,Andriy M'yachykov,Shweta Narayan,Florencia Re- ali,Fey Parril,Rachel Pulverman,Sebastian Ross-Hagebaum,Monica Sanaphre,Nathaniel Smith,Bob Williams,Ying Choon Wu,Reka Beneczes,Vito Evola,Maurizio Gagliano, Olga Khomitsevich,Daniel Kislyuk,Sarah Lee,Vera Malioushenkova,Bo Pederson, Sophia Skoufaki,Cristina Soriano,Tatiana Svistounova,Sylvia Tufvesson,Eric Breck and Stanka Fitneva. For financial support we want to thank the Cognitive Studies Program at Cornell University and the National Science Foundation,in particular Guy Van Orden A heart-felt thank you from mgm to her advisors,Michael Spivey,Seana Coulson and James Cutting for allowing her to undertake such an ambitious venture. A huge thank you to James Cutting,editor of Psychological Science,for allowing mgm to plague him with endless editorial concerns.(Famous last words:this will only take a minute!) Shimon Edelman's(past chair of the Cognitive Studies Program at Cornell University) adventurous spirit demonstrated by encouraging a second year graduate student in word and deed to begin what have become the international Empirical Methods in Cognitive Linguistics workshops,deserves a generous round of applause.If he hadn't said yes,it is unlikely we would have come this far
JB[v.20020404] Prn:12/04/2007; 9:21 F: HCP18AC.tex / p.1 (46-128) Acknowledgements Putting together a book like this requires inspiration, patience and lots of help! First of all, we want to thank all of the contributors to this volume. Writing pedagogical material is, without a doubt, one of the most challenging tasks in our profession. How does one explain clearly to a neonate in the field what has become common sense to us as researchers? Not an easy question to answer, yet one to which all of our authors have responded admirably. The foundation for this volume came from the energy of all of the participants of the first Empirical Methods in Cognitive Linguistics (EMCL) workshop, held at Cornell University, NY, 2003. A warm thank you to you all. The faculty presenters were: Leonard Talmy, Tatiana Chernigovskaya, Seana Coulson, Shimon Edelman, Raymond Gibbs, Kira Gor, Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Scott Liddell, Teenie Matlock, Wolfgang Settekorn, Lera Boroditsky, Chris Sinha, Michael Spivey, and Eve Sweetser. The faculty participants were: Ben Bergen, Claire Cardie, Marianella Casasola, Roberta Golinkoff, Jeff Hancock, Naomi Khoda, Ed Kako, Suzanne Kemmer, Andrej Kibrik, Ken McRae, Rafael Nuñez, Yasuhiro Shirai, Guy Van Orden, Morten Christiansen, Herb Colston, James Cutting, and Joerg Zinken. The student participants were: Carey Benon, Michele Bishop, Sean Flanagan, Uri Hasson, Daniel Richardson, David Havas, Michael Klieman, Chris Koops, Sarah Kriz, Kristin Mulrooney, Andriy M’yachykov, Shweta Narayan, Florencia Reali, Fey Parril, Rachel Pulverman, Sebastian Ross-Hagebaum, Monica Sanaphre, Nathaniel Smith, Bob Williams, Ying Choon Wu, Reka Beneczes, Vito Evola, Maurizio Gagliano, Olga Khomitsevich, Daniel Kislyuk, Sarah Lee, Vera Malioushenkova, Bo Pederson, Sophia Skoufaki, Cristina Soriano, Tatiana Svistounova, Sylvia Tufvesson, Eric Breck and Stanka Fitneva. For financial support we want to thank the Cognitive Studies Program at Cornell University and the National Science Foundation, in particular Guy Van Orden. A heart-felt thank you from mgm to her advisors, Michael Spivey, Seana Coulson and James Cutting for allowing her to undertake such an ambitious venture. A huge thank you to James Cutting, editor of Psychological Science, for allowing mgm to plague him with endless editorial concerns. (Famous last words: this will only take a minute!) Shimon Edelman’s (past chair of the Cognitive Studies Program at Cornell University) adventurous spirit demonstrated by encouraging a second year graduate student in word and deed to begin what have become the international Empirical Methods in Cognitive Linguistics workshops, deserves a generous round of applause. If he hadn’t said yes, it is unlikely we would have come this far
Acknowledgements We also want to thank Johannes Wagner and Anders Hougaard for organizing the inspiring Language and Communication workshop,where mgm met her dear friend Uri Hasson,and after much discussion realized that EMCL needed to happen. The support staff at Cornell was absolutely invaluable in getting so many things done, both with the workshops as with this volume.A tremendous thank you to Linda LeVan, Elizabeth Chandler,Pam Cunningham,Mary Lou DeBoer,Keith Daniels,and Fred Horan. Thanks are also due to the co-organizers of the two subsequent EMCL workshops. In Portsmouth,England,a thank you to Chris Sinha for inviting the workshop to come to his Language,Culture and Mind Conference(2004),and to Stephanie Pourcel,Stanka Fitneva and Joerg Zinken,co-organizers with mgm,whose dedication led to a workshop where questions key to the further development of the discipline were brought to the fore. Currently,Javier Valenzuela and mgm are co-organizing EMCL 3 in Murcia,Spain.A thank you to Javier and to the Spanish Cognitive Linguistics Association(AELCO)for inviting us to come! Thank you to Kees Vaes and the editorial team at John Benjamins for their tremendous patience with this volume,and to the head editors of Human Cognitive Processing,the book series this volume will be a part of,Jan Van Nuyts,Ray Gibbs,and Marcelo Dascal. A special thank you to Raymond Becker for loving,supporting,and generally taking care of mgm. Finally,many thanks to our two anonymous reviewers at John Benjamin's and to our student/faculty reviewers,Monica Sanaphre,Raymond B.Becker,Javier Valenzuela, Joseph Hilferty,Uri Hasson,Christina Soriano,James Cutting,Rick Dale,Shweta Narayan,Sebastian Ross-Hagemon,Rick Dale,Nathaniel Smith,Bo Pederson,Fey Parrill, Stanka Fitneva,Erin Hannon,Joel Snyder,Florencia Reali,Benjamin Hiles,Daniel Graham,Vito Evola,Reka Benczes,Daniel Kislyuk,Thomas Farmer,Sophia Skoufaki,and Christian Koops. Original EMCL committee: Monica Gonzalez-Marquez,Chair Seana Coulson Rick Dale Irene Mittelberg Michael Spivey
JB[v.20020404] Prn:12/04/2007; 9:21 F: HCP18AC.tex / p.2 (128-180) Acknowledgements We also want to thank Johannes Wagner and Anders Hougaard for organizing the inspiring Language and Communication workshop, where mgm met her dear friend Uri Hasson, and after much discussion realized that EMCL needed to happen. The support staff at Cornell was absolutely invaluable in getting so many things done, both with the workshops as with this volume. A tremendous thank you to Linda LeVan, Elizabeth Chandler, Pam Cunningham, Mary Lou DeBoer, Keith Daniels, and Fred Horan. Thanks are also due to the co-organizers of the two subsequent EMCL workshops. In Portsmouth, England, a thank you to Chris Sinha for inviting the workshop to come to his Language, Culture and Mind Conference (2004), and to Stephanie Pourcel, Stanka Fitneva and Joerg Zinken, co-organizers with mgm, whose dedication led to a workshop where questions key to the further development of the discipline were brought to the fore. Currently, Javier Valenzuela and mgm are co-organizing EMCL 3 in Murcia, Spain. A thank you to Javier and to the Spanish Cognitive Linguistics Association (AELCO) for inviting us to come! Thank you to Kees Vaes and the editorial team at John Benjamins for their tremendous patience with this volume, and to the head editors of Human Cognitive Processing, the book series this volume will be a part of, Jan Van Nuyts, Ray Gibbs, and Marcelo Dascal. A special thank you to Raymond Becker for loving, supporting, and generally taking care of mgm. Finally, many thanks to our two anonymous reviewers at John Benjamin’s and to our student/faculty reviewers, Monica Sanaphre, Raymond B. Becker, Javier Valenzuela, Joseph Hilferty, Uri Hasson, Christina Soriano, James Cutting, Rick Dale, Shweta Narayan, Sebastian Ross-Hagemon, Rick Dale, Nathaniel Smith, Bo Pederson, Fey Parrill, Stanka Fitneva, Erin Hannon, Joel Snyder, Florencia Reali, Benjamin Hiles, Daniel Graham, Vito Evola, Reka Benczes, Daniel Kislyuk, Thomas Farmer, Sophia Skoufaki, and Christian Koops. Original EMCL committee: Monica Gonzalez-Marquez, Chair Seana Coulson Rick Dale Irene Mittelberg Michael Spivey
Introduction The many faces of research in Cognitive Linguistics The Editors 1.Introduction Cognitive Linguistics (CL)has been asking theoretical questions for a long time.Most have revolved around understanding how language fits in with everything else about us:the ways we are in our environments,the ways we feel,and the ways we imagine. Although CL is fundamentally committed to the psychological reality of its theoretical constructs,much of this work is based purely on the linguistic intuitions of the theoreti- cians.However,there is a growing awareness that linguistic theory should be grounded in the observation of language usage,in experimental tests of its validity,and in general knowledge of cognitive function.Work in cognitive metaphor,cognitive grammar,psy- cholinguistics,discourse management,conceptual integration,and spatial cognition has produced tantalizing proposals about the conceptual underpinnings of human languages. A major movement in cognitive linguistics has thus developed around the commitment to pursue empirical studies that might help substantiate its claims,and to develop a coherent account of the connection between language and cognition. The Empirical Methods in Cognitive Linguistics(EMCL)workshops were concep- tualized as a practical bridge between theoretical and empirical work.Because Cognitive Linguistics does not assume isolation for linguistic processes,most of the methods used to study cognition can potentially be adapted to investigating language.At the same time, language usage data,including co-speech gesture and signed languages,are sources of overt manifestations of cognitive processing,situated cognition,and social behavior.The potential for methodological cross-fertilization is already obvious in the broad range of methods in use.The latest International Cognitive Linguistics Conferences have yielded provocative offerings on everything from eye-tracking studies,to corpus analyses,to non- linguistic behavioral studies,to computational modeling. Though in principle the methodological variety is a fortuitous event,in practice,the prospect of an empirical investigation can be overwhelming,especially to a novice re- searcher trained in a more rationalist mode of inquiry.Therefore,in lieu of publishing a sort of proceedings for EMCL,this volume is intended as a handbook to exploring the empirical dimension of the theoretical questions raised by CL.It presents the reader with
JB[v.20020404] Prn:12/04/2007; 9:53 F: HCP18IN.tex / p.1 (46-122) Introduction The many faces of research in Cognitive Linguistics The Editors . Introduction Cognitive Linguistics (CL) has been asking theoretical questions for a long time. Most have revolved around understanding how language fits in with everything else about us: the ways we are in our environments, the ways we feel, and the ways we imagine. Although CL is fundamentally committed to the psychological reality of its theoretical constructs, much of this work is based purely on the linguistic intuitions of the theoreticians. However, there is a growing awareness that linguistic theory should be grounded in the observation of language usage, in experimental tests of its validity, and in general knowledge of cognitive function. Work in cognitive metaphor, cognitive grammar, psycholinguistics, discourse management, conceptual integration, and spatial cognition has produced tantalizing proposals about the conceptual underpinnings of human languages. A major movement in cognitive linguistics has thus developed around the commitment to pursue empirical studies that might help substantiate its claims, and to develop a coherent account of the connection between language and cognition. The Empirical Methods in Cognitive Linguistics (EMCL) workshops were conceptualized as a practical bridge between theoretical and empirical work. Because Cognitive Linguistics does not assume isolation for linguistic processes, most of the methods used to study cognition can potentially be adapted to investigating language. At the same time, language usage data, including co-speech gesture and signed languages, are sources of overt manifestations of cognitive processing, situated cognition, and social behavior. The potential for methodological cross-fertilization is already obvious in the broad range of methods in use. The latest International Cognitive Linguistics Conferences have yielded provocative offerings on everything from eye-tracking studies, to corpus analyses, to nonlinguistic behavioral studies, to computational modeling. Though in principle the methodological variety is a fortuitous event, in practice, the prospect of an empirical investigation can be overwhelming, especially to a novice researcher trained in a more rationalist mode of inquiry. Therefore, in lieu of publishing a sort of proceedings for EMCL, this volume is intended as a handbook to exploring the empirical dimension of the theoretical questions raised by CL. It presents the reader with
Introduction xxII guidelines for employing methods from a variety of intersecting disciplines,laying out dif- ferent ways of gathering empirical evidence for claims originally motivated by theoretical considerations or by a particular set of data.Essentially,the authors not only introduce methods that are well-established in their respective fields and provide examples of their application,they also share their experience in working with these methods and alert the reader to both their promise and shortcomings.Our hope is that these chapters will be a resource of basic facts a linguist needs to know before tackling a new methodology and will be a useful reference later on. 2.Volume organization The volume is divided into 5 sections.They are Methods and Motivations,Corpus and Discourse Analysis,Sign Language and Gesture,Behavioral Research and Neural Approaches. 2.1 Methods and motivations 2.1.1 Why cognitive linguists should care more about empirical methods by Raymond Gibbs Gibbs describes several ways that cognitive linguists and cognitive psychologists can more fruitfully explore their respective claims about the interaction of thought,language,and the body in their empirical work.He outlines exactly what is empirical about cognitive linguistics,how this work may be relevant to psychological theories of mind and language, and also how cognitive linguists need to alter their methods and their theories to better meet the demands of a scientific discipline.A special focus is placed on the need for greater reliability in cognitive linguistic methods of linguistic analyses,and on the importance of falsification in cognitive linguistic theory construction. 2.1.2 They actually said that?An introduction to working with usage data through discourse and corpus analysis by Irene Mittelberg,Thomas Farmer Linda R.Waugh The chapter by Mittelberg,Farmer,and Waugh serves as an introduction to the more spe- cific chapters on discourse and corpus analysis.It provides the reader with some selected strategies to investigate cognitive and linguistic structure grounded in situated language use,including talk-in-interaction,newspaper discourse,co-speech gesture,and signed languages.Furthermore,corpus-based research is discussed focusing on methods for ex- tracting and examining naturally-occurring language patterns.The chapter also contains a summary of commonly used terminology as well as an annotated list of commonly used corpora.The authors hope to inspire the reader to consider discourse and corpus analysis as one of the keys to a fuller understanding of human cognition and social behavior
JB[v.20020404] Prn:12/04/2007; 9:53 F: HCP18IN.tex / p.2 (122-187) Introduction guidelines for employing methods from a variety of intersecting disciplines, laying out different ways of gathering empirical evidence for claims originally motivated by theoretical considerations or by a particular set of data. Essentially, the authors not only introduce methods that are well-established in their respective fields and provide examples of their application, they also share their experience in working with these methods and alert the reader to both their promise and shortcomings. Our hope is that these chapters will be a resource of basic facts a linguist needs to know before tackling a new methodology and will be a useful reference later on. . Volume organization The volume is divided into 5 sections. They are Methods and Motivations, Corpus and Discourse Analysis, Sign Language and Gesture, Behavioral Research and Neural Approaches. . Methods and motivations .. Why cognitive linguists should care more about empirical methods by Raymond Gibbs Gibbs describes several ways that cognitive linguists and cognitive psychologists can more fruitfully explore their respective claims about the interaction of thought, language, and the body in their empirical work. He outlines exactly what is empirical about cognitive linguistics, how this work may be relevant to psychological theories of mind and language, and also how cognitive linguists need to alter their methods and their theories to better meet the demands of a scientific discipline. A special focus is placed on the need for greater reliability in cognitive linguistic methods of linguistic analyses, and on the importance of falsification in cognitive linguistic theory construction. .. They actually said that? An introduction to working with usage data through discourse and corpus analysis by Irene Mittelberg, Thomas Farmer & Linda R. Waugh The chapter by Mittelberg, Farmer, and Waugh serves as an introduction to the more specific chapters on discourse and corpus analysis. It provides the reader with some selected strategies to investigate cognitive and linguistic structure grounded in situated language use, including talk-in-interaction, newspaper discourse, co-speech gesture, and signed languages. Furthermore, corpus-based research is discussed focusing on methods for extracting and examining naturally-occurring language patterns. The chapter also contains a summary of commonly used terminology as well as an annotated list of commonly used corpora. The authors hope to inspire the reader to consider discourse and corpus analysis as one of the keys to a fuller understanding of human cognition and social behavior
XXIV The Editors 2.1.3 An introduction to experimental methods for language researchers by Monica Gonzdlez-Marquez,Raymond B.Becker James Cutting The chapter by Gonzalez-Marquez,Becker and Cutting aims to introduce both established researchers and graduate students without experimental research experience to the gen- eral principles of laboratory methodology employed to investigate cognition.The goals of the chapter are to demystify the research process,as well as to help the novice researcher understand how to use published research as a guide for their own work.The chapter de- scribes basic experimental design,explanations of the null and experimental hypotheses, and the use of control studies,amongst other key topics.The chapter ends by discussing the growing importance of cultural and linguistic differences in cognitive psychology. 2.1.4 Inferential statistics in the context of empirical cognitive linguistics by Rafael Nunez In the last chapter to this section,Nunez completes the introductory survey by analyzing some of the methodological difficulties involved in combining evidence from psychology and linguistics.Inferential statistics is described as a type of scientific tool for treating empirical data.The reader is then walked through the most common statistical methods (parametric and nonparametric)used to analyze cognitive data. 2.2 Corpus and discourse analysis 2.2.1 Multiple empirical paths to a complex analysis of discourse by Linda R.Waugh,Bonnie Fonseca-Greber,Caroline Vickers Betil Eroz The chapter by Waugh,Vickers,Fonseca-Greber Eroz exemplifies the benefits of an in- tegrated approach to the study of discourse that examines culturally contextualized small corpora of authentic language use with a rich,fine grained analysis derived from vari- ous empirical approaches.The topics addressed include changes in the forms,meanings and use of French pronouns and how an analysis of the use of indefinite pronouns(like one')shows how participants index their linguistic and cultural identity;how native and nonnative speakers of English in a course together accommodate to each other as they try to perform a task and instances in which they successfully come to work within a shared interpretive frame,i.e.,ways of knowing and of experiencing the world;and how the class- room behavior of international students is different from Americans'and how their ways of interacting are related to classroom and cultural patterns in their home country. 2.2.2 Case for a cognitive corpus linguistics by Stefan Grondelaers,Dirk Geeraerts Dirk Speelman Grondelaers,Geeraerts,Speelman introduce the field of corpus research by briefly pre- senting its three main areas:corpus design,information retrieval,and data analysis.All three areas are dealt with by example to increase accessibility,and include pointers to important resources(like corpus tools).In addition,corpus-based linguistic research is discussed from a slightly broader methodological perspective,viz.the methodological
JB[v.20020404] Prn:12/04/2007; 9:53 F: HCP18IN.tex / p.3 (187-242) The Editors .. An introduction to experimental methods for language researchers by Mónica González-Márquez, Raymond B. Becker & James Cutting The chapter by Gonzalez-Marquez, Becker and Cutting aims to introduce both established researchers and graduate students without experimental research experience to the general principles of laboratory methodology employed to investigate cognition. The goals of the chapter are to demystify the research process, as well as to help the novice researcher understand how to use published research as a guide for their own work. The chapter describes basic experimental design, explanations of the null and experimental hypotheses, and the use of control studies, amongst other key topics. The chapter ends by discussing the growing importance of cultural and linguistic differences in cognitive psychology. .. Inferential statistics in the context of empirical cognitive linguistics by Rafael Núñez In the last chapter to this section, Núñez completes the introductory survey by analyzing some of the methodological difficulties involved in combining evidence from psychology and linguistics. Inferential statistics is described as a type of scientific tool for treating empirical data. The reader is then walked through the most common statistical methods (parametric and nonparametric) used to analyze cognitive data. . Corpus and discourse analysis .. Multiple empirical paths to a complex analysis of discourse by Linda R. Waugh, Bonnie Fonseca-Greber, Caroline Vickers & Betil Eröz The chapter by Waugh, Vickers, Fonseca-Greber & Eroz exemplifies the benefits of an integrated approach to the study of discourse that examines culturally contextualized small corpora of authentic language use with a rich, fine grained analysis derived from various empirical approaches. The topics addressed include changes in the forms, meanings and use of French pronouns and how an analysis of the use of indefinite pronouns (like ‘one’) shows how participants index their linguistic and cultural identity; how native and nonnative speakers of English in a course together accommodate to each other as they try to perform a task and instances in which they successfully come to work within a shared interpretive frame, i.e., ways of knowing and of experiencing the world; and how the classroom behavior of international students is different from Americans’ and how their ways of interacting are related to classroom and cultural patterns in their home country. .. Case for a cognitive corpus linguistics by Stefan Grondelaers, Dirk Geeraerts & Dirk Speelman Grondelaers, Geeraerts, & Speelman introduce the field of corpus research by briefly presenting its three main areas: corpus design, information retrieval, and data analysis. All three areas are dealt with by example to increase accessibility, and include pointers to important resources (like corpus tools). In addition, corpus-based linguistic research is discussed from a slightly broader methodological perspective, viz. the methodological
Introduction XXV relationship between corpus analysis and other empirical methods(specifically,experi- mental research),i.e.what type of linguistic problems can be dealt with using corpora. The natural complementarity between corpus research and experimentation is brought to the fore. 2.3 Sign language and gesture 2.3.1 Empirical methods in signed language research by Sherman Wilcox e Jill Morford Wilcox Morford explore various empirical approaches to the study of signed languages, describing the benefits and pitfalls of each.They discuss the use of historical data from several sources including documents and films,methods for eliciting data,and conversa- tional data collected from various sources.Particular attention is given to issues involved with collecting video data,including logistical questions such as setting,data collection, and confidentiality.In addition,they address issues related to variability within the signed language community and modality.Their chapter ends with a discussion of alternative methodologies for conducting empirical studies. 2.3.2 Looking at space to study mental spaces:Co-speech gesture as a crucial data source in cognitive linguistics by Eve Sweetser Sweetser begins by laying out some of the well-established findings underlying modern gesture research,for example,the evidence that gesture and speech are co-produced as a single neural package,and that a specific pattern of neural packaging is shared by a given language community.She goes on to introduce some of the basic frameworks of gesture analysis and evaluates the ways in which they are useful to cognitive linguists.She exam- ines how these tools can help us to further understand ongoing language and cognition while observed gestures are performed-and vice versa.Sweetser argues in particular that the tools of Mental Spaces Theory are extremely productive in this endeavor.Her intent is to help readers with differing research goals learn to make use of gestural data-and to give them realistic expectations as to the kinds of work involved and the kinds of results that may emerge. 2.3.3 Methodology for multimodality:One way of working with speech and gesture data by Irene Mittelberg The chapter by Mittelberg provides an example of the kinds of decisions and method- ological steps that shape empirical work with multimodal usage data consisting of spoken discourse and its accompanying gestures.Pointing to ways in which co-speech gesture not only engages the body of the speaker,but also the eye of the linguist,the author walks the reader through the process of recording,transcribing,coding,and annotating speech and gesture data.Additional approaches of particular interest within cognitive-functionalist linguistics are also discussed
JB[v.20020404] Prn:12/04/2007; 9:53 F: HCP18IN.tex / p.4 (242-317) Introduction relationship between corpus analysis and other empirical methods (specifically, experimental research), i.e. what type of linguistic problems can be dealt with using corpora. The natural complementarity between corpus research and experimentation is brought to the fore. . Sign language and gesture .. Empirical methods in signed language research by Sherman Wilcox & Jill Morford Wilcox & Morford explore various empirical approaches to the study of signed languages, describing the benefits and pitfalls of each. They discuss the use of historical data from several sources including documents and films, methods for eliciting data, and conversational data collected from various sources. Particular attention is given to issues involved with collecting video data, including logistical questions such as setting, data collection, and confidentiality. In addition, they address issues related to variability within the signed language community and modality. Their chapter ends with a discussion of alternative methodologies for conducting empirical studies. .. Looking at space to study mental spaces: Co-speech gesture as a crucial data source in cognitive linguistics by Eve Sweetser Sweetser begins by laying out some of the well-established findings underlying modern gesture research, for example, the evidence that gesture and speech are co-produced as a single neural package, and that a specific pattern of neural packaging is shared by a given language community. She goes on to introduce some of the basic frameworks of gesture analysis and evaluates the ways in which they are useful to cognitive linguists. She examines how these tools can help us to further understand ongoing language and cognition while observed gestures are performed – and vice versa. Sweetser argues in particular that the tools of Mental Spaces Theory are extremely productive in this endeavor. Her intent is to help readers with differing research goals learn to make use of gestural data – and to give them realistic expectations as to the kinds of work involved and the kinds of results that may emerge. .. Methodology for multimodality: One way of working with speech and gesture data by Irene Mittelberg The chapter by Mittelberg provides an example of the kinds of decisions and methodological steps that shape empirical work with multimodal usage data consisting of spoken discourse and its accompanying gestures. Pointing to ways in which co-speech gesture not only engages the body of the speaker, but also the eye of the linguist, the author walks the reader through the process of recording, transcribing, coding, and annotating speech and gesture data. Additional approaches of particular interest within cognitive-functionalist linguistics are also discussed
xxVI The Editors 2.4 Behavioral experiments 2.4.1 Experimental methods for studying language and space by Laura Carlson e Patrick L.Hill Carlson&Hill cover a diverse set of empirical methods used to investigate spatial language. These include placement tasks,acceptability judgments,speeded verification,and produc- tion.For each method,they begin by offering a description of the method,and present examples of research that have used it.They discuss the strengths ofeach method,focusing on the kinds of conclusions that it licenses as well as its respective weaknesses,focusing on the potential problems that exist,and addressing how a researcher can confront these lim- itations.Examples from the literature are used to illustrate.The last section of the chapter argues that a combination of these methods is important in offering converging evidence. 2.4.2 Experimental methods for simulation semantics by Ben Bergen Bergen's chapter discusses the leading methods for investigating perceptual and motor imagery during language understanding.The chapter is divided into two main method- ological sections,motor imagery and perceptual imagery.The methods covered include interference effects,such as the Action-sentence Compatibility Effect or ACE,the Perky effect,cross-modal interference,and length-of-simulation measures.Together,this collec- tion of methods constitutes a sound basis for the behavioral study of mental simulation as it participates in natural language understanding. 2.4.3 Experimental methods for studying the mental representation of language by Uri Hasson e Rachel Giora Hasson and Giora present research methods that have been employed to study the inter- pretation oflinguistic structures,i.e.,the mental representation which is the product of the comprehension process.The chapter's two goals are to present these research methods and to expose the reader to relevant findings disclosed by the use of such methods.The chapter discusses methods such as online reading-time measures.priming methodologies,mem- ory measures,and self-report measures.The technical aspects of each procedure and its theoretical strengths and weaknesses are also covered.Finally,the authors review the theo- retical constructs and assumptions underlying each of the procedures,as these ultimately determine the interpretation of the data. 2.4.4 Eye movements in language and cognition:A brief introduction by Daniel C.Richardson,Rick Dale Michael Spivey A number of different methods for eye-tracking,and experimental applications of eye- tracking,have surfaced throughout the last few decades to complement more conventional reaction-time and accuracy measures of processing.This chapter provides a methodologi- cal tutorial limited to eye-tracking methods in language research.It describes how patterns and timing of saccades and fixations have been used to test theories of written word
JB[v.20020404] Prn:12/04/2007; 9:53 F: HCP18IN.tex / p.5 (317-372) The Editors . Behavioral experiments .. Experimental methods for studying language and space by Laura Carlson & Patrick L. Hill Carlson & Hill cover a diverse set of empirical methods used to investigate spatial language. These include placement tasks, acceptability judgments, speeded verification, and production. For each method, they begin by offering a description of the method, and present examples of research that have used it. They discuss the strengths of each method, focusing on the kinds of conclusions that it licenses as well as its respective weaknesses, focusing on the potential problems that exist, and addressing how a researcher can confront these limitations. Examples from the literature are used to illustrate. The last section of the chapter argues that a combination of these methods is important in offering converging evidence. .. Experimental methods for simulation semantics by Ben Bergen Bergen’s chapter discusses the leading methods for investigating perceptual and motor imagery during language understanding. The chapter is divided into two main methodological sections, motor imagery and perceptual imagery. The methods covered include interference effects, such as the Action-sentence Compatibility Effect or ACE, the Perky effect, cross-modal interference, and length-of-simulation measures. Together, this collection of methods constitutes a sound basis for the behavioral study of mental simulation as it participates in natural language understanding. .. Experimental methods for studying the mental representation of language by Uri Hasson & Rachel Giora Hasson and Giora present research methods that have been employed to study the interpretation of linguistic structures, i.e., the mental representation which is the product of the comprehension process. The chapter’s two goals are to present these research methods and to expose the reader to relevant findings disclosed by the use of such methods. The chapter discusses methods such as online reading-time measures. priming methodologies, memory measures, and self-report measures. The technical aspects of each procedure and its theoretical strengths and weaknesses are also covered. Finally, the authors review the theoretical constructs and assumptions underlying each of the procedures, as these ultimately determine the interpretation of the data. .. Eye movements in language and cognition: A brief introduction by Daniel C. Richardson, Rick Dale & Michael Spivey A number of different methods for eye-tracking, and experimental applications of eyetracking, have surfaced throughout the last few decades to complement more conventional reaction-time and accuracy measures of processing. This chapter provides a methodological tutorial limited to eye-tracking methods in language research. It describes how patterns and timing of saccades and fixations have been used to test theories of written word