Experiment 6 Investigation of the properties of Magnetic Material Magnetic material has been widely used in electric power,communication,electronic machine, autocar,computer,information storage and so on.Its two basic features can be shown by magnetic hysteresis loop and Curie temperature.The former one reflects the magnetization character of magnetic material in magnetic field,and the later one is related to the phase transition from ferromagnetic state to paramagnetic state. In this experiment,the Curie temperature and dynamic hysteresis loop of soft ferromagnetic material will be measured. 【Aim of the experiment】. 1. Get the knowledge of magnetic hysteresis loop,magnetization curve and Curie temperature.Have a deep understanding of some concepts about ferromagnetic material,such as coercive force,residual magnetic flux density,saturated magnetic flux density and magnetic permeability. 2. Observe hysteresis loop through an oscilloscope. Measure the Curie temperature of the ferromagnetic material given in this experiment. 【Principle of the experiment】. 1.The magnetization properties Magnetism is a property of materials that respond to an applied magnetic field.The rule of magnetization can be described by magnetic flux density (magnetic induction)B, B◆I A B-H M-H H T Fig.1 Magnetization curve of ferromagnet and L-H curve Fig.2 L-T curve of ferromagnet
- - 1 Experiment 6 Investigation of the properties of Magnetic Material Magnetic material has been widely used in electric power, communication, electronic machine, autocar, computer, information storage and so on. Its two basic features can be shown by magnetic hysteresis loop and Curie temperature. The former one reflects the magnetization character of magnetic material in magnetic field, and the later one is related to the phase transition from ferromagnetic state to paramagnetic state. In this experiment, the Curie temperature and dynamic hysteresis loop of soft ferromagnetic material will be measured. 【Aim of the experiment】 1. Get the knowledge of magnetic hysteresis loop, magnetization curve and Curie temperature. Have a deep understanding of some concepts about ferromagnetic material, such as coercive force, residual magnetic flux density, saturated magnetic flux density and magnetic permeability. 2. Observe hysteresis loop through an oscilloscope. 3. Measure the Curie temperature of the ferromagnetic material given in this experiment. 【Principle of the experiment】 1 .The magnetization properties Magnetism is a property of materials that respond to an applied magnetic field. The rule of magnetization can be described by magnetic flux density (magnetic induction) B, Fig. 1 Magnetization curve of ferromagnet and μ ~ H curve Fig. 2 μ ~ T curve of ferromagnet
magnetization M,magnetic field H.They have the following relationship B=uo(H+M)=(m+1)uoH=u,oH=H (1) where o=4nx 10-7 H/m,is the vacuum permeability,m is magnetic susceptibility,r= m+1=BluoH,is relative magnetic permeability,which is a dimensionless factor and u is absolute permeability.For paramagnetic material,>0 and u is slightly larger than 1.But for diamagnetic material,m with a absolute value between 10 and 105,and is a little less than 1.For ferromagnetic material,>>1,so>>1. H and B have a linear relation in nonferromagnetic isotropic material B=uH,however,for ferromagnetic material,such relationship become a nonlinear and complicated one.In ferromagnectic material there is a spontaneous magnetization which becomes larger when the temperature is lower.Figure 1 shows the typical magnetization curve (B-H curve),which reflects the magnetization property of ferromagnetic material in common:as H grows,B increases slowly at the beginning and here tis small,then B has a rapid growth as well as 4, and finally B reaches a saturation state with a small 4.Figure 1 indicates that magnetic permeability u is the function of magnetic field H.From figure 2 we can see that,u is also the function of temperature.With increasing temperature,ferromagnetic material will transform its ferromagnetism into paramagnetism at a critical point,i.e.Curie temperature.The Curie temperature is corresponding to the largest change rate of the curve. 2.Magnetic hysteresis Besides the high magnetic permeability, ferromagnet displays another important feature, which is magnetic hysteresis.When the ferromagnet is being magnetized,the magnetic flux intensity B is not only related to magnetic He 0 field H,but also related to its previous magnetization situation,as shown in figure 3. Curve OA,in which B grows as H increases, describe the magnetization process of a non-magnetic state,and we call it a magnetization curve.When H arrives a certain Fig.3 Magnetization curve and magnetic hvsteresis loop of ferromagnet value Hs,B will hardly increase and reach a saturation state.Then reducing H,B does decrease along its original route,but choose another path ACA.When H increases from a value-Hs,B will arrive A along the curve A'CA,and finally form a close curve.When H=0,B=B,,where B,is residual magnetic flux density.In order to get B,-0,we need to add an opposite magnetic field.When this opposite magnetic field reaches up to H=-Hc,where Hc is called coercive force,we can achieve demagnetization and magnetic induction intensity B-0..Different ferromagnets have different 2
- - 2 magnetization M, magnetic field H. They have the following relationship B = μ 0 ( H + M ) = ( χ m + 1 )μ 0 H = μ r μ 0 H = μH （1） where µ ൌ 4π ൈ 10ି H/m, is the vacuum permeability, χm is magnetic susceptibility, μ r = χm +1 = B/μ 0H, is relative magnetic permeability, which is a dimensionless factor and μ is absolute permeability. For paramagnetic material,χm > 0 and μ r is slightly larger than 1. But for diamagnetic material, χm > 1，so μ r >> 1． H and B have a linear relation in nonferromagnetic isotropic material B = μH，however, for ferromagnetic material, such relationship become a nonlinear and complicated one. In ferromagnectic material there is a spontaneous magnetization which becomes larger when the temperature is lower. Figure 1 shows the typical magnetization curve (B-H curve), which reflects the magnetization property of ferromagnetic material in common: as H grows, B increases slowly at the beginning and here μis small, then B has a rapid growth as well as μ， and finally B reaches a saturation state with a small μ. Figure 1 indicates that magnetic permeability μ is the function of magnetic field H. From figure 2 we can see that, μ is also the function of temperature. With increasing temperature, ferromagnetic material will transform its ferromagnetism into paramagnetism at a critical point, i.e. Curie temperature. The Curie temperature is corresponding to the largest change rate of the curve. 2. Magnetic hysteresis Besides the high magnetic permeability, ferromagnet displays another important feature, which is magnetic hysteresis. When the ferromagnet is being magnetized, the magnetic flux intensity B is not only related to magnetic field H, but also related to its previous magnetization situation, as shown in figure 3. Curve OA, in which B grows as H increases, describe the magnetization process of a non-magnetic state, and we call it a magnetization curve. When H arrives a certain value HS，B will hardly increase and reach a saturation state. Then reducing H, B does decrease along its original route, but choose another path AC' A' . When H increases from a value -HS，B will arrive A along the curve A' CA, and finally form a close curve. When H = 0，|B| = Br，where B r is residual magnetic flux density．In order to get Br=0，we need to add an opposite magnetic field. When this opposite magnetic field reaches up to H = -HC ， where HC is called coercive force, we can achieve demagnetization and magnetic induction intensity B=0.．Different ferromagnets have different Fig. 3 Magnetization curve and magnetic hysteresis loop of ferromagnet
magnetic hysteresis loop.The different between them is the value of coercive force. Ferromagnet with strong coercive force is called hard magnetic material,and if its coercive force is a small one,we call it soft magnetic material. 3.Observe the hysteresis loop through the oscilloscope. Figure 4 is the circuit diagram to observe the magnetic hysteresis loop through the oscilloscope This experiment is to investigate a ferrite magnetic core.This sample has an average magnetic path of L and the turns of primary coils is Ni.If the exciting current is i,according to Ampere circuital theorem,among the sample we have 0+ CH2 signal source 8= R CHI 0+ Fig.4 The circuit diagram to observe the magnetic hysteresis loop through the oscilloscope HL=N i (2) Then the input voltage of the x axis of oscilloscope is U&,=Ri=- LH (3) where R,L and N are constant,which indicate URi is proportional to the magnetic field H. Suppose the sectional area of the magnetic core is S,according to the law of electromagnetic induction,in the secondary coil with turns of N2,the induced electromotive force should be E:=-N,s dB dt (4) Considering the turns of secondary coil N2 is small,self induction electromotive force can be ignored.We choose a suitable value of Rand Cin the circuit to get Rthen 3
- - 3 magnetic hysteresis loop. The different between them is the value of coercive force. Ferromagnet with strong coercive force is called hard magnetic material, and if its coercive force is a small one, we call it soft magnetic material. 3．Observe the hysteresis loop through the oscilloscope. Figure 4 is the circuit diagram to observe the magnetic hysteresis loop through the oscilloscope. This experiment is to investigate a ferrite magnetic core. This sample has an average magnetic path of L and the turns of primary coils is N1. If the exciting current is i1，according to Ampere circuital theorem, among the sample we have 1 1 HL = N i （2） Then the input voltage of the x axis of oscilloscope is H N R L U R i R 1 1 1 1 1 = = （3） where R1, L and N1 are constant, which indicate UR1 is proportional to the magnetic field H. Suppose the sectional area of the magnetic core is S，according to the law of electromagnetic induction, in the secondary coil with turns of N2, the induced electromotive force should be t B N S d d 2 = − 2 ε （4） Considering the turns of secondary coil N2 is small，self induction electromotive force can be ignored. We choose a suitable value of R2 and C in the circuit to get Rଶ ب 1 ωC ൗ ，then Fig. 4 The circuit diagram to observe the magnetic hysteresis loop through the oscilloscope
62=Ri3 (5) dg =Cduc is Substitute dt dt into equation (5),and combine equation (4),we will have Uc=- B R,C (6) which indicates the input voltage Uc ofy axis is proportional to the magnetic flux density B. 4.Measurement of magnetization curve As shown in Fig.5,the hysteresis loops of magnetic core under different applied field H.The magnetization curve can be obtained by connecting the top points A (Refer to Fig.3)of all hysteresis loops,which changes from nonmagnetic state to saturated magnetic state. 5.Measurement of Curie temperature Fig.5 A family of hysteresis loops. a.Measurement of Curie temperature by observing hysteresis loops at different temperatures. Obviously,with increasing temperature,the magnetic core will lose its magnetism.The hysteresis loop will become smaller,and fade away when the temperature is above critical point,so-called Curie temperature.Thus,the Curie temperature can be determined by the plot of B or B,as a function of temperature. b.Measurement of Curie temperature by alternating-current bridge Any alternating-current bridge can be used to measure the Cuie temperature of ferromagnet. There are many kinds of alternating-current bridge,such as Maxwell bridge,Owen bridge and so on.However,most of the bridge can come down to a four-sides impedance bridge, as shown in figure 6.The four sides of the bridge can a combination of resistance, capacitance and induction in series or in parallel.Adjust the parameters of the bridge to make the potential difference between C and D equal to zero.When the bridge gets an equilibrium state,we have 名-召 Z Z. (7) On two sides of above equation,modulus and argument of the complex terms should equal to each other respectively. ”4
- - 4 2 2 2 ε = R i （5） Substitute into equation（5）， and combine equation（4）, we will have B R C N S UC 2 2 = − （6） which indicates the input voltage UC of y axis is proportional to the magnetic flux density B． 4． Measurement of magnetization curve As shown in Fig.5, the hysteresis loops of magnetic core under different applied field H. The magnetization curve can be obtained by connecting the top points A (Refer to Fig.3) of all hysteresis loops, which changes from nonmagnetic state to saturated magnetic state. 5． Measurement of Curie temperature a. Measurement of Curie temperature by observing hysteresis loops at different temperatures. Obviously, with increasing temperature, the magnetic core will lose its magnetism. The hysteresis loop will become smaller, and fade away when the temperature is above critical point, so-called Curie temperature. Thus, the Curie temperature can be determined by the plot of B s or B r as a function of temperature. b. Measurement of Curie temperature by alternating-current bridge Any alternating-current bridge can be used to measure the Cuie temperature of ferromagnet. There are many kinds of alternating-current bridge, such as Maxwell bridge, Owen bridge and so on. However, most of the bridge can come down to a four-sides impedance bridge, as shown in figure 6. The four sides of the bridge can a combination of resistance, capacitance and induction in series or in parallel. Adjust the parameters of the bridge to make the potential difference between C and D equal to zero. When the bridge gets an equilibrium state, we have 4 3 2 1 Z Z Z Z = （7） On two sides of above equation, modulus and argument of the complex terms should equal to each other respectively. dt du C dt dq i C = = Fig.5 A family of hysteresis loops
☑_z lzIz.l (8) p1+p4=p2+p3 (9) Here we can see that not only equation(8)but also(9)should be satisfied,and then we will get an equilibrium state.This is the main difference between ac bridge and de bridge. Z B mV R阳 D D Fig.6 alternative-current bridge. Fig.7 RL ac bridge. Figure 7 shows the RL ac bridge used in this experiment.The input current source is supplied by signal generator,by which we can choose a suitable high output frequency (is the angular frequency of the signal generator).As shown in the figure,Z and Z2 are pure resistance,Z3 and Z4 are inductances (including the linear resistance r and r2 of the inductances).Their impedances are Z,=R,Z2=R2,Z3=5+j0L,Z4=53+joL2 (11) When the ac bridge gets an equilibrium state,we have R(r2 joL)=R2(r+joL) (12) The real and the imaginary part on two sides should equal to each other respectively. 3= R R,L R (13) The ac bridge can get balance if we choose suitable electronic component when the ferromagnetic sample has not been put in to the circuit.However when the sample is put,the bridge will lose its balance because of the change of induction.When the temperature increases to a certain value,the ferromagnet will transform into paramagnetism,and the potential difference between C and D will nearly become zero in a sudden.At this very point the balance is achieved again.This critical point is the Cuie temperature.We can find out the temperature on the mutation point of the curve by the bridge voltage-temperature curve
- - 5 4 3 2 1 Z Z Z Z = （8） ϕ1 +ϕ 4 =ϕ 2 +ϕ3 （9） Here we can see that not only equation (8) but also (9) should be satisfied, and then we will get an equilibrium state. This is the main difference between ac bridge and dc bridge. Figure 7 shows the RL ac bridge used in this experiment. The input current source is supplied by signal generator, by which we can choose a suitable high output frequency (ω is the angular frequency of the signal generator). As shown in the figure, Z1 and Z2 are pure resistance，Z3 and Z4 are inductances（including the linear resistance r1 and r2 of the inductances）. Their impedances are 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 4 2 2 Z = R， Z = R ， Z = r + jωL， Z = r + jωL （11） When the ac bridge gets an equilibrium state, we have ( ) ( ) 1 2 2 2 1 L1 R r + jωL = R r + jω （12） The real and the imaginary part on two sides should equal to each other respectively. 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 L R R r L R R r = ， = （13） The ac bridge can get balance if we choose suitable electronic component when the ferromagnetic sample has not been put in to the circuit. However when the sample is put, the bridge will lose its balance because of the change of induction. When the temperature increases to a certain value, the ferromagnet will transform into paramagnetism, and the potential difference between C and D will nearly become zero in a sudden. At this very point the balance is achieved again. This critical point is the Cuie temperature. We can find out the temperature on the mutation point of the curve by the bridge voltage-temperature curve. Fig.6 alternative-current bridge. Fig.7 RL ac bridge
Through this curve,we can also find out the influence of the speed of heating-up or cooling on the results. 【Device instrument】 Power function signal generator,,dual trace oscilloscope,,digital multimeter,platinum resistance thermometer,heating system,wiring block,ferrite magnetic core,two 200 precision resistances,10 resistance,2.2 ko variable resistance,I k resistance and other mating parts. 【Experimental tasks)】 1. Measurement of the magnetic hysteresis loop of the sample (1)Observe the magnetization process under different situation.The circuit diagram is shown on figure 4. a.with different signal frequency (1 KHz~3 KHz): b.with different resistance R2. (2)Measure the saturation magnetic hysteresis loop with a certain frequency (I KHz~3 KHz)and a suitable resistance R2: (3)Measure the whole loop with no less than 15 points (4)Draw the magnetic hysteresis loop,.and calculate±B,、±He、±Bs. 2.Measurement of Cuie temperature Tc (1)Observing hysteresis loops at different temperatures,and record the corresponding B, or B,as a function of temperature. (2)Using alternating-current bridge to measure the voltages Ucd at different temperatures. Note that,for precise drawing,choose suitable gap between two adjacent points. For the point corresponding to the largest change rate is Cuie temperature,we can use Origin software to achieve it.Enter“Analysis”in the toolbar-“Calculus”→ ducD “Differentiate”,then we can get dr~Tcurve. 【Notation】 1.The sensitivity S and S of the oscilloscope should keep the unchanged during the whole measurement. 2.Be careful of the hot furnace. 【Before the Lab】 A ferrite magnetic core and a reel of enameled wire are available.You should reel the enameled wire onto the magnetic core to form primary and secondary coils,respectively.The more turns of 6
- - 6 Through this curve, we can also find out the influence of the speed of heating-up or cooling on the results. 【Device instrument】 Power function signal generator,，dual trace oscilloscope,，digital multimeter, platinum resistance thermometer，heating system，wiring block, ferrite magnetic core，two 200 Ω precision resistances，10 Ω resistance，2.2 kΩ variable resistance, 1 kΩ resistance and other mating parts. 【Experimental tasks】 1． Measurement of the magnetic hysteresis loop of the sample (1) Observe the magnetization process under different situation. The circuit diagram is shown on figure 4. a．with different signal frequency（1 KHz ~ 3 KHz）； b．with different resistance R2． （2）Measure the saturation magnetic hysteresis loop with a certain frequency（1 KHz ~ 3 KHz） and a suitable resistance R2； （3）Measure the whole loop with no less than 15 points （4）Draw the magnetic hysteresis loop, and calculate ±Br、±Hc、±Bs． 2．Measurement of Cuie temperature TC （1）Observing hysteresis loops at different temperatures, and record the corresponding B s or B r as a function of temperature. （2）Using alternating-current bridge to measure the voltages Ucd at different temperatures. Note that, for precise drawing, choose suitable gap between two adjacent points. For the point corresponding to the largest change rate is Cuie temperature, we can use Origin software to achieve it. Enter “Analysis”in the toolbar→ “Calculus” → “Differentiate”,then we can get t uCD d d ~T curve． 【Notation】 1． The sensitivity Sx and Sy of the oscilloscope should keep the unchanged during the whole measurement. 2． Be careful of the hot furnace. 【Before the Lab】 A ferrite magnetic core and a reel of enameled wire are available. You should reel the enameled wire onto the magnetic core to form primary and secondary coils, respectively. The more turns of
coils,the better amplitude of induction signal.In any case,the turns should be more than 30. Please pay attention not to break the wire or tie a knot. 【Reference】 [1]程守珠，江之永.普通物理学（第五版）.北京：高等教育出版社，1998 [2]赵凯华，陈熙谋.电磁学.北京：人民教育出版社，1980 [3]谢行怒，康士秀.霍剑情.大学物理实验（第二册）.北京：高等教育出版社，2001 [4]戴道生，钱昆明.铁磁学（上册）.北京：科学出版社，2000 1. [5]Richard M.Bozorth.Ferromagnetism.IEEE Press,1993 7
- - 7 coils, the better amplitude of induction signal. In any case, the turns should be more than 30. Please pay attention not to break the wire or tie a knot. 【Reference】 [1] 程守珠，江之永．普通物理学（第五版）．北京：高等教育出版社，1998 [2] 赵凯华，陈熙谋．电磁学．北京：人民教育出版社，1980 [3] 谢行怒，康士秀. 霍剑青．大学物理实验（第二册）．北京：高等教育出版社，2001 [4] 戴道生，钱昆明．铁磁学（上册）．北京：科学出版社，2000 1. [5] Richard M. Bozorth. Ferromagnetism. IEEE Press, 1993
Terms in Physical Experiments alternating-current bridge 交流电桥 Ampere circuital theorem 安培环路定律 applied magnetic field 外磁场 coercive force 矫顽力 Curie temperature 居里温度 digital multimeter 数字万用表 dual trace oscilloscope 双踪示波器 electromotive force 电动势 enameled wire 漆包线 ferrite 铁氧体 Ferromagnetic/paramagnetic state 铁磁顺磁态 magnetic core 磁芯 magnetic hysteresis loop 磁滞回线 magnetic induction 磁感应强度 magnetic path 磁路 magnetic permeability 磁导率 magnetic susceptibility 磁化率 magnetization curve 磁化曲线 platinum resistance thermometer 铂电阻温度计 primary coil 初级线圈 secondary coil 次级线圈 real and the imaginary part 实部和虚部 relative magnetic permeability 相对磁导率 residual magnetic flux density 剩余磁通密度 saturated magnetic flux density 饱和磁通密度 soft ferromagnetic material 软磁材料 spontaneous magnetization 自化磁化 wiring block 接线板 8
- - 8 Terms in Physical Experiments alternating-current bridge 交流电桥 Ampere circuital theorem 安培环路定律 applied magnetic field 外磁场 coercive force 矫顽力 Curie temperature 居里温度 digital multimeter 数字万用表 dual trace oscilloscope 双踪示波器 electromotive force 电动势 enameled wire 漆包线 ferrite 铁氧体 Ferromagnetic/ paramagnetic state 铁磁/顺磁 态 magnetic core 磁芯 magnetic hysteresis loop 磁滞回线 magnetic induction 磁感应强度 magnetic path 磁路 magnetic permeability 磁导率 magnetic susceptibility 磁化率 magnetization curve 磁化曲线 platinum resistance thermometer 铂电阻温度计 primary coil 初级线圈 secondary coil 次级线圈 real and the imaginary part 实部和虚部 relative magnetic permeability 相对磁导率 residual magnetic flux density 剩余磁通密度 saturated magnetic flux density 饱和磁通密度 soft ferromagnetic material 软磁材料 spontaneous magnetization 自化磁化 wiring block 接线板
