北京大学：《理论语言学系列课程 Theoretical Linguistics——理论语言学》电子教案_3、历时的维度（Diachronic）——从新语法学派到词汇扩散

理论语言学:历时的维度( Diachronic) [从新语法学派到词汇扩散 Sep.18.2006 汪锋 北京大学中文系 wfwfapku. edu. cn

1 理论语言学：历时的维度(Diachronic) [1]从新语法学派到词汇扩散 Sep. 18. 2006 汪锋 北京大学中文系 wfwf@pku.edu.cn

研究的视角 历时 共时 口历时语言学(历史语言学) ■单位或要素在时间上的关系 ■历时( diachronic)与共时( synchronic)

2 研究的视角 † 历时语言学(历史语言学) „ 单位或要素在时间上的关系 „ 历时(diachronic)与共时(synchronic) 历时 共时

数目字上的秘密 EnglishGothicLatin Greek SanskritChinese one unus he eIs k two duo duc va three theis rs creIs travas four fidwor quattuor tettares catvaras fiv fimf quinque pente nca WL sais sex hek sat liu seven Sibun septem hepta sapta eight antau octo okto asta a nine niun novem ennea nava bj ten taihu decem deka asa sh Quoted from Wang(2001)

3 数目字上的秘密 Quoted from Wang (2001)

缘起:语言亲缘关系假说 百 William jones(1786) The Sanskrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the greek, more copious than the latin and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and in the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; So strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists there is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gothick and Celtick, though blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanskrit, and the old Persian might be added to the same family

4 缘起：语言亲缘关系假说 † William Jones (1786) „ The Sanskrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and in the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists: there is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gothick and Celtick, though blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanskrit, and the old Persian might be added to the same family…

谱系树 deutch. litani / ch itali/ch. indogermani/ che --..allbanefifel -yriechi/ch wr/prache italokeltifch SCHLEICHER S INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY TREE [After Schleicber's Compendium August Schleicher(1863)Darwinian theory and the science of language 5

5 谱系树 August Schleicher (1863) Darwinian theory and the science of language

基本方法:历史比较法( comparative method) 历史比较法的基本内容 ■语言比较→对应规律→共同来源→重构原始母语 天 I目h312412515m3m3165313 IEQ EG JM JX DS ZC MZL y 太阳 4 iien42 ien44 ien44 mi44 nie44 星星 tar s sang cian559is55 sie35cie55 wind tsu24

6 基本方法：历史比较法 (comparative method) † 历史比较法的基本内容 „ 语言比较 Æ对应规律 Æ共同来源 Æ重构原始母语

两个基本假定 口一、语音演变是有规律的; 口二、语言符号的任意性原则

7 两个基本假定 † 一、语音演变是有规律的； † 二、语言符号的任意性原则

语音演变的规律性 口相同的语音在相同的语音条件下,在相同的 时间和空间必然有相同的变化 8

8 语音演变的规律性 † 相同的语音在相同的语音条件下，在相同的 时间和空间必然有相同的变化

规律性的表现 口条件性音变:平分阴阳 口普遍性音变:全浊清化 口不同的语音,相同的条件→相同的变化 ■K-,Ts-腭化 口不同的语音在不同的条件下也有可以相同的 变化

9 规律性的表现 † 条件性音变：平分阴阳 † 普遍性音变：全浊清化 † 不同的语音，相同的条件Æ 相同的变化 „ K-, Ts-腭化 † 不同的语音在不同的条件下也有可以相同的 变化

什么是语音条件 口语音条件通常不能在词以上找,一般在一个 音节中,更严格的说,语音条件是词或语素 范围内的语音条件 ■印欧语辅音大转移的发现与音变条件的认知 10

10 什么是语音条件 † 语音条件通常不能在词以上找，一般在一个 音节中，更严格的说，语音条件是词或语素 范围内的语音条件 „ 印欧语辅音大转移的发现与音变条件的认知