Part1 General Knowledge of Chemistry轴导 Unit I Origin of Chemistry 课文主要介绍了化学的起源，以及化学发展史上几位重要的科学家及相关理论。 1.重点句子 Most people believed that natural processes were controlled by spirits,and they relied on magic to persuade the spirits to help while they cond ucted practical operations. The alchemists believed that metals could be converted into gold with the aid of a marvelous mineral called the philosopher's stone,which they never succeeded in finding or making. The first clue to a more useful theory came when an English chemist,Joseph Priestley. discovered in 1774 that a gas (now known as oxygen)was essential to the bumning process. The French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier used the discoveries of Priestley and Cavendish in a series of experiments from which he formulated the presently accepted theory of combustion. 2,在课文中，有几个句子需要做些解释。 (1)Very little progress was made toward understanding how the universe is made,but much practical knowledge was gathered.这里采用被动语态，省略了动词执行者. 注意本句的翻译。 提示请参见教材： (2)In about 400 BC the Greek philosopher Democritus theorized that all matter was made up of tiny,indivisible units he called atoms,but his idea was not based on scientific evidence,本句包含两个从句：that all matter was made up of tiny, indivisible units和he called atoms.第一个从句为动词theorized的宾语从句：第 二个从句为为定语从句修饰units。 提示请参见教材： (3)The alchemists believed that metals could be converted into gold with the aid of a marvelous mineral called the philosopher's stone,which they never succeeded in find ing or making.本句包含两个从句：that metals could be converted into gold with the aid of a marvelous mineral fl which they never succeeded in finding or making. 第一个从句为动词believed的宾语从句：第二个从句为为定语从句修饰 philosopher's stone。注意本句的翻译， 这里philosopher's stone译为点金石，贤者之石：convert,。into。,译为把， 转变为。。succeed in doing sth.r咸功地
Part 1 General Knowledge of Chemistry 辅导 Unit 1 Origin of Chemistry 课文主要介绍了化学的起源，以及化学发展史上几位重要的科学家及相关理论。 1．重点句子 Most people believed that natural processes were controlled by spirits, and they relied on magic to persuade the spirits to help while they conducted practical operations. The alchemists believed that metals could be converted into gold with the aid of a marvelous mineral called the philosopher's stone, which they never succeeded in finding or making. The first clue to a more useful theory came when an English chemist, Joseph Priestley, discovered in 1774 that a gas (now known as oxygen) was essential to the burning process. The French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier used the discoveries of Priestley and Cavendish in a series of experiments from which he formulated the presently accepted theory of combustion. 2．在课文中，有几个句子需要做些解释。 (1) Very little progress was made toward understanding how the universe is made, but much practical knowledge was gathered.这里采用被动语态，省略了动词执行者。 注意本句的翻译。 提示请参见教材。 (2) In about 400 BC the Greek philosopher Democritus theorized that all matter was made up of tiny, indivisible units he called atoms, but his idea was not based on scientific evidence.本句包含两个从句：that all matter was made up of tiny, indivisible units 和 he called atoms。第一个从句为动词 theorized 的宾语从句；第 二个从句为为定语从句修饰 units。 提示请参见教材。 (3) The alchemists believed that metals could be converted into gold with the aid of a marvelous mineral called the philosopher's stone, which they never succeeded in finding or making. 本句包含两个从句：that metals could be converted into gold with the aid of a marvelous mineral 和 which they never succeeded in finding or making。 第一个从句为动词 believed 的宾语从句；第二个从句为为定语从句修饰 philosopher's stone。注意本句的翻译。 这里 philosopher's stone 译为点金石，贤者之石；convert。。。 into。。。译为把。。。 转变为。。。；succeed in doing sth.：成功地……
提示请参见教材， 3.New Words alchemy『elkimi]n.点金术：魔力 primitive ['primitiv)ad原始的，运古的n原始人 prehis过ocL,pri:hi'stb:rIk,-'stDr-]ad.陈日的：史前的 pottery[potari]n.陶器：陶器制造术 alloy「elbi,albi门vt.使成合金n合金 copper[k5p3】n.铜：铜币ad铜的t.镀钢于 ufur「sAlf)vt用疏磺处理n疏磺：疏磺色 Sumerian【sju:'mearian]adj.苏美尔的n.苏美尔人：苏美尔语 Babylonian [baebi'laun时jan】ad巴比伦人的n.巴比伦（或巴比伦王国）人（或居 民)：巴比伦语 quintessence[kwin'tesans]n精华：第五元素（被视为地、水，火、风以外构 成宇官的元素) bronze [br)nzn青钢：青阴制品adj.青铜制的vt.镀青铜于 tin[tin刊n.锡：马口铁adj.锡制的vt.涂锡于：给…包马口铁 alchemis域[elkimist]n.炼金术士 marvelous[ma:vilas]adj了不起的：令人惊异的 philosopher [fi'lsafa,fa-]n.哲学家；哲人 fundamental [,fAnda'mental]ad基本的n.基本原理：基本原则 fute「fju:tail训ad无用的：无效的 iatrochemistry[ai,etra'kemistri]n.化学疗法：医疗化学 phlogiston[f)'d3lstn,flau-]n热素：燃素 formula域e ['fo:mjuleit]vt.用公式表示：规划 combustion[kam'bAstfan]n.燃烧，氧化 reactant [r'aektant.r:-】n反应物：反应剂 4.Phrases and Expressions phlogiston theory 燃素学说 in the proper proportions 以（按）适当比例 laboratory equipment 实验装置 philosopher's stone 贤者之石 考试重点 1.Phrases and Expressions
提示请参见教材。 3．New Words alchemy ['æ lkimi] n. 点金术；魔力 primitive ['primitiv] adj. 原始的，远古的 n. 原始人 prehistoric [ˌpri:hɪˈstɔ:rɪk, -ˈstɔr-] adj. 陈旧的；史前的 pottery ['pɔtəri] n. 陶器；陶器制造术 alloy ['æ lɔi, ə'lɔi] vt. 使成合金 n. 合金 copper ['kɔpə] n. 铜；铜币 adj. 铜的 vt. 镀铜于 sulfur ['sʌlfə] vt. 用硫磺处理 n. 硫磺；硫磺色 Sumerian [sju:'mεəriən] adj. 苏美尔的 n. 苏美尔人；苏美尔语 Babylonian [ˌbæbiˈləunjən] adj. 巴比伦人的 n. 巴比伦(或巴比伦王国)人(或居 民)；巴比伦语 quintessence [kwin'tesəns] n. 精华；第五元素（被视为地、水、火、风以外构 成宇宙的元素） bronze [brɔnz] n. 青铜；青铜制品 adj. 青铜制的 vt. 镀青铜于 tin [tin] n. 锡；马口铁 adj. 锡制的 vt. 涂锡于；给…包马口铁 alchemist ['æ lkimist] n. 炼金术士 marvelous ['mɑ:viləs] adj. 了不起的；令人惊异的 philosopher [fi'lɔsəfə, fə-] n. 哲学家；哲人 fundamental [ˌfʌndəˈmentəl] adj. 基本的 n. 基本原理；基本原则 futile ['fju:tail] adj. 无用的；无效的 iatrochemistry [aiˌætrəˈkemistri] n. 化学疗法；医疗化学 phlogiston [flɔ'dʒistɔn, fləu-] n. 热素；燃素 formulate ['fɔ:mjuleit] vt. 用公式表示；规划 combustion [kəm'bʌstʃən] n. 燃烧，氧化 reactant [ri'æ ktənt, ri:-] n. 反应物；反应剂 4．Phrases and Expressions phlogiston theory 燃素学说 in the proper proportions 以（按）适当比例 laboratory equipment 实验装置 philosopher's stone 贤者之石 考试重点 1．Phrases and Expressions
2.Important sentences 粗关城丑 相关练习见主教材每小节后的练习题 然习鉴案 Exercises I.Understand ing the text 1.The earlier history of chemistry may be divided into three periods:magic,alchemy. and "primitive modem,"a period of transition between alchemy and truly modem chemistry. 2.They were earth,air,fire,and water (some imagined a fifth substance called "quintessence")were the basic elements of all matter. 3.They failed because their basic theories had almost nothing to do with what actually happens in chemical reactions. 4.The German chemists Johann Joachim Becher and Georg Emst Stahl did. II.Translate the expressions 1.轨道 2.矿石 3。性质 4。化学符号 5.氢 6。氧 7.in the proper proportions 8.laboratory equipment 9.philosopher's stone 10.phlogiston theory I1I.Translate the passage into Chinese 他还证明燃烧，金属的锈蚀和动物的呼吸都是氧气和其他物质发生化学反应 的过程，拉瓦锡最著名的发现是他发现无论有多少物质发生了变化，化学反应的 产物的总质量与反应物的相等。这就意味着即使发生了化学变化，物质的本质保 持不变。人们认为他们的这些发现标志着现代化学的开始。 Unit 2 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry:Atom,molecule,element and Compound 课文主要介绍了原子的结构及原子量和数口，分子和元素的性质以及化合物的概 名 1.重点句子 The elements are sometimes grouped according to their properties A molecular compound is represented by its molecular formula;for example,water is represented by the formula H2O. A chemical compound is a pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements that can be separated into simpler substances by chemical
2．Important sentences 相关练习 相关练习见主教材每小节后的练习题 练习答案 Exercises I. Understanding the text 1. The earlier history of chemistry may be divided into three periods: magic; alchemy; and “primitive modern,” a period of transition between alchemy and truly modern chemistry. 2. They were earth, air, fire, and water (some imagined a fifth substance called “quintessence”) were the basic elements of all matter. 3. They failed because their basic theories had almost nothing to do with what actually happens in chemical reactions. 4. The German chemists Johann Joachim Becher and Georg Ernst Stahl did. II. Translate the expressions 1. 轨道 2。矿石 3。 性质 4。 化学符号 5．氢 6。 氧 7。in the proper proportions 8. laboratory equipment 9. philosopher's stone 10. phlogiston theory III. Translate the passage into Chinese 他还证明燃烧，金属的锈蚀和动物的呼吸都是氧气和其他物质发生化学反应 的过程。拉瓦锡最著名的发现是他发现无论有多少物质发生了变化，化学反应的 产物的总质量与反应物的相等。这就意味着即使发生了化学变化，物质的本质保 持不变。人们认为他们的这些发现标志着现代化学的开始。 Unit 2 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry: Atom, molecule, element and Compound 课文主要介绍了原子的结构及原子量和数目、分子和元素的性质以及化合物的概 念。 1．重点句子 The elements are sometimes grouped according to their properties. A molecular compound is represented by its molecular formula; for example, water is represented by the formula H2O. A chemical compound is a pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements that can be separated into simpler substances by chemical
reactions. 2。在课文中，有几个句子需要做些解释， (1)The atom consists of a central,positively charged core,the nucleus,and negatively charged particles called electrons that are found in orbits around the nucleus. 中心带正电荷的原子核，以及在围绕原子核的轨道上运动的带负电的微粒电子组 成。 called electrons作定语修饰particles,that are found in orbits around the nucleus为 定语从句同样修饰particles。“positively charged core”译为“带正电的原子核”： “negatively charged”译为“带负电的" (2)Molecules are made up of two or more atoms,either of the same element or of two or more different elements,joined by one or more covalent chemical bonds. 由两个或两个以上原子组成，同种元素或不同的两种及两种以上元素的原子之间 依靠一或多个共价化学键结合。 joined by one or more covalent chemical bonds为定语从句修饰aoms, Either.or..在木句中连接两个of引导的介词短语of the same element和oftwo or more different elements (3)Elements form compounds to become more stable.They become stable when they have the maximum number of possible electrons in their outermost energy level. which is normally two or eight valence electrons元素形成化合物会变得更稳定。当 这些化合物最外层能级轨道拥有最多可能电子数时最稳定，这种最多可能电子数 通常是2或者8个。 which is normally two or eight valence electrons为定语从句修饰the maximum number. 3.New Words positively charged带正电荷的 negatively charged带负电荷的 nucleu【'nu:klias]n核，核心：原子核 electron [i'lektron]n.电子 proton[prauton)n.质子 isotope「aisautaup]n.同位素 uranium Uu'reiniam]n. radical ['raedikal]n.自由基 decompose Ldi:kam'pauz]vi分解vt.分解 bombardment[bm'ba:d:'b)mba:d]n.轰击 density['densati]n密度
reactions. 2．在课文中，有几个句子需要做些解释。 (1) The atom consists of a central, positively charged core, the nucleus, and negatively charged particles called electrons that are found in orbits around the nucleus.原子由 中心带正电荷的原子核，以及在围绕原子核的轨道上运动的带负电的微粒电子组 成。 called electrons 作定语修饰 particles，that are found in orbits around the nucleus 为 定语从句同样修饰 particles。“positively charged core”译为“带正电的原子核”； “ negatively charged”译为“带负电的” （2）Molecules are made up of two or more atoms, either of the same element or of two or more different elements, joined by one or more covalent chemical bonds.分子 由两个或两个以上原子组成，同种元素或不同的两种及两种以上元素的原子之间 依靠一或多个共价化学键结合。 joined by one or more covalent chemical bonds 为 定语 从句 修饰 atoms 。 Either …or ….在本句中连接两个 of 引导的介词短语 of the same element 和 of two or more different elements （3）Elements form compounds to become more stable. They become stable when they have the maximum number of possible electrons in their outermost energy level, which is normally two or eight valence electrons.元素形成化合物会变得更稳定。当 这些化合物最外层能级轨道拥有最多可能电子数时最稳定，这种最多可能电子数 通常是 2 或者 8 个。 which is normally two or eight valence electrons 为定语从句修饰 the maximum number。 3．New Words positively charged 带正电荷的 negatively charged 带负电荷的 nucleu ['nju:kliəs] n. 核，核心；原子核 electron [i'lektrɔn] n. 电子 proton ['prəutɔn] n. 质子 isotope ['aisəutəup] n. 同位素 uranium [ju'reiniəm] n. 铀 radical ['ræ dikəl] n. 自由基 decompose [ˌdi:kəmˈpəʊz] vi. 分解 vt. 分解 bombardment [bɔm'bɑ:d; 'bɔmbɑ:d] n. 轰击 density ['densəti] n. 密度
thermal[r日a:mal]ad热的，热量的 metalloid「metal id]n.准金属ad准金属的 halogen [haelad3in]n卤素 inert gas惰性气体 alkali metal碱金属 noble gas惰性气体（等同于inert gas) helium ['hi:liam]n.氢（符号为He,2号元素） 4.Phrases and Expressions atomic number 原子的数目 atomic weight 原子量 chemical symbol 化学符号 boiling point 沸点 molecular weight分子量 melting point 熔点 energy level 能级 valence electrons 价电子 考试重点 1.Phrases and Expressions 2.Important sentences 相关热丑 相关练习见主教材每小节后的练习题 练习答塞 Exercises I.Understanding the text 1.It consists of a central,positively charged core,the nucleus,and negatively charged particles called electrons that are found in orbits around the nucleus. 2.The atomic weight of an atom is given in most cases by the mass number of the atom,equal to the total number of protons and neutrons combined. 3.While some of these properties are due chiefly to the electronic structure of the element,others are more closely related to properties of the nucleus,e.g,mass number
thermal ['θə:məl] adj. 热的，热量的 metalloid ['metəlɔid] n. 准金属 adj. 准金属的 halogen ['hæ lədʒin] n. 卤素 inert gas 惰性气体 alkali metal 碱金属 noble gas 惰性气体（等同于 inert gas） helium ['hi:liəm] n. 氦（符号为 He，2 号元素） 4．Phrases and Expressions atomic number 原子的数目 atomic weight 原子量 chemical symbol 化学符号 boiling point 沸点 molecular weight 分子量 melting point 熔点 energy level 能级 valence electrons 价电子 考试重点 1． Phrases and Expressions 2． Important sentences 相关练习 相关练习见主教材每小节后的练习题 练习答案 Exercises I. Understanding the text 1. It consists of a central, positively charged core, the nucleus, and negatively charged particles called electrons that are found in orbits around the nucleus. 2. The atomic weight of an atom is given in most cases by the mass number of the atom, equal to the total number of protons and neutrons combined. 3. While some of these properties are due chiefly to the electronic structure of the element, others are more closely related to properties of the nucleus, e.g., mass number
4.A chemical compound is a pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements that can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions.Chemical compounds have a unique and defined chemical structure;they consist of a fixed ratio of atoms that are held together in a defined spatial arrangement by chemical bonds. II.Translate the expressions 1.轨道 2.原子数目3.原子量 4。化学符号 5.分子式 6。沸点 7.Molecular weight 8.melting point 9.energy level 10.valence clectrons I11.Translate the passage into Chinese 元素有时可以按照它们的性质进行分类。元素的一种主要的分类方法是将元 素分为金属元素、非金属元素和准金属元素。具有相似化学性质的元素经常叫做 “族”：一些元素族包括卤素、惰性气体和碱金属族。在元素周期表中元素是按 照原子量增加的顺序排列的，因此同一列的元素具有相似的性质， Unit 3 Aliphatic and Aromatic Compounds 课文主要介绍了脂肪熊、芳香族化合物的概念、分类及主要的代表化合物及其特 点。 1.重点句子 In organic chemistry,compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are divided into two classes aromatic compounds,which contain benzene rings or similar rings of atoms,and aliphatic compounds,which do not contain aromatic rings.. Aliphatics include alkanes (e.g.paraffin hydrocarbons),alkenes (e.g ethylene)and alkynes (e.g acetylene). Originally applied to a small class of pleasant-smelling chemicals derived from vegetables,it now encompasses a wide diversity of compounds with no connection to the sense of smell. 2。在课文中，有几个句子需要做些解释。 (1)In organic chemistry,compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are divided into two classes:aromatic compounds,which contain benzene rings or similar rings of atoms,and aliphatic compounds,which do not contain aromatic rings.在有机化学中， 由碳和氢组成的化合物可分为两大类：包含苯环或者类似环状结构的劳香化合 物，以及不包含芳香环的脂肪族化合物。 两个which引导的句子均为定语从句，修饰各自前面的compounds..composed of carbon and hydrogen:过去分词短语作定语，修饰前面的compounds, (2)In the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)system of
4. A chemical compound is a pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements that can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions. Chemical compounds have a unique and defined chemical structure; they consist of a fixed ratio of atoms that are held together in a defined spatial arrangement by chemical bonds. II. Translate the expressions 1. 轨道 2。原子数目 3。 原子量 4。 化学符号 5．分子式 6。 沸点 7。 Molecular weight 8. melting point 9. energy level 10. valence electrons III. Translate the passage into Chinese 元素有时可以按照它们的性质进行分类。元素的一种主要的分类方法是将元 素分为金属元素、非金属元素和准金属元素。具有相似化学性质的元素经常叫做 “族”；一些元素族包括卤素、惰性气体和碱金属族。在元素周期表中元素是按 照原子量增加的顺序排列的，因此同一列的元素具有相似的性质。 Unit 3 Aliphatic and Aromatic Compounds 课文主要介绍了脂肪族、芳香族化合物的概念、分类及主要的代表化合物及其特 点。 1．重点句子 In organic chemistry, compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds, which contain benzene rings or similar rings of atoms, and aliphatic compounds, which do not contain aromatic rings.. Aliphatics include alkanes (e.g. paraffin hydrocarbons), alkenes (e.g. ethylene) and alkynes (e.g. acetylene). Originally applied to a small class of pleasant-smelling chemicals derived from vegetables, it now encompasses a wide diversity of compounds with no connection to the sense of smell. 2．在课文中，有几个句子需要做些解释。 (1) In organic chemistry, compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds, which contain benzene rings or similar rings of atoms, and aliphatic compounds, which do not contain aromatic rings.在有机化学中， 由碳和氢组成的化合物可分为两大类：包含苯环或者类似环状结构的芳香化合 物，以及不包含芳香环的脂肪族化合物。 两个 which 引导的句子均为定语从句，修饰各自前面的 compounds。 composed of carbon and hydrogen：过去分词短语作定语，修饰前面的 compounds。 （2）In the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) system of
chemical nomenclature,the name of an alkene is derived from the name of the corresponding alkane by replacing the -ane alkane suffix with -ene and,if necessary. adding a prefix to indicate the location of the double bond in the molecule.在国际理 论和应用化学联合会化学命名法系统中，烯烃的名称来源于相应的烷烃，用-e 取代烷经的后缀-e,如果必要的话，添加一个前银表示分子中双键的位置。 if necessary引导条件从句，此句为省略句，省略了ts, he Intemational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry(UPAC):国际理论和应用化 学联合会 (3)Each of these compounds contains at least one ring that consists of six carbon atoms,each joined to at least two other carbon atoms,and each joined to adjacent carbon atoms by one single and one double bond.这些化合物中的每一个至少包含 一个六个碳原子组成的环，每个碳原子连接着至少两个其他的碳原子，并且每个 碳原子与相邻的碳原子通过一个单键和一个双健相连。 第一个each代表一种化合物，第二个和第三个each均指代一个碳原子 that consists of six carbon atoms:定语从句，修饰前面的ing 3.New Words aromatic[r'met杠kad芳香的。芬芳的：芳香族的 aliphatic Laeli'faetik]ad脂防质的，脂肪族的 benzene【benzi:nln.苯 cyclic ['saiklik]ad环的 yelohexane [,saiklau'heksein]n环己烷 acyelie【ei'saiklik]ad.非环的 hexane【heksein]n.己皖 urated['saetforeitid]ad饱和的 hexane [heksi:nl.己烯 alicyclic【'li'saiklik]n脂环族d脂环的 alkane['elkein]n.链烷：烷烃 alkene[elki:nn烯烃；链烯烃 alkyne「elkain]n炔经 nitrogen ['naitrad3an]n. chlorine ['kl:ri:nn.氯 methane'mi:0 ein]n.甲烧：沼气 ethylene ['eBili:nln.乙烯 acetylene【e'setili:nn乙块：电石气 hydrocarbon,hardra'ka:ban]n碳氢化合物
chemical nomenclature, the name of an alkene is derived from the name of the corresponding alkane by replacing the -ane alkane suffix with -ene and, if necessary, adding a prefix to indicate the location of the double bond in the molecule.在国际理 论和应用化学联合会化学命名法系统中，烯烃的名称来源于相应的烷烃，用-ene 取代烷烃的后缀-ane，如果必要的话，添加一个前缀表示分子中双键的位置。 if necessary 引导条件从句，此句为省略句，省略了 it is。 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)：国际理论和应用化 学联合会 （3）Each of these compounds contains at least one ring that consists of six carbon atoms, each joined to at least two other carbon atoms, and each joined to adjacent carbon atoms by one single and one double bond.这些化合物中的每一个至少包含 一个六个碳原子组成的环，每个碳原子连接着至少两个其他的碳原子，并且每个 碳原子与相邻的碳原子通过一个单键和一个双键相连。 第一个 each 代表一种化合物，第二个和第三个 each 均指代一个碳原子。 that consists of six carbon atoms：定语从句，修饰前面的 ring 3．New Words aromatic [ˌæ rəˈmæ tɪk] adj. 芳香的，芬芳的；芳香族的 aliphatic [ˌæliˈfætik] adj. 脂肪质的，脂肪族的 benzene ['benzi:n] n. 苯 cyclic ['saiklik] adj. 环的 cyclohexane [ˌsaikləuˈheksein] n. 环己烷 acyclic [ei'saiklik] adj. 非环的 hexane ['heksein] n. 己烷 saturated ['sæ tʃəreitid] adj. 饱和的 hexane ['heksi:n]. 己烯 alicyclic ['æ li'saiklik] n. 脂环族 adj. 脂环的 alkane ['æ lkein] n. 链烷；烷烃 alkene ['æ lki:n] n. 烯烃；链烯烃 alkyne ['æ lkain] n. 炔烃 nitrogen ['naitrədʒən] n. 氮 chlorine ['klɔ:ri:n] n. 氯 methane ['mi:θein] n. 甲烷；沼气 ethylene ['eθili:n] n. 乙烯 acetylene [ə'setili:n] n. 乙炔；电石气 hydrocarbon [ˌhaɪdrəˈkɑ:bən] n. 碳氢化合物
ethane[eBein]n.乙烷 propane ['praupein]n.丙烷 butane ['bju:tein]n.丁烧 nethyl ['mi:8ail,'mieil]n.甲基 distillation[drsta'lerfan]n.蒸馏 nomenclature[nau'menklatfa,'naumankleita]n.命名法：术语 ethene['e0i:n]n.乙烯（等于ethylene hydrogenation[,haidrad3a'neiJan]n加氢：氢化作用 hydration[hai'dreifan]n.水合作用 toluene['bljui:n]n.甲苯 naphthalene ['naefeali:n:'nae p-]n. anthracene【en'旧rasi:nn葱 delocalize【di:'laukalaiz]vt,使-离域 4.Phrases and Expressions paraffin hydrocarbons 石蜡族烃 fatty acid 脂肪酸 carboxyl group 羧基 aromatic ring 芳环 triple bonds 三键 Bunsen bumer 本生灯 carbon-carbon double bonds 碳碳双键 structural isomers 同分异构体 delocalized electrons 离域电子 考试重点 5.Phrases and Expressions 6. Important sentences 相关练习 相关练习见主教材每小节后的练习题 然习答率 Exeresses I.Understanding the text 1.Aromatic compounds contain benzene rings or similar rings of atoms while
ethane ['eθein] n. 乙烷 propane ['prəupein] n. 丙烷 butane ['bju:tein] n. 丁烷 methyl ['mi:θail, 'miθil] n. 甲基 distillation [ˌdɪstəˈleɪʃən] n. 蒸馏 nomenclature [nəu'menklətʃə, 'nəumənkleitʃə] n. 命名法；术语 ethene ['eθi:n] n. 乙烯（等于 ethylene） hydrogenation [ˌhaidrədʒəˈneiʃən] n. 加氢；氢化作用 hydration [hai'dreiʃən] n. 水合作用 toluene ['tɔljui:n] n. 甲苯 naphthalene ['næfθəli:n; 'næ p-] n. 萘 anthracene [æn'θrəsi:n] n. 蒽 delocalize [di:'ləukəlaiz] vt. 使…离域 4．Phrases and Expressions paraffin hydrocarbons 石蜡族烃 fatty acid 脂肪酸 carboxyl group 羧基 aromatic ring 芳环 triple bonds 三键 Bunsen burner 本生灯 carbon-carbon double bonds 碳碳双键 structural isomers 同分异构体 delocalized electrons 离域电子 考试重点 5． Phrases and Expressions 6． Important sentences 相关练习 相关练习见主教材每小节后的练习题 练习答案 Exercises I. Understanding the text 1. Aromatic compounds contain benzene rings or similar rings of atoms while
aliphatic compounds do not contain aromatic rings. 2.Alkane,any of'a group of'aliphatie hydrocarbons whose molecules contain only single bonds and they have the general chemical formula C-He.Alkene,any of a group of aliphatic hydrocarbons whose molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds Alkenes with only one double bond have the general formula CaH2n. 3.Each of these compounds contains at least one ring that consists of six carbon atoms,each joined to at least two other carbon atoms,and each joined to adjacent carbon atoms by one single and one double bond.The resulting hexagonal structure is characteristic of many aromatic compounds. 4.These two compounds differ in the location of the double bond in their molecules. and they are structural isomers 11.Translate the expressions 1.芳（香）环 2。三键 3。本生灯 4.2-甲基丙烷 5.异丁烷 6。丁烯 7.carbon-carbon double bonds 8.structural isomerst 9.delocalized electrons 10.coal tar III.Translate the passage into Chinese Aromatic compound,any of a large elass of compounds that includes benzene and compounds that resemble benzene in certain of their chemical properties.Originally applied to a small class of pleasant-smelling chemicals derived from vegetables,it now encompasses a wide diversity of compounds with no connection to the sense of smell.Common aromatic compounds other than benzene include toluene,naphthalene, and anthracene (all of which are present in coal tar). 芳香族化合物是指分子中含有苯（环）及某些化学性质与苯相似的一大类化 合物。芳香族化合物起初是指从植物体内得到的具有芳香气味的一小部分化合 物，但现在却包括各种和气味无关的化合物。除了苯以外，常见的芳香族化合物 包括甲苯，蔡和题（它们都存在于煤焦油中） Unit 4 Acid-Base Titration 课文主要介绍了酸碱滴定的定义、原理，用途、所用仪器和销定的方法。 1.重点句子 An acid-base titration is the determination of'the concentration of an acid or base by exactly neutralizing the acid/base with an acid or base of known concentration. When a weak acid reacts with a weak base,the equivalence point solution will be basic if the base is stronger and acidic if the acid is stronger. The equivalence point of the reaction,the point at which equivalent amounts of the reactants have reacted,will have a pH dependent on the relative strengths of the acid and base used
aliphatic compounds do not contain aromatic rings. 2. Alkane, any of a group of aliphatic hydrocarbons whose molecules contain only single bonds and they have the general chemical formula CnH2n+2. Alkene, any of a group of aliphatic hydrocarbons whose molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Alkenes with only one double bond have the general formula CnH2n. 3. Each of these compounds contains at least one ring that consists of six carbon atoms, each joined to at least two other carbon atoms, and each joined to adjacent carbon atoms by one single and one double bond. The resulting hexagonal structure is characteristic of many aromatic compounds. 4. These two compounds differ in the location of the double bond in their molecules, and they are structural isomers II. Translate the expressions 1. 芳（香）环 2。三键 3。 本生灯 4。 2-甲基丙烷 5．异丁烷 6。 丁烯 7。carbon-carbon double bonds 8. structural isomerst 9. delocalized electrons 10. coal tar III. Translate the passage into Chinese Aromatic compound, any of a large class of compounds that includes benzene and compounds that resemble benzene in certain of their chemical properties. Originally applied to a small class of pleasant-smelling chemicals derived from vegetables, it now encompasses a wide diversity of compounds with no connection to the sense of smell. Common aromatic compounds other than benzene include toluene, naphthalene, and anthracene (all of which are present in coal tar). 芳香族化合物是指分子中含有苯（环）及某些化学性质与苯相似的一大类化 合物。芳香族化合物起初是指从植物体内得到的具有芳香气味的一小部分化合 物，但现在却包括各种和气味无关的化合物。除了苯以外，常见的芳香族化合物 包括甲苯，萘和蒽（它们都存在于煤焦油中） Unit 4 Acid-Base Titration 课文主要介绍了酸碱滴定的定义、原理、用途、所用仪器和滴定的方法。 1．重点句子 An acid-base titration is the determination of the concentration of an acid or base by exactly neutralizing the acid/base with an acid or base of known concentration. When a weak acid reacts with a weak base, the equivalence point solution will be basic if the base is stronger and acidic if the acid is stronger. The equivalence point of the reaction, the point at which equivalent amounts of the reactants have reacted, will have a pH dependent on the relative strengths of the acid and base used
2。在课文中，有几个句子需要做些解释。 (1)The equivalence point of the reaction,the point at which equivalent amounts of the reactants have reacted.will have a pH dependert on the relative strengths of the acid and base used.反应的等当点，即为反应物等量反应的那一点，其pH值依粮 于使用的酸和碱的相对强度。 which引导定语从句，the point…为同位语从句： dependent on the relative strengths of the acid and base used:形容词短语作定语， 修饰PH (2)A suitable indicator should be chosen,preferably one that will experience a change in color(an end point)close to the equivalence point of the reaction.应当选择 适当的指示剂，比较合适的是变色点（反应终点）接近反应等当点的那些指示剂， equivalence point:等当（量）点 end point:终点 that will experience a change in color (an end point)close to the equivalence point of the reaction:定语从句，修饰one (3)This is best achieved by washing a hanging drop from the tip of the burette into the flask right at the end of the titration to achieve a drop that is smaller in volume than what can usually be achieved by just dripping solution off the burette. that is smaller in volume than what can usually be achieved by just dripping solution off the burette:定语从句，修饰adrop:本定语从句是一个比较句，为液滴的体 积的比较。 提示请参见教材 3.New Words acid-base n.酸碱ad酸碱的 titration[ta'tre∫an,ti-]n滴定：滴定法 quantitative ana山ysis定量分析 burette[bjua'ret]n.滴定管 pipette [pi'pet,pal-ln移液管t用移液器吸取 ak[日a:sk]n.烧瓶：长颈瓶 erlenmeyer flask「a:lan,maia】锥形烧瓶：爱伦美氏烧瓶 titrant['taitrant]n.商定剂 concentration[konsan'treifan]n浓度 tite'taita,"ti:-]n.滴定度：最小滴定量
2．在课文中，有几个句子需要做些解释。 (1) The equivalence point of the reaction, the point at which equivalent amounts of the reactants have reacted, will have a pH dependent on the relative strengths of the acid and base used.反应的等当点，即为反应物等量反应的那一点，其 pH 值依赖 于使用的酸和碱的相对强度。 which 引导定语从句，the point……为同位语从句； dependent on the relative strengths of the acid and base used：形容词短语作定语， 修饰 PH （2）A suitable indicator should be chosen, preferably one that will experience a change in color (an end point) close to the equivalence point of the reaction.应当选择 适当的指示剂，比较合适的是变色点（反应终点）接近反应等当点的那些指示剂。 equivalence point：等当（量）点 end point：终点 that will experience a change in color (an end point) close to the equivalence point of the reaction：定语从句，修饰 one （3）This is best achieved by washing a hanging drop from the tip of the burette into the flask right at the end of the titration to achieve a drop that is smaller in volume than what can usually be achieved by just dripping solution off the burette. that is smaller in volume than what can usually be achieved by just dripping solution off the burette：定语从句，修饰 a drop；本定语从句是一个比较句，为液滴的体 积的比较。 提示请参见教材。 3．New Words acid-base n. 酸碱 adj. 酸碱的 titration [tai'treiʃən, ti-] n. 滴定；滴定法 quantitative analysis 定量分析 burette [bjuə'ret] n. 滴定管 pipette [pi'pet, pai-] n. 移液管 vt. 用移液器吸取 flask [flɑ:sk] n. 烧瓶；长颈瓶 erlenmeyer flask ['ə:lən,maiə] 锥形烧瓶；爱伦美氏烧瓶 titrant ['taitrənt] n. 滴定剂 concentration [ˌkɔnsənˈtreiʃən] n. 浓度 titre ['taitə, 'ti:-] n. 滴定度；最小滴定量