Fundamentals of Wireless Communication David Tse.University of California.Berkeley Pramod Viswanath.University of Illinois,Urbana-Champaign September 10.2004 1Draft,to be published by Cambridge University Press,which owns the copyright.Online version is available with their permission.Comments will be much appreciated;please send them to dtseeecs.berkeley.edu or pramodv@uiuc.edu
Fundamentals of Wireless Communication1 David Tse, University of California, Berkeley Pramod Viswanath, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign September 10, 2004 1Draft, to be published by Cambridge University Press, which owns the copyright. Online version is available with their permission. Comments will be much appreciated; please send them to dtse@eecs.berkeley.edu or pramodv@uiuc.edu
Contents 1 Introduction 12 1.1 Book Objective............................ 1.2 Vireless Systems................,............, 1.3 Book Outline 。 公 2 The Wireless Channel 3 2.1 Physical Modeling for Wireless Channels 。 2.1.1 Free space,fixed transmitting and receive antennas 2.12 2.1.3 ,moving ante Free 2 214 ngwa业. antenna Reflecting wall,m wing antenna 524 2.1.5 Refection from a Ground Plane 2.1.6 Power Decay with Distance and Shadowing. 。 2.1.7 Moving Antenna,Multiple Reflectors 吧 2.2 Input/Output Model of the Wireless Channel 2.2.1 The Wireless Channel as a Linear Time-Varying System 32 Baseband Ec ent Model 2.2.3 A Discrete T me Baseband Model 33 Discussion 2.1 Degrees of Freedom 2.24 Additive White Noise. 2.3 Time and Frequency Coherence 2.3.1 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time 为 2.3.2 Spread and Coherence Bandwidth 2.4 Statistical Ch el Models 2.4.1 Modeling Philosophy 4 2.4.2 Rayleigh and Rician Fading.. 。。。。。。 2.4.3 Tap Gain Autocorrelation Function 吻 Example 2.2 Clarke's Model 2.5 Bibliographical Notes 26E ses 56
Contents 1 Introduction 12 1.1 Book Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.2 Wireless Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.3 Book Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2 The Wireless Channel 21 2.1 Physical Modeling for Wireless Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.1.1 Free space, fixed transmitting and receive antennas . . . . . . . 23 2.1.2 Free space, moving antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.1.3 Reflecting wall, fixed antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.1.4 Reflecting wall, moving antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.1.5 Reflection from a Ground Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.1.6 Power Decay with Distance and Shadowing . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.1.7 Moving Antenna, Multiple Reflectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.2 Input/Output Model of the Wireless Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.2.1 The Wireless Channel as a Linear Time-Varying System . . . . 32 2.2.2 Baseband Equivalent Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.2.3 A Discrete Time Baseband Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Discussion 2.1 Degrees of Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.2.4 Additive White Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.3 Time and Frequency Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.3.1 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.3.2 Delay Spread and Coherence Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.4 Statistical Channel Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.4.1 Modeling Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.4.2 Rayleigh and Rician Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.4.3 Tap Gain Autocorrelation Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Example 2.2 Clarke’s Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.5 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 1
Tse and Viswanath:Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 2 3 Point-to-Point Communication: Detection,Diversity and Channel Uncertainty 64 3.1 Det 3.1 ction in a Rayleigh Fading Channel Noncoher nt Detection 3.1.2 Coherent Detection 。。 68 3.1.3 From BPSK to OPSK:Exploiting the Degrees of Freedom... 3.1.4 Diversity 3.2 Time Diversity 。 3.2.1 Repetition Coding 322 nd re petition Coding Example 3.1 Time Diversity in GSM 3.3 Antenna Diversity·· 3.3.1 Receive Diversity ，。 3.3.2 Transmit Diversity:Space-Time Codes % 3.3.3 MIMO:A2×2 Example uency Diversity 100 3.4. Basic Cor 100 342 Single-Carrier with ISI Equalization 102 3.4.3 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 109 3.4.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing..... 114 3.5 Impact of Channel Uncertainty 122 3.5.1 Noncoherent Detection for DS Spread Spectrum 122 352 Channel Estimatior 253 Oth versity Scenarios 3.6 Bibliographical Notes 3.7 Exercis0s,,..,,.,,..,,.,.. 132 Cellular Systems:Multiple Access and Interference Management 143 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Narrowband Cellular Systems ,...146 4.2.1 Narrowband allocations:GSM system 147 42.2 Impact on Network and System Design 123 ct on Fre Reuse 4.3 Wideband S CDMA 4.3.1 CDMA Uplink 155 4.3.2 CDMA Downlink 170 4.3.3 System Issues 171 4.4 Wideband Systems:OFDM 174 4.4.1 Allocation Design Principles 174 4.4.2 Hopping Patt 4.4.3 Signal Characteristics and Receiver Design 177
Tse and Viswanath: Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 2 3 Point-to-Point Communication: Detection, Diversity and Channel Uncertainty 64 3.1 Detection in a Rayleigh Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.1.1 Noncoherent Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.1.2 Coherent Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.1.3 From BPSK to QPSK: Exploiting the Degrees of Freedom . . . 72 3.1.4 Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.2 Time Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.2.1 Repetition Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3.2.2 Beyond Repetition Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Example 3.1 Time Diversity in GSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 3.3 Antenna Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 3.3.1 Receive Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 3.3.2 Transmit Diversity: Space-Time Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 3.3.3 MIMO: A 2 × 2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 3.4 Frequency Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 3.4.1 Basic Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 3.4.2 Single-Carrier with ISI Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 3.4.3 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 3.4.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . 114 3.5 Impact of Channel Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 3.5.1 Noncoherent Detection for DS Spread Spectrum . . . . . . . . . 122 3.5.2 Channel Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 3.5.3 Other Diversity Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 3.6 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 3.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 4 Cellular Systems: Multiple Access and Interference Management 143 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 4.2 Narrowband Cellular Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 4.2.1 Narrowband allocations: GSM system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 4.2.2 Impact on Network and System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 4.2.3 Impact on Frequency Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 4.3 Wideband Systems: CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 4.3.1 CDMA Uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 4.3.2 CDMA Downlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 4.3.3 System Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 4.4 Wideband Systems: OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 4.4.1 Allocation Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 4.4.2 Hopping Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 4.4.3 Signal Characteristics and Receiver Design . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Tse and Viswanath:Fundamentals of Wireless Communicatior 3 4.4.4 Sectorization 。。 ··178 Example 4.1 Flash-OFDM... 179 4.5 Bibliographical Notes 181 4 6 Exer ises 12 5 Capacity of Wireless channels 195 5.1 AWGN Channel Capacity 1g6 Repe tition Coding 5.1.2 Packing Spheres Discus sion 5.1 Capacity-Achieving AWGN Channel Codes 。 199 5.2 Resources of the awGn Channel 201 5.2.1 Continuous-Time aWGn Channel 202 5.2.2 Power and Bandwidth Example 5.2 Bandwidth Reuse in Cellular Systems 2 5.3 Linear Time Invariant G an Ch 209 0. Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO)Channel 20 5.3.2 Multiple Input Single Output (MISO)Channel 210 5.3.3 Frequency-Selective channel 211 5.4 Capacity of Fading Channels 217 54 1 Slow Fading Channel 218 5.4.2 Receive Diversity 221 Transmit Diversity Time and Frequency Diversity 5.4.5 Fast Fading Channel 231 5.4.6 Transmitter Side Information 236 Example 5.3 Rate Adaptation in IS-856 244 5.4.7 Frequ ency-Selective Fading Channels 247 A Shift in Point tof View 5.5 Bibliographical 4 5.6 Exercises 253 6 Multiu Capacity and Opportunistic Communication 266 6.1 Uplink AWGN Channel 267 6.1.1 Capacity via successive Interference Cancellation 267 6.1.2 Comparison with Conventional CDMA 271 6.13 Comparison with Orthogonal Multiple Access 271 6.14 l K ser Uplink Capacity 2 6.2 Downlink AWGN Channe 25 6.2.1 Symmetric Case:Two Capacity-Achieving Schemes 6.2.2 General Case:Superposition Coding Achieves Capacity 279 Discussion 6.1 SIC:Implementation Issues.... ...283
Tse and Viswanath: Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 3 4.4.4 Sectorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Example 4.1 Flash-OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 4.5 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 4.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 5 Capacity of Wireless Channels 195 5.1 AWGN Channel Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 5.1.1 Repetition Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 5.1.2 Packing Spheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Discussion 5.1 Capacity-Achieving AWGN Channel Codes . . 199 5.2 Resources of the AWGN Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 5.2.1 Continuous-Time AWGN Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 5.2.2 Power and Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Example 5.2 Bandwidth Reuse in Cellular Systems . . . . . . 205 5.3 Linear Time-Invariant Gaussian Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 5.3.1 Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) Channel . . . . . . . . . 209 5.3.2 Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) Channel . . . . . . . . . 210 5.3.3 Frequency-Selective Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 5.4 Capacity of Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 5.4.1 Slow Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 5.4.2 Receive Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 5.4.3 Transmit Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 5.4.4 Time and Frequency Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 5.4.5 Fast Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 5.4.6 Transmitter Side Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Example 5.3 Rate Adaptation in IS-856 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 5.4.7 Frequency-Selective Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 5.4.8 Summary: A Shift in Point of View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 5.5 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 5.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 6 Multiuser Capacity and Opportunistic Communication 266 6.1 Uplink AWGN Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 6.1.1 Capacity via Successive Interference Cancellation . . . . . . . . 267 6.1.2 Comparison with Conventional CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 6.1.3 Comparison with Orthogonal Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . 271 6.1.4 General K-user Uplink Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 6.2 Downlink AWGN Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 6.2.1 Symmetric Case: Two Capacity-Achieving Schemes . . . . . . . 276 6.2.2 General Case: Superposition Coding Achieves Capacity . . . . . 279 Discussion 6.1 SIC: Implementation Issues . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Tse and Viswanath:Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 4 6.3 Uplink Fading Channel. 285 6.3.1 Slow Fading Channel 6.3.2 Fast Fading Channe 287 6.3.3 tel Sid nformation 6.4 Downlink Fading Channel 6.4.1 Channel Side Information at Receiver Only...... 293 6.4.2 Full Channel side information 294 6.5 Frequency-Selective Fading Channels 294 6.6 Multiuser Diversity 295 6.61 Multiuser Div 66 versity Gain 295 Multiuser versus Classical Diversity 29 6.7 Multiuser Diversity:System Aspects 300 6.7.1 Fair Scheduling and Multiuser Diversity 。， 301 6.7.2 Channel Prediction and Feedback 308 673 Opportunistic Beamforming using Dumb Antennas 309 6.7.4 Multiuser Diversity in Multi-cell Systems 318 ”” 6.7.5 A System Vic 319 6.8 Bibliographical 325 6.9 Exercises 326 7 MIMO I:Spatial Multiplexing and Channel Modeling 342 7.1 Multiplexing Capabilitv of Deterministic MIMO Channels 343 7.1.1 Capacity via Singular Value Decomposition 343 7.1.2 Rank and Condition Number 346 7.2 Physical Modeling of MIMO Channels 347 721 34 722 e 72. Antenna arrays with only a line-of-sight path 7.2.4 Geographically separated antennas 352 7.2.5 Line-of-sight plus one refected path 359 7.3 Modeling of MIMO Fading Channels 364 Basic Approach 364 MIMO M ath Channel 7.3.3 Angular Domain Representation of Sig 7.3.4 Angular Domain Representation of MIMO Channels 370 7.3.5 Statistical modeling in the Angular Domain.... 372 7.3.6 Degrees of Freedom and Diversity 372 Example 7.1 Degrees of Freedom in Clustered Response Models 375 7.37 Dependency on Antenna Spacing 380 28 I.I.D.Rat leigh Fading Model 3 7.4 Bibliographical N 390
Tse and Viswanath: Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 4 6.3 Uplink Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 6.3.1 Slow Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 6.3.2 Fast Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 6.3.3 Full Channel Side Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 6.4 Downlink Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 6.4.1 Channel Side Information at Receiver Only . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 6.4.2 Full Channel Side Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 6.5 Frequency-Selective Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 6.6 Multiuser Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 6.6.1 Multiuser Diversity Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 6.6.2 Multiuser versus Classical Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 6.7 Multiuser Diversity: System Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 6.7.1 Fair Scheduling and Multiuser Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 6.7.2 Channel Prediction and Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 6.7.3 Opportunistic Beamforming using Dumb Antennas . . . . . . . 309 6.7.4 Multiuser Diversity in Multi-cell Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 6.7.5 A System View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 6.8 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 6.9 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 7 MIMO I: Spatial Multiplexing and Channel Modeling 342 7.1 Multiplexing Capability of Deterministic MIMO Channels . . . . . . . 343 7.1.1 Capacity via Singular Value Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . 343 7.1.2 Rank and Condition Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 7.2 Physical Modeling of MIMO Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 7.2.1 Line-of-Sight SIMO channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 7.2.2 Line-of-Sight MISO Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 7.2.3 Antenna arrays with only a line-of-sight path . . . . . . . . . . 351 7.2.4 Geographically separated antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 7.2.5 Line-of-sight plus one reflected path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 7.3 Modeling of MIMO Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 7.3.1 Basic Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 7.3.2 MIMO Multipath Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 7.3.3 Angular Domain Representation of Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 7.3.4 Angular Domain Representation of MIMO Channels . . . . . . . 370 7.3.5 Statistical Modeling in the Angular Domain . . . . . . . . . . . 372 7.3.6 Degrees of Freedom and Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Example 7.1 Degrees of Freedom in Clustered Response Models 375 7.3.7 Dependency on Antenna Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 7.3.8 I.I.D. Rayleigh Fading Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 7.4 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Tse and Viswanath:Fundamentals of Wireless Communicatior 5 7.5 Exercises. 。。，。 。。， 390 8 MIMO II:Capacity and Multiplexing Architectures 393 8.1 The V-BLAST Architecture................. 。。。 394 8.2 Fast Fading MIMO Channel 396 8.2.1 Capacity with CSI at Receiver 396 822 Perfor ance Gains 399 8.2.3 Full CSI 8.3 Receiver Architectures ǒ.3.1 Linear Decorrelator 。。。。。。。 41 8.3.2 Successive cancellation 417 8.3.3 Linear MMSE Receiver 419 8.3.4 Information Theoretic Optimality* 427 Discussion 8.1 Connections with CDMA Multiuser Detection and ISI Equaliz 424 84 Slow Fading MIMO Channel 431 8.5 D-BLAST:An Outage-Optimal Architecture............... 433 8.5.1 Sub-optimality of V-BLAST.. 433 852 Coding Across Transmit Antennas:D-BLAST.. 435 8.5.3 Discussion 438 8.6 Bibliographical Notes 440 8.7 Exercises 440 9 MIMO III:Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff and Universal Space-Tim 451 9.1 Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff 。。 。。。 45 9.1.1 Formulation 452 9.1.2 Scalar Rayleigh Channel 454 013 Parallel ravleigh channel 458 .14 MISO Ravleigh Channel 459 9.15 2×2MIMO eigh 9.1.6 nt x n,MIMO i. .d.Rayleigh Channel 9.2 Universal Code Design for Optimal Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff..467 9.2.1 QAM is Approximately Universal for Scalar Channels. 。。 468 9.2.2 Universal Code Design for Parallel Channels... 470 9.2.3 Universal Code Design for MISO Channels 477 9.2.4 rCode Design for MIMO Channels Discuss 9.1 Universal Codes in the Downlink 485 9.3 Bibliographical Notes. 487 9.4 Exercises,.··,·········· 488
Tse and Viswanath: Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 5 7.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 8 MIMO II: Capacity and Multiplexing Architectures 393 8.1 The V-BLAST Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 8.2 Fast Fading MIMO Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 8.2.1 Capacity with CSI at Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 8.2.2 Performance Gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 8.2.3 Full CSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 8.3 Receiver Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 8.3.1 Linear Decorrelator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 8.3.2 Successive Cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 8.3.3 Linear MMSE Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 8.3.4 Information Theoretic Optimality* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Discussion 8.1 Connections with CDMA Multiuser Detection and ISI Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 8.4 Slow Fading MIMO Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 8.5 D-BLAST: An Outage-Optimal Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 8.5.1 Sub-optimality of V-BLAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 8.5.2 Coding Across Transmit Antennas: D-BLAST . . . . . . . . . . 435 8.5.3 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 8.6 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 8.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 9 MIMO III: Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff and Universal Space-Time Codes 451 9.1 Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 9.1.1 Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 9.1.2 Scalar Rayleigh Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 9.1.3 Parallel Rayleigh Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 9.1.4 MISO Rayleigh Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 9.1.5 2 × 2 MIMO Rayleigh Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 9.1.6 nt × nr MIMO i.i.d. Rayleigh Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 9.2 Universal Code Design for Optimal Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff . . 467 9.2.1 QAM is Approximately Universal for Scalar Channels . . . . . . 468 9.2.2 Universal Code Design for Parallel Channels . . . . . . . . . . . 470 9.2.3 Universal Code Design for MISO Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 9.2.4 Universal Code Design for MIMO Channels . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Discussion 9.1 Universal Codes in the Downlink . . . . . . . . 485 9.3 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 9.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Tse and Viswanath:Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 6 10 MIMO IV:Multiuser Communication 497 10.1 Uplink with Multiple Receive Antennas 498 1011g vision Multiple Acces 10.1.2 SDMA Capacity Region 10.1.3 System Implications 10.1.4 Slow Fading.... 505 10.1.5 Fast Fading 509 10.1.6 Multiuser Diversity Revisited 512 10.2 MIMO Uplink 516 10.2.1 SDMA with Multiple Transmit Antennas 517 10.2.2 System Implications 52 10.2.3 Fast Fading. 21 10.3 Downlink with Multiple Transmit Antennas 523 10.3.1 Degrees of Freedom in the Downlink 523 10.3.2 Uplink-Downlink Duality and Transmit Beamforming 529 10.3.3 Precoding for Interference Known at Transmitter 530 g for the downlink 542 10.3.5 Fast Fac 546 10.4 MIMO Downlink· 549 10.5 Multiple Antennas in Cellular Networks:A System View 552 10.5.1 Inter-cell Interference Management 554 10.5.2 Uplink with Multiple Receive Antennas 555 1053 MIMO Uplink 557 10.5.4 Downlink with Multiple Receive Antennas 10.5.5 Downlink with Multiple Transmit Antennas ... Example 10.1 SDMA in ArrayComm Systems.. 559 10.6 Bibliographical Notes.... 562 10.7 Exercises. 563 A Detection and Estimation in Additive Gaussian Noise 579 A.1 Gaussian Random Variables 579 A 11 Scalar real gaussian random variable 579 A.1.2 Real Gaussian Random Vect A.1.3 Compl ex Gaussian Random Vectors A.2 Detection in Gaussian Noise.. 586 A.2.1 Scalar Detection 。。，。，。。 586 A.2.2 Detection in a Vector Space 587 A.2.3 Detection in a Complex Vector Space 591 A.3 Estimation in Gaussian Noise 593 A.3.1 Scalar Estimatio 502 A.3.2 Estimation in a Vector Space 594
Tse and Viswanath: Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 6 10 MIMO IV: Multiuser Communication 497 10.1 Uplink with Multiple Receive Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 10.1.1 Space-Division Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 10.1.2 SDMA Capacity Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 10.1.3 System Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 10.1.4 Slow Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 10.1.5 Fast Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 10.1.6 Multiuser Diversity Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 10.2 MIMO Uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 10.2.1 SDMA with Multiple Transmit Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 10.2.2 System Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 10.2.3 Fast Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 10.3 Downlink with Multiple Transmit Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 10.3.1 Degrees of Freedom in the Downlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 10.3.2 Uplink-Downlink Duality and Transmit Beamforming . . . . . . 525 10.3.3 Precoding for Interference Known at Transmitter . . . . . . . . 530 10.3.4 Precoding for the downlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 10.3.5 Fast Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 10.4 MIMO Downlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 10.5 Multiple Antennas in Cellular Networks: A System View . . . . . . . . 552 10.5.1 Inter-cell Interference Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 10.5.2 Uplink with Multiple Receive Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 10.5.3 MIMO Uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 10.5.4 Downlink with Multiple Receive Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 10.5.5 Downlink with Multiple Transmit Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . 559 Example 10.1 SDMA in ArrayComm Systems . . . . . . . . . 559 10.6 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 10.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 A Detection and Estimation in Additive Gaussian Noise 579 A.1 Gaussian Random Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 A.1.1 Scalar Real Gaussian Random Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 A.1.2 Real Gaussian Random Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 A.1.3 Complex Gaussian Random Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 A.2 Detection in Gaussian Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 A.2.1 Scalar Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 A.2.2 Detection in a Vector Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 A.2.3 Detection in a Complex Vector Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 A.3 Estimation in Gaussian Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 A.3.1 Scalar Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 A.3.2 Estimation in a Vector Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
Tse and Viswanath:Fundamentals of Wireless Communicatior A.3.3 Estimation in a Complex Vector Space....... ·····595 A.4 Exercises. 597 B Information Theory Background 599 B.1 Discrete Memoryless Channels. 599 Example B.1 Binary Symmetric Channel. 601 Erasure channel 60 B.2 Entropy al Entropy d Mutual Information Example B.3 Binary Entropy B.3 Noisy Channel Coding Theorem.. 。。。 60月 B.3.1 Reliable Communication and Conditional Entropy 606 B.3.2 A Simple Upper Bound.. 606 B.3.3 Achieving the Upper Bound 607 Example B.4 Bi mmetric Channel B.3.4 Operational Interpretation 610 B.4 Formal Derivation of AWGN Capacity..................610 B.4.1 Analog Memoryless Channels 611 B.4.2 Derivation of AWGN Capacity 612 B.5 Sphere Packing Interpretation 613 B.5.1 Upper Bound 613 B.5.2 Achievability B.6 Time-Invariant Parallel Channel 61 B.7 Capacity of the Fast Fading Channel 。，。 618 B.7.1 Scalar Fast Fading Channnel 618 B.7.2 Fast Fading MIMO Channel 61g B.8 Outage Formulation 620 B.Multiple Acces ss Channel Capacity Region B.9.2 Corner Points of the Capacity Region,,·.,·· B.9.3 Fast Fading Uplink......................... 625 B.10 Exercises. ....626
Tse and Viswanath: Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 7 A.3.3 Estimation in a Complex Vector Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 A.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 B Information Theory Background 599 B.1 Discrete Memoryless Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 Example B.1 Binary Symmetric Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 Example B.2 Binary Erasure Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 B.2 Entropy, Conditional Entropy and Mutual Information . . . . . . . . . 602 Example B.3 Binary Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 B.3 Noisy Channel Coding Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 B.3.1 Reliable Communication and Conditional Entropy . . . . . . . . 606 B.3.2 A Simple Upper Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606 B.3.3 Achieving the Upper Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607 Example B.4 Binary Symmetric Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . 609 Example B.5 Binary Erasure Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609 B.3.4 Operational Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610 B.4 Formal Derivation of AWGN Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610 B.4.1 Analog Memoryless Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 B.4.2 Derivation of AWGN Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612 B.5 Sphere Packing Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613 B.5.1 Upper Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613 B.5.2 Achievability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614 B.6 Time-Invariant Parallel Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617 B.7 Capacity of the Fast Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 B.7.1 Scalar Fast Fading Channnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 B.7.2 Fast Fading MIMO Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 B.8 Outage Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620 B.9 Multiple Access Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622 B.9.1 Capacity Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622 B.9.2 Corner Points of the Capacity Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624 B.9.3 Fast Fading Uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 B.10 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
Tse and Viswanath:Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 8 Preface Why We Wrote this Book The writing of this book was prompted by two main developments in wireless communications in the past decade.First is the huge surge of research activities in physical-layer wireless communication theory.While this has been a subject of study since the 60's,recent developments in the field,such as opportunistic and multi-input multi-ou atput (MIMO)cor nication technique have b ought completely nev spectives on how to cor ate o wireless d is the rapic of wireless systems,particularly cellular networks,which embody communication con- cepts of increasing sophistication.This evolution started with second-generation digital standards,particularly the IS-95 Code Division Multiple Access standard,and contin- uing onto more recent third-generation systems focusing on data applications.This book aims to present the modern wireless communication concepts in a coherent and unified mann nd to illustrate the epts in the broader context oft wirel systems on which they have been applie Structure of the Book This book is a web of interlocking concepts.The concepts can be structured into roughly three levels: 1.channel characteristics and modeling: 2.communication concepts and techniques; 3.application of these concepts in a system context A wireless communication engineer should have an understanding of the concepts at all three levels as well as the tight interplay between the levels.We emphasize this interplay in the book by interlacing the chapters across these levels rather than presenting the topics sequentially from one level to the next. Chapter 2:basic properties of multipath wireless channels and their modeling (level 1); Chapter 3:point-to-point communication techniques that increase reliability by exploiting time,frequency and spatial diversity (2). Chapter 4:cellular system design via a case study of three systems,focusing on multiple access and interference management issues(3). .Chapter 5:point-to-point communication revisited from a more fundamental ca- pacity point of view,culminating in the modern concept of opportunistic commu- nication (2)
Tse and Viswanath: Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 8 Preface Why We Wrote this Book The writing of this book was prompted by two main developments in wireless communications in the past decade. First is the huge surge of research activities in physical-layer wireless communication theory. While this has been a subject of study since the 60’s, recent developments in the field, such as opportunistic and multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communication techniques, have brought completely new perspectives on how to communicate over wireless channels. Second is the rapid evolution of wireless systems, particularly cellular networks, which embody communication concepts of increasing sophistication. This evolution started with second-generation digital standards, particularly the IS-95 Code Division Multiple Access standard, and continuing onto more recent third-generation systems focusing on data applications. This book aims to present the modern wireless communication concepts in a coherent and unified manner and to illustrate the concepts in the broader context of the wireless systems on which they have been applied. Structure of the Book This book is a web of interlocking concepts. The concepts can be structured into roughly three levels: 1. channel characteristics and modeling; 2. communication concepts and techniques; 3. application of these concepts in a system context. A wireless communication engineer should have an understanding of the concepts at all three levels as well as the tight interplay between the levels. We emphasize this interplay in the book by interlacing the chapters across these levels rather than presenting the topics sequentially from one level to the next. • Chapter 2: basic properties of multipath wireless channels and their modeling (level 1); • Chapter 3: point-to-point communication techniques that increase reliability by exploiting time, frequency and spatial diversity (2). • Chapter 4: cellular system design via a case study of three systems, focusing on multiple access and interference management issues (3). • Chapter 5: point-to-point communication revisited from a more fundamental capacity point of view, culminating in the modern concept of opportunistic communication (2)
Tse and Viswanath:Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 9 Chapter 6:multiuser capacity and opportunistic communication,and its applica- tion in a third-generation wireless data system(3). Chapter 7:MIMO channel modeling (1). .Chapter 8:MIMO capacity and architectures(2) Chapter 9:diversity-multiplexing tradeoff and space-time code design(2). .Chapter 10:MIMO in multiuser channels and cellular systems(3). How to Use this Book This book is written as a textbook for a first year munications. The expected background is sol lid rgraduate/beginning gradu courses in signals and systems,probability and digital communications.This back. ground is supplemented by the two appendices in the book.Appendix A summarizes some basic facts in vector detection and estimation in Gaussian noise which are used repeatedly throughout the book.Appendix B covers the underlying information the- ory behind the channel capacity sults used in this book.Even though information theory has signi role in many of the erecent developme tsi过 wirel communications,in the main text we will only introduce capacity results in a heuris manner and use them mainly to motivate communication concepts and techniques.No background in information theory is assumed.The appendix is intended for the reader who wants to have a more in-depth and unified understanding of the capacity results. At Berkeley and Urbana-Champaign,we have used earlier versions of this book to teach one-semester(15 weeks)wireless ommunications co s We have been able to f the ials in Ch apte rs 1 through 8a of9 and 10.Dependi on the background of the students and the time available,one can envision severa other ways to structure a course around this book.Examples: a senior level advanced undergraduate course in wireless communication:Chapters 2,3.4. an advanced graduate course for students with background in wireless channels and systems:Chapters 3,5,6,7,8,9,10. .a short (quarter)course focusing on MIMO and space-time coding:Chapters 3.5.7.8.9. The more than 230 exercises form an integral part of the book.Working on at least some of them is essential in understanding the material.Most of them elaborate on concepts discussed in the main text.The exercises range from relatively straightforward tions of results in the :te .to "back-of- cal s for actual nds-dirtyMATLAB types,and to readi ng exercis which point to current research literature.The small bibliographical notes at the end
Tse and Viswanath: Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 9 • Chapter 6: multiuser capacity and opportunistic communication, and its application in a third-generation wireless data system (3). • Chapter 7: MIMO channel modeling (1). • Chapter 8: MIMO capacity and architectures (2). • Chapter 9: diversity-multiplexing tradeoff and space-time code design (2). • Chapter 10: MIMO in multiuser channels and cellular systems (3). How to Use this Book This book is written as a textbook for a first year graduate course in wireless communications. The expected background is solid undergraduate/beginning graduate courses in signals and systems, probability and digital communications. This background is supplemented by the two appendices in the book. Appendix A summarizes some basic facts in vector detection and estimation in Gaussian noise which are used repeatedly throughout the book. Appendix B covers the underlying information theory behind the channel capacity results used in this book. Even though information theory has played a significant role in many of the recent developments in wireless communications, in the main text we will only introduce capacity results in a heuristic manner and use them mainly to motivate communication concepts and techniques. No background in information theory is assumed. The appendix is intended for the reader who wants to have a more in-depth and unified understanding of the capacity results. At Berkeley and Urbana-Champaign, we have used earlier versions of this book to teach one-semester (15 weeks) wireless communications courses. We have been able to cover most of the materials in Chapters 1 through 8 and parts of 9 and 10. Depending on the background of the students and the time available, one can envision several other ways to structure a course around this book. Examples: • a senior level advanced undergraduate course in wireless communication: Chapters 2,3,4. • an advanced graduate course for students with background in wireless channels and systems: Chapters 3,5,6,7,8,9,10. • a short (quarter) course focusing on MIMO and space-time coding: Chapters 3,5,7,8,9. The more than 230 exercises form an integral part of the book. Working on at least some of them is essential in understanding the material. Most of them elaborate on concepts discussed in the main text. The exercises range from relatively straightforward derivations of results in the main text, to “back-of-envelope” calculations for actual wireless systems, to “get-your-hands-dirty” MATLAB types, and to reading exercises which point to current research literature. The small bibliographical notes at the end