World Health Organization WHO REPORT ON THE GLOBAL TOBACCO EPIDEMIC,2011 Warning about the dangers of tobacco fresh and alive mpowEr
20 Avenue Appia CH-1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland www.who.int/tobacco/mpower fresh and alive WHO REPORT on the global TOBACCO epidemic, 2011 Warning about the dangers of tobacco WHO REPORT on the gl obal TOBACCO epid emi c, 2011 ISBN 978 92 4 156391 8
Contents 7 PROGRESS CONTINUES NEARLY 3.8 BILLION PEOPLE ARE NOW COVERED BY AN EFFECTIVE TOBACCO CONTROL MEASURE A letter from WHO Assistant Director-General 8 SUMMARY 12 WHO FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON TOBACCO CONTROL 14 Article 11-Packaging and labelling of tobacco products 15 Guidelines for implementation of Article 11 16 Article 12-Education,communication,training and public awareness 17 Guidelines for implementation of Article 12 18 WARN ABOUT THE DANGERS OF TOBACCO 18 People have a right to accurate information about the harms of tobacco use 22 Health warning labels on tobacco packaging 28 Anti-tobacco mass media campaigns 38 IMPLEMENTATION OF EFFECTIVE MEASURES CONTINUES TO GAIN MOMENTUM 38 Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies 42 Protect from tobacco smoke 46 Offer help to quit tobacco use 50 Warn about the dangers of tobacco 50 Health warning labels 54 Anti-tobacco mass media campaigns
Contents 7 Progress continues – nearly 3.8 billion people are now covered by an effective tobacco control measure A letter from WHO Assistant Director-General 8 Summary 12 WHO FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON TOBACCO CONTROL 14 Article 11 – Packaging and labelling of tobacco products 15 Guidelines for implementation of Article 11 16 Article 12 – Education, communication, training and public awareness 17 Guidelines for implementation of Article 12 18 Warn about the dangers of tobacco 18 People have a right to accurate information about the harms of tobacco use 22 Health warning labels on tobacco packaging 28 Anti-tobacco mass media campaigns 38 Implementation of effective measures continues to gain momentum 38 Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies 42 Protect from tobacco smoke 46 Offer help to quit tobacco use 50 Warn about the dangers of tobacco 50 Health warning labels 54 Anti-tobacco mass media campaigns
ABBREVIATIONS AFR WHO African Region 62 Enforce bans on tobacco advertising,promotion and sponsorship AMR WHO Region of the 66 Raise taxes on tobacco Americas 70 National action is critical to achieve the vision of a tobacco-free world CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 74 CONCLUSION COP Conference of the Parties to the WHO FCTC 76 REFERENCES EMR WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region 82 TECHNICAL NOTE I:Evaluation of existing policies and compliance 86 TECHNICAL NOTE Il:Smoking prevalence in WHO Member States EUR WHO European Region 88 TECHNICAL NOTE Ill:Tobacco taxes in WHO Member States NRT nicotine replacement therapy 93 APPENDIX I:Regional summary of MPOWER measures SEAR WHO South-East Asia 107 APPENDIX Il:Regulation of warning labels on cigarette packages and Region national anti-tobacco mass media campaigns STEPS WHO's STEPwise approach 145 APPENDIX IIl:Status of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control to Surveillance USS United States dollar 150 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS WHO World Health Organization E1 APPENDIX IV:Global tobacco control policy data WHO FCTC WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco E250 APPENDIX V:Country profiles Control E364 APPENDIX VI:Graphs on tobacco taxes and prices WHO TFI E388 APPENDIX VIl:Age-standardized prevalence estimates for smoking,2009 WHO Tobacco Free Initiative E420 APPENDIX VIll:Country-provided prevalence data E462 APPENDIX IX:Global Youth Tobacco Survey data WPR WHO Western Pacific E504 APPENDIX X:Maps on global tobacco control policy data Region Appendices IV through X are available in electronic format on the CD accompanying this book and online at http://www.who.int/tobacco/
ABBREVIATIONS AFR WHO African Region AMR WHO Region of the Americas CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COP Conference of the Parties to the WHO FCTC EMR WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region EUR WHO European Region NRT nicotine replacement therapy SEAR WHO South-East Asia Region STEPS WHO's STEPwise approach to Surveillance US$ United States dollar WHO World Health Organization WHO FCTC WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control WHO TFI WHO Tobacco Free Initiative WPR WHO Western Pacific Region 62 Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship 66 Raise taxes on tobacco 70 National action is critical to achieve the vision of a tobacco-free world 74 CONCLUSION 76 REFERENCES 82 TECHNICAL NOTE I: Evaluation of existing policies and compliance 86 TECHNICAL NOTE II: Smoking prevalence in WHO Member States 88 TECHNICAL NOTE III: Tobacco taxes in WHO Member States 93 APPENDIX I: Regional summary of MPOWER measures 107 APPENDIX II: Regulation of warning labels on cigarette packages and national anti-tobacco mass media campaigns 145 APPENDIX III: Status of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 150 ACKNOWLEDGeMENTS E1 APPENDIX IV: Global tobacco control policy data E250 APPENDIX V: Country profiles E364 APPENDIX VI: Graphs on tobacco taxes and prices E388 APPENDIX VII: Age-standardized prevalence estimates for smoking, 2009 E420 APPENDIX VIII: Country-provided prevalence data E462 APPENDIX IX: Global Youth Tobacco Survey data E504 APPENDIX X: Maps on global tobacco control policy data Appendices IV through X are available in electronic format on the CD accompanying this book and online at http://www.who.int/tobacco/
Over the past two years,1.1 billion people have become covered by at least one MPOWER measure newly applied at the highest level. People have an inherent right to receive information about the health dangers of tobacco use,and countries have an obligation to provide it. Dr Ala Alwan,Assistant Director-General,World Health Organization
Over the past two years, 1.1 billion people have become covered by at least one MPOWER measure newly applied at the highest level. People have an inherent right to receive information about the health dangers of tobacco use, and countries have an obligation to provide it. Dr Ala Alwan, Assistant Director-General, World Health Organization
PROGRESS CONTINUES NEARLY 3.8 BILLION PEOPLE ARE NOW COVERED BY AN EFFECTIVE TOBACCO CONTROL MEASURE detailed national-level data collected on a The number of people now protected by This report appears at a crucial moment global basis for anti-tobacco mass media in the fight against the growing epidemic tobacco control measures is growing at a campaigns of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) remarkable pace.The progress made on applying measures that reduce the demand The data are impressive.More than -primarily cancers,diabetes,and for tobacco is a sign of the increasing impact 1 billion people now live in countries with cardiovascular and chronic lung diseases -which account for 63%of all deaths of the WHO Framework Convention on legislation that requires large graphic health worldwide and for which tobacco use is one Tobacco Control,which continues to be one warnings on every cigarette pack sold in their countries,and 1.9 billion people live of the biggest contributing agents.These of the most rapidly embraced,measurably diseases kill an astounding 36 million people successful treaties in United Nations history. in the 23 countries that have aired high- quality national anti-tobacco mass media each year,with 80%of deaths occurring in This report,the third periodic country-level low-and middle-income countries that can campaigns within the past two years.It examination of the global tobacco epidemic, least afford them.An estimated 9 million is clear that substantial progress is being identifies the countries that have applied deaths occur below the age of 60 years.On made against this deadly product.Low-and effective tobacco control measures that middle-income countries have been in the 19-20 September 2011,the United Nations save lives.These countries can be held up as General Assembly will hold its first-ever forefront of developing anti-tobacco mass models of action for the many countries that high-level meeting to consider the threat media campaigns,showing that countries need to do more to protect their people from and impact of noncommunicable diseases can successfully implement this intervention the harms of tobacco use.Tobacco continues on global health and human development. regardless of income dassification. to kill nearly 6 million people each year, Heads of State will discuss during this induding more than 600 000 non-smokers Nevertheless,the tobacco epidemic meeting in New York how to raise awareness who die from exposure to tobacco smoke.Up continues to expand because of ongoing of and plot strategies against this cluster to half of the world's 1 billion smokers will tobacco industry marketing,population of related diseases that share several risk eventually die of a tobacco-related disease. growth in countries where tobacco use is factors,most notably tobacco use. However,we have the power to change these increasing,and the extreme addictiveness circumstances. of tobacco that makes it difficult for people Because tobacco use and exposure to to stop smoking once they start.Although tobacco smoke cause a large proportion of Over the past two years,1.1 billion people there has been progress,only 19 countries global illness and death,tobacco control have become covered by at least one follow best-practice standards by requiring must be given the high priority it deserves MPOWER measure newly applied at the highest level.This is the result of action large graphic health warnings on tobacco so that we can expand on the successes we product packages-none of which are have already realized.Consequently,tobacco taken by 30 countries-over half of them low-income countries.All countries,in control measures are expected to be scaled classified as low-or middle-income-which partnership with the United Nations,health up as a core component of the outcome for have applied measures that,while requiring development agencies and civil society, the United Nations high-level meeting on relatively little investment,are proven to be NCD's. can and must do more by meeting their highly effective at changing tobacco use commitments under the WHO Framework As Dr Margaret Chan,Director-General of patterns and saving lives. Convention on Tobacco Control and its the World Health Organization has said, The focus of this report is on warning people corresponding guidelines. "What gets measured gets done".This about the harms of tobacco use.People have report is a strong and important step in our an inherent right to receive this information, ongoing measurement of what has been and countries have an obligation to provide achieved in tobacco control and how much it.The two main types of warnings are more countries need to do.We can and must examined:health warning labels on tobacco continue this work-millions of people's packages and national anti-tobacco mass lives are at stake. media campaigns.Large and graphic warning labels and hard-hitting mass media Dr Ala Alwan campaigns have proven effective in reducing Assistant Director-General tobacco use and encouraging people to World Health Organization quit.This report presents for the first time WHO REPORT ON THE GLOBAL TOBACCO EPIDEMIC,2011
WHO REPORT ON THE GLOBAL TOBACCO EPIDEMIC, 2011 7 Progress continues – nearly 3.8 billion people are now covered by an effective tobacco control measure detailed national-level data collected on a global basis for anti-tobacco mass media campaigns. The data are impressive. More than 1 billion people now live in countries with legislation that requires large graphic health warnings on every cigarette pack sold in their countries, and 1.9 billion people live in the 23 countries that have aired highquality national anti-tobacco mass media campaigns within the past two years. It is clear that substantial progress is being made against this deadly product. Low- and middle-income countries have been in the forefront of developing anti-tobacco mass media campaigns, showing that countries can successfully implement this intervention regardless of income classification. Nevertheless, the tobacco epidemic continues to expand because of ongoing tobacco industry marketing, population growth in countries where tobacco use is increasing, and the extreme addictiveness of tobacco that makes it difficult for people to stop smoking once they start. Although there has been progress, only 19 countries follow best-practice standards by requiring large graphic health warnings on tobacco product packages – none of which are low-income countries. All countries, in partnership with the United Nations, health development agencies and civil society, can and must do more by meeting their commitments under the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and its corresponding guidelines. The number of people now protected by tobacco control measures is growing at a remarkable pace. The progress made on applying measures that reduce the demand for tobacco is a sign of the increasing impact of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which continues to be one of the most rapidly embraced, measurably successful treaties in United Nations history. This report, the third periodic country-level examination of the global tobacco epidemic, identifies the countries that have applied effective tobacco control measures that save lives. These countries can be held up as models of action for the many countries that need to do more to protect their people from the harms of tobacco use. Tobacco continues to kill nearly 6 million people each year, including more than 600 000 non-smokers who die from exposure to tobacco smoke. Up to half of the world’s 1 billion smokers will eventually die of a tobacco-related disease. However, we have the power to change these circumstances. Over the past two years, 1.1 billion people have become covered by at least one MPOWER measure newly applied at the highest level. This is the result of action taken by 30 countries – over half of them classified as low- or middle-income – which have applied measures that, while requiring relatively little investment, are proven to be highly effective at changing tobacco use patterns and saving lives. The focus of this report is on warning people about the harms of tobacco use. People have an inherent right to receive this information, and countries have an obligation to provide it. The two main types of warnings are examined: health warning labels on tobacco packages and national anti-tobacco mass media campaigns. Large and graphic warning labels and hard-hitting mass media campaigns have proven effective in reducing tobacco use and encouraging people to quit. This report presents for the first time This report appears at a crucial moment in the fight against the growing epidemic of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) – primarily cancers, diabetes, and cardiovascular and chronic lung diseases – which account for 63% of all deaths worldwide and for which tobacco use is one of the biggest contributing agents. These diseases kill an astounding 36 million people each year, with 80% of deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries that can least afford them. An estimated 9 million deaths occur below the age of 60 years. On 19–20 September 2011, the United Nations General Assembly will hold its first-ever high-level meeting to consider the threat and impact of noncommunicable diseases on global health and human development. Heads of State will discuss during this meeting in New York how to raise awareness of and plot strategies against this cluster of related diseases that share several risk factors, most notably tobacco use. Because tobacco use and exposure to tobacco smoke cause a large proportion of global illness and death, tobacco control must be given the high priority it deserves so that we can expand on the successes we have already realized. Consequently, tobacco control measures are expected to be scaled up as a core component of the outcome for the United Nations high-level meeting on NCD’s. As Dr Margaret Chan, Director-General of the World Health Organization has said, “What gets measured gets done”. This report is a strong and important step in our ongoing measurement of what has been achieved in tobacco control and how much more countries need to do. We can and must continue this work – millions of people’s lives are at stake. Dr Ala Alwan Assistant Director-General World Health Organization
Summary Tobacco use continues to be the leading treaty that provides the foundation for The continued success of the WHO FCTC is global cause of preventable death.It countries to implement and manage tobacco detailed in this year's WHO Report on the kills nearly 6 million people and causes control programmes to address the growing Global Tobacco Epidemic,2011,the third in hundreds of billions of dollars of economic epidemic of tobacco use.As of May 2011, the series of WHO reports on the status of damage worldwide each year.Most of these the WHO FCTC has 173 Parties covering global tobacco control policy achievement.All deaths occur in low-and middle-income 87%of the world's population,making it data on the level of countries'achievement countries,and this disparity is expected one of the most rapidly embraced treaties in for the six MPOWER measures have been to widen further over the next several United Nations history. updated through 2010,and additional data decades.If current trends continue,by 2030 have been collected on warning the public tobacco will kill more than 8 million people To help countries fulfil their WHO FCTC about the dangers of tobacco.This year's worldwide each year,with 80%of these obligations,in 2008 WHO introduced the report examines in detail the two primary premature deaths among people living in MPOWER package of six evidence-based strategies to provide health warnings-labels low-and middle-income countries.Over the tobacco control measures that are proven on tobacco product packaging and anti- course of the 21st century,tobacco use could to reduce tobacco use and save lives. tobacco mass media campaigns.The report kill a billion people or more unless urgent The MPOWER measures provide practical provides a comprehensive overview of the action is taken. assistance with country-level implementation evidence base for waming people about the of effective policies to reduce the demand harms of tobacco use,as well as country- The World Health Organization Framework for tobacco.The MPOWER measures focus specific information on the status of these Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO on demand reduction,although WHO measures. FCTC)demonstrates global political will to also recognizes the importance of and is strengthen tobacco control and save lives. committed to implementing the supply-side To continue the process of improving data The WHO FCTC is a legally binding global measures contained in the WHO FCTC. analysis,categories of policy achievement 8 WHO REPORT ON THE GLOBAL TOBACCO EPIDEMIC,2011
8 WHO REPORT ON THE GLOBAL TOBACCO EPIDEMIC, 2011 Tobacco use continues to be the leading global cause of preventable death. It kills nearly 6 million people and causes hundreds of billions of dollars of economic damage worldwide each year. Most of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, and this disparity is expected to widen further over the next several decades. If current trends continue, by 2030 tobacco will kill more than 8 million people worldwide each year, with 80% of these premature deaths among people living in low- and middle-income countries. Over the course of the 21st century, tobacco use could kill a billion people or more unless urgent action is taken. The World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) demonstrates global political will to strengthen tobacco control and save lives. The WHO FCTC is a legally binding global Summary treaty that provides the foundation for countries to implement and manage tobacco control programmes to address the growing epidemic of tobacco use. As of May 2011, the WHO FCTC has 173 Parties covering 87% of the world’s population, making it one of the most rapidly embraced treaties in United Nations history. To help countries fulfil their WHO FCTC obligations, in 2008 WHO introduced the MPOWER package of six evidence-based tobacco control measures that are proven to reduce tobacco use and save lives. The MPOWER measures provide practical assistance with country-level implementation of effective policies to reduce the demand for tobacco. The MPOWER measures focus on demand reduction, although WHO also recognizes the importance of and is committed to implementing the supply-side measures contained in the WHO FCTC. The continued success of the WHO FCTC is detailed in this year’s WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2011, the third in the series of WHO reports on the status of global tobacco control policy achievement. All data on the level of countries’ achievement for the six MPOWER measures have been updated through 2010, and additional data have been collected on warning the public about the dangers of tobacco. This year’s report examines in detail the two primary strategies to provide health warnings – labels on tobacco product packaging and antitobacco mass media campaigns. The report provides a comprehensive overview of the evidence base for warning people about the harms of tobacco use, as well as countryspecific information on the status of these measures. To continue the process of improving data analysis, categories of policy achievement
19 countries with more than a billion people now have pack warning laws at the highest level of achievement in this policy area. have been refined and,where possible,made are covered by two or more measures at a billion people now have pack warning consistent with new and evolving WHO FCTC the highest level of achievement.Gains laws at the highest level of achievement in guidelines.Data from the 2009 report have were made in all areas,with a total of this policy area,a gain of three countries been reanalysed to be consistent with these 30 countries enacting at least one new (with nearly half a billion people)that have new categories,allowing for more direct MPOWER measure at the highest level since passed such legislation within the past comparisons of the data across both reports. 2008.Anti-tobacco mass media campaigns, two years.Notably,the United States of This year continues the practice of printing a an MPOWER measure assessed for the first America will move from very weak warning streamlined summary version of the report time for this report,occurred in 23 countries label requirements to among the world's and publishing more detailed country-specific reaching 1.9 billion people during 2009 and strongest in 2012,when its new warning data online (http://www.who.int/tobacco). 2010. label regulations are scheduled to be implemented. Substantial progress continues to be made Together,health warning labels and anti- in applying the MPOWER measures.Roughly tobacco mass media campaigns are the This year's report also provides,for the 3.8 billion people(55%of the world's most widely embraced MPOWER measures, first time ever,systematically collected population)are covered by at least one based on population coverage.The MPOWER information about anti-tobacco mass media measure at the highest level of achievement, measure showing the largest progress campaigns,a highly effective method of including 1.1 billion people covered by a since the 2009 report,based on population warning the public about the dangers of new policy since 2008.More than 1 billion coverage,is provision of health warning tobacco.The data reveal the promising people (17%of the world's population) labels on tobacco packaging.More than work being done in this area-more than SHARE OF THE WORLD POPULATION COVERED BY SELECTED TOBACCO CONTROL POLICIES,2010 100% 90% d od 80% 70% 60% 50% 46% 40% 30% 28% 20% 14 5% 11% 10% 6% 8% 0% M P 0 W E R Monitoring Smoke-free Cessation Warning Mass Advertising Taxation environments programmes labels media bans Note:The tobacco control policies depicted here correspond to the highest level of achievement at the national level;for the definitions of these highest categories refer to Technical Note L. WHO REPORT ON THE GLOBAL TOBACCO EPIDEMIC,2011 9
WHO REPORT ON THE GLOBAL TOBACCO EPIDEMIC, 2011 9 W 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Share of world population 11% P Smoke-free environments 14% O Cessation programmes 15% Warning labels 28% Mass media E Advertising bans 6% 8% R Taxation M Monitoring 46% Share of the world population covered by selected tobacco control policies, 2010 Note: The tobacco control policies depicted here correspond to the highest level of achievement at the national level; for the definitions of these highest categories refer to Technical Note I. have been refined and, where possible, made consistent with new and evolving WHO FCTC guidelines. Data from the 2009 report have been reanalysed to be consistent with these new categories, allowing for more direct comparisons of the data across both reports. This year continues the practice of printing a streamlined summary version of the report and publishing more detailed country-specific data online (http://www.who.int/tobacco). Substantial progress continues to be made in applying the MPOWER measures. Roughly 3.8 billion people (55% of the world’s population) are covered by at least one measure at the highest level of achievement, including 1.1 billion people covered by a new policy since 2008. More than 1 billion people (17% of the world’s population) are covered by two or more measures at the highest level of achievement. Gains were made in all areas, with a total of 30 countries enacting at least one new MPOWER measure at the highest level since 2008. Anti-tobacco mass media campaigns, an MPOWER measure assessed for the first time for this report, occurred in 23 countries reaching 1.9 billion people during 2009 and 2010. Together, health warning labels and antitobacco mass media campaigns are the most widely embraced MPOWER measures, based on population coverage. The MPOWER measure showing the largest progress since the 2009 report, based on population coverage, is provision of health warning labels on tobacco packaging. More than a billion people now have pack warning laws at the highest level of achievement in this policy area, a gain of three countries (with nearly half a billion people) that have passed such legislation within the past two years. Notably, the United States of America will move from very weak warning label requirements to among the world’s strongest in 2012, when its new warning label regulations are scheduled to be implemented. This year’s report also provides, for the first time ever, systematically collected information about anti-tobacco mass media campaigns, a highly effective method of warning the public about the dangers of tobacco. The data reveal the promising work being done in this area – more than 19 countries with more than a billion people now have pack warning laws at the highest level of achievement in this policy area
1.9 billion people(28%of the world's gains have been made in this area since quit tobacco use,exposed to effective population)live in the 23 countries that ran 2008-16 additional countries have passed health warnings through tobacco package at least one strong anti-tobacco mass media national legislation that bans smoking in labelling and mass media campaigns, campaign during the reporting period.Only all public places and workplaces,including protected against tobacco industry seven of the 23 countries that ran a strong bars and restaurants,with the result that marketing tactics and covered by taxation campaign are classified as high-income- over 385 million people have been newly policies designed to decrease tobacco use the majority reporting exemplary campaigns protected from the health harms of tobacco and fund tobacco control and other health are low-or middle-income countries, smoke.An additional 100 million people programmes.Perseverance by all countries providing evidence that all countries, are protected by comprehensive smoke- in expanding the reach of tobacco control regardless of income level,can run effective free laws that have been passed at the programmes is needed to achieve the goal mass media campaigns. subnational level since 2008. of a tobacco-free world,and is critical to saving the lives of the billion people who The WHO Report on the Global Tobacco As countries continue to build on the may otherwise die from tobacco-related Epidemic,2009 focused on the importance progress achieved since becoming Parties illness this century. of protecting the public from the dangers to the WHO FCTC,more people are being of second-hand tobacco smoke through protected from the harms of second-hand comprehensive smoke-free laws.Substantial tobacco smoke,provided with help to More than 1.9 billion people live in the 23 countries that ran at least one strong anti-tobacco mass media campaign during the reporting period. 10 WHO REPORT ON THE GLOBAL TOBACCO EPIDEMIC,2011
10 WHO REPORT ON THE GLOBAL TOBACCO EPIDEMIC, 2011 quit tobacco use, exposed to effective health warnings through tobacco package labelling and mass media campaigns, protected against tobacco industry marketing tactics and covered by taxation policies designed to decrease tobacco use and fund tobacco control and other health programmes. Perseverance by all countries in expanding the reach of tobacco control programmes is needed to achieve the goal of a tobacco-free world, and is critical to saving the lives of the billion people who may otherwise die from tobacco-related illness this century. 1.9 billion people (28% of the world’s population) live in the 23 countries that ran at least one strong anti-tobacco mass media campaign during the reporting period. Only seven of the 23 countries that ran a strong campaign are classified as high-income – the majority reporting exemplary campaigns are low- or middle-income countries, providing evidence that all countries, regardless of income level, can run effective mass media campaigns. The WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2009 focused on the importance of protecting the public from the dangers of second-hand tobacco smoke through comprehensive smoke-free laws. Substantial gains have been made in this area since 2008 – 16 additional countries have passed national legislation that bans smoking in all public places and workplaces, including bars and restaurants, with the result that over 385 million people have been newly protected from the health harms of tobacco smoke. An additional 100 million people are protected by comprehensive smokefree laws that have been passed at the subnational level since 2008. As countries continue to build on the progress achieved since becoming Parties to the WHO FCTC, more people are being protected from the harms of second-hand tobacco smoke, provided with help to More than 1.9 billion people live in the 23 countries that ran at least one strong anti-tobacco mass media campaign during the reporting period
THE STATE OF SELECTED TOBACCO CONTROL POLICIES IN THE WORLD,2010 100% 100% 3 No known data,orno 90% 90% 22 recent data or data that are not both recent and 80% No policy 80% representative 70% 70% 87 夏Recent and representative data 89 62 83 for either adults or 60% 97 60% youth 50% ■Complete police 50% Recent and nt ative data 40% Refer to Technical 40% youth 51 59 Note I for definitions 101 of categories 30 30% 18 69 30% ■Recent,representa- tive and periodic 67 data for both adults 20% 6 20% and youth 10% 13 10% 59 Refer to Technical Note I for definitions 19 of categories 0% 0% 0 E R M Smoke-free Cessation Advertising Monitoring INCREASE IN THE SHARE OF THE WORLD POPULATION COVERED BY SELECTED TOBACCO CONTROL POLICIES SINCE 2008 100% 90% 80% 70% 0208■2010 60% 50% 40% 309% 20% 1% 10% 28% 7% 6% 13% 1% 24 8% 0% 5% 5% 6% P 0 E R Smoke-free Cessation Warning Mass Advertising Taxation environments programmes labels media bans Notes:Changes of less than 1%are not labelled on the graph. Data on monitoring are not shown in this graph because they are not comparable between 2008 and 2010.Mass media data were collected for the first time in 2010,so no comparable data are shown for 2008.The tobacco control policies depicted here correspond to the highest level of achievement at the national level;for the definitions of these highest categories refer to Technical Note L. WHO REPORT ON THE GLOBAL TOBACCO EPIDEMIC,2011 11
WHO REPORT ON THE GLOBAL TOBACCO EPIDEMIC, 2011 11 Share of world population 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% E Advertising bans 5% R Taxation 6% O Cessation programmes 13% 1% 1% 2% Warning labels W 8% 7% Mass media 28% 2008 2010 P Smoke-free environments 6% 5% Increase in the share of the world population covered by selected tobacco control policies since 2008 Notes: Changes of less than 1% are not labelled on the graph. Data on monitoring are not shown in this graph because they are not comparable between 2008 and 2010. Mass media data were collected for the first time in 2010, so no comparable data are shown for 2008. The tobacco control policies depicted here correspond to the highest level of achievement at the national level; for the definitions of these highest categories refer to Technical Note I. P Smoke-free environments O Cessation programmes Warning labels W Mass media E Advertising bans R Taxation M Monitoring 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Proportion of countries (Number of countries inside bars) Proportion of countries (Number of countries inside bars) No known data, or no recent data or data that are not both recent and representative Recent and representative data for either adults or youth Recent and representative data for both adults and youth Recent, representative and periodic data for both adults and youth Data not reported/ not categorized No policy Minimal policies Moderate policies Complete policies 91 51 16 31 5 83 30 59 22 18 89 67 19 1 87 59 23 19 6 97 18 30 23 26 23 62 69 27 13 71 3 101 19 The state of selected tobacco control policies in the world, 2010 Refer to Technical Note I for definitions of categories Refer to Technical Note I for definitions of categories
WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control When WHO was established in 1948,its the most rapidly embraced treaties in the To reflect the complexities of the tobacco Member States incorporated the power history of the United Nations,with 173 Parties epidemic,as well as the challenge of to negotiate treaties into its Constitution. covering 87%of the world's population. countering a very well-funded and powerful This power remained dormant until It contains legally binding obligations for multinational industry,WHO FCTC negotiators 1996,when the World Health Assembly its Parties,addresses the need to reduce included broad,encompassing treaty adopted a resolution requesting the WHO both demand for and supply of tobacco, provisions to address demand reduction and Director-General to initiate development and provides a comprehensive direction for supply reduction issues in Artices 6 and 8-17: of a framework convention for global implementing tobacco control policy at all tobacco control in accordance with the levels of government.The treaty's governing Article 6.Price and tax measures to reduce WHO Constitution.This unprecedented body is the Conference of the Parties(COP). the demand for tobacco. request was made in response to the rapid an intergovemmental entity composed of all Article 8.Protection from exposure to globalization of the tobacco epidemic Parties with responsibility for guiding and tobacco smoke. and the growing magnitude of the health promoting effective implementation of the Article 9.Requlation of the contents of burden associated with tobacco use,which WHO FCTC.As part of this responsibility, tobacco products kills nearly 6 million people and causes the COP considers the reports submitted Article 10.Requlation of tobacco product hundreds of billions of dollars in economic periodically by each Party,in accordance disclosures. damage worldwide every year. with Article 21 of the treaty,and the global Article 11.Packaging and labelling of summary prepared by the Convention tobacco products. Today,the WHO Framework Convention on Secretariat to review the progress,successes Article 12.Education,communication, Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC)(1)is one of and challenges of implementation. training and public awareness. 12 WHO REPORT ON THE GLOBAL TOBACCO EPIDEMIC,2011
12 WHO REPORT ON THE GLOBAL TOBACCO EPIDEMIC, 2011 WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control When WHO was established in 1948, its Member States incorporated the power to negotiate treaties into its Constitution. This power remained dormant until 1996, when the World Health Assembly adopted a resolution requesting the WHO Director-General to initiate development of a framework convention for global tobacco control in accordance with the WHO Constitution. This unprecedented request was made in response to the rapid globalization of the tobacco epidemic and the growing magnitude of the health burden associated with tobacco use, which kills nearly 6 million people and causes hundreds of billions of dollars in economic damage worldwide every year. Today, the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) (1) is one of the most rapidly embraced treaties in the history of the United Nations, with 173 Parties covering 87% of the world’s population. It contains legally binding obligations for its Parties, addresses the need to reduce both demand for and supply of tobacco, and provides a comprehensive direction for implementing tobacco control policy at all levels of government. The treaty’s governing body is the Conference of the Parties (COP), an intergovernmental entity composed of all Parties with responsibility for guiding and promoting effective implementation of the WHO FCTC. As part of this responsibility, the COP considers the reports submitted periodically by each Party, in accordance with Article 21 of the treaty, and the global summary prepared by the Convention Secretariat to review the progress, successes and challenges of implementation. To reflect the complexities of the tobacco epidemic, as well as the challenge of countering a very well-funded and powerful multinational industry, WHO FCTC negotiators included broad, encompassing treaty provisions to address demand reduction and supply reduction issues in Articles 6 and 8–17: Article 6. Price and tax measures to reduce the demand for tobacco. Article 8. Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke. Article 9. Regulation of the contents of tobacco products. Article 10. Regulation of tobacco product disclosures. Article 11. Packaging and labelling of tobacco products. Article 12. Education, communication, training and public awareness