Water Challenges in China Prof.LI Fengting UNEP TONGJI Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development College of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University
Water Challenges in China Prof. LI Fengting UNEP TONGJI Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development College of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University 1
1.World water resources 世界水资源状况 2.China Water Issue 我国水资源状沉况与困境 3.Solutions? 解决水资源挑战的出路
1.World water resources 世界水资源状况 2.China Water Issue 我国水资源状况与困境 3.Solutions? 解决水资源挑战的出路 2
Precipitation evaporation Groundwater flow 天人合 Groundwater flow Clay layer People and nature is an entity
• 可持续发展教育拓宽了环境教育的范围: ESD extends existing environmental education − 坚持环境教育； keep in environmental education − 协调社会发展和经济发展的需要；integrate the need of social and economic development − 涉及贫穷、人口、健康、食物安全、民主、人权、和平等问题。 Incorporate problems of poverty, population, health, food security, democracy, human rights and peace etc. • 需要各种形式的教育：社区教育、非正规教育、中小学教育和领导 人培训等。 ESD demands all types of education: community, informal, mid and primary school, as well as leadership training etc. • 正规教育是可持续发展教育的中坚力量，高等教育则是正规教育的 最上层。可持续发展教育的深层次问题，需要通过高等院校的研究 和教育来完成。而且，高等教育可以完成教育者受教育的任务。 Formal education is the core of ESD, high education is located at the top of formal education. The in-depth problems of ESD are to be coped with by university research and education. Besides, universities are responsible for the training of trainers of ESD. Groundwater flow Groundwater flow groundwater recharge Precipitation evaporation 天人合一 Clay layer People and nature is an entity 3
Think globally Assess regionally Act locally 0 Nature 自然 里人人甲里人人巴 Society 社会 economy经济 天8 天人合一 People and nature is an entity
Think globally Assess regionally Act locally Nature 自然 Society 社会 economy 经济 天人合一 People and nature is an entity 4
1.world water resources 海洋Ocean 冰川，雪和 地下水 湖泊，沼 97.5% 永久冻土带 Ground 泽和河流 Glaciers, water Lakes, Snow 0.075% swamps permafrost rivers 1.725% 0.025%
1.world water resources 冰川，雪和 永久冻土带 Glaciers, Snow & permafrost 1.725% 地下水 Ground water 0.075% 湖泊，沼 泽和河流 Lakes, swamps & rivers 0.025% 海洋Ocean 97.5% 53
人均水资源Water storage in m3/cap 7,000 6,150 人均水资源状况 6,000 5,000 4.729 Water storage and 4.000 3.255 the poverty trap 3,000 2,486 2.000 1.287 1,406 1,000 746 43 0 ☐hycay ☐tleowate sy
人均水资源Water storage in m3/cap 43 746 1,287 1,406 2,486 3,255 4,729 6,150 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 Ethiopia South Africa Thailand Laos China Brazil Australia North America 人均水资源状况 Water storage and the poverty trap 6
Water resources situation in China ▣Shortage and waste 水资源分布 ▣polution Resource distribution □Degradation of 河流年径新 ecology 亿立方米 3601 Un-even distribution in time and area Total water resource in2009 2376,3 billion M3 Resource 1784.9 M3 产水模数指标 per capita (万立方米平方公里) ☐120 Consumption 445.7 90-120 M3 per capita 50-90 10-50 -10
Water resources situation in China Shortage and waste polution Degradation of ecology Un-even distribution in time and area Resource distribution • Total water resource in 2009 • 2376,3 billion M3 • Resource 1784.9 M3 per capita • Consumption 445.7 M3 per capita 7
The environment:Water General situation: Water shortage in the northern part:"Southern Water Diversion to North"; Severe pollution of almost all waters through cities; 。 Eutrophication of many known lakes Near shore marine water pollution,red tides
The environment: Water General situation: • Water shortage in the northern part: “Southern Water Diversion to North”; • Severe pollution of almost all waters through cities; • Eutrophication of many known lakes • Near shore marine water pollution, red tides, … 8
Chinese Quality Standard for Surface Water Sources A part of typical water quality standard limited value(Unit:mg/L) Pollutants Class I ClassⅡ ClassⅢ Class IV Class V Dissolved oxygen ≥ 7.5 6 5 3 2 Permanganate index≤ 2 4 6 10 15 COD ≤ 15 15 20 30 40 BODs ≤ 3 3 4 6 10 NH3-N ≤ 0.015 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Total P ≤ 0.02 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Total N ≤ 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Arsenic ≤ 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 Hg ≤ 0.00005 0.00005 0.000 0.001 0.001 Cd ≤ a001 0.005 005 0.005 0.01 9
Chinese Quality Standard for Surface Water Sources A part of typical water quality standard limited value (Unit：mg/L) Pollutants ClassⅠ ClassⅡ Class Ⅲ Class Ⅳ Class Ⅴ Dissolved oxygen ≥ 7.5 6 5 3 2 Permanganate index ≤ 2 4 6 10 15 COD ≤ 15 15 20 30 40 BOD5 ≤ 3 3 4 6 10 NH3-N ≤ 0.015 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Total P ≤ 0.02 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Total N ≤ 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Arsenic ≤ 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 Hg ≤ 0.00005 0.00005 0.0001 0.001 0.001 Cd ≤ 0.001 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.01 9
常州 Changzhou Suzhou苏州 Wuxi无 锡 Shanghai 上海 China's third largest freshwater lake
常州 Changzhou Wuxi无 锡 Suzhou 苏州 Shanghai 上海 China's third largest freshwater lake 10