A RAPID RESPONSE ASSESSMENT GREEN HILLS,BLUE CITIES AN ECOSYSTEMS APPROACH TO WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT FOR AFRICAN CITIES UNHABITAT UNEP
GREEN HILLS, BLUE CITIES AN ECOSYSTEMS APPROACH TO WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT FOR AFRICAN CITIES A RAPID RESPONSE ASSESSMENT
IOINT STATEMENT The challenge of providing safe water and adequate sanitation will be aggravated by unchecked climate change and rising urban populations. Africa's urban population is projected to triple to over 1.2 billion by 2o5o in cities already challenged in many places and in many ways by shortages of safe drinking water and inadequate sanitation services. Access to clean drinking water and sanitation is perhaps one of if countries and communities commit themselves to managing the most important Millennium Development Goals because the use and the sources of water such as forests,wetlands and of its links to human health and the ability of people to carry other ecosystems central to this sustainability equation out productive employment.It is also linked to gender and the nutrition of women and as well as their role in collecting water Creative and forward-looking policies,alongside partnerships for families and communities across all sectors indluding agriculture,will also be key to sustainability. Child mortality is also inextricably linked to water.Globally,at least 1.8 million children under the age of five years,or one every 2 This report,jointly produced by UNEP and UN-HABITAT seconds,die every year from water-related diseases.On the overall in collaboration with the Africa Ministers'Council on Water (AMCOW)and funded by Tongji University.the Ministry Science and Technology of China and Bayer Foundation many ways a pre-requisite for sustainable development. shows that there is a way forward for a more sustainable future where restoration of ecosystems.often in the green hills and The challenge of providing safe water and adequate sanitation watersheds surrounding cities,can provide cheaper,efficient will be aggravated by unchecked climate change and rising urban and resilient water supply systems in a changing world. populations.As the world prepares for the UN Conference on Sustainable Development after the Rio Earth Launched in Cape Town,a South African city surrounded by Summit of 1992,water and urbanisation need to be key issues green hills that support water supplies to that city,it is our hope on the sustainability radar. that World Water Day 2om can provide a fresh vision for cities across Africa and beyond There is strong and growing evidence that a Green Economy, within the context of poverty eradication and sustainable Achim Steiner loan Clos development,can accelerate and scale-up delivery of these services Executive Director,UNEP Executive Director,UN-HABITAT
5 Access to clean drinking water and sanitation is perhaps one of the most important Millennium Development Goals because of its links to human health and the ability of people to carry out productive employment. It is also linked to gender and the nutrition of women and as well as their role in collecting water for families and communities. Child mortality is also inextricably linked to water. Globally, at least 1.8 million children under the age of five years, or one every 20 seconds, die every year from water-related diseases. On the overall more people die from water-related diseases than are killed by all forms of violence including wars. Thus access to clean water is in many ways a pre-requisite for sustainable development. The challenge of providing safe water and adequate sanitation will be aggravated by unchecked climate change and rising urban populations. As the world prepares for the UN Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012, 20 years after the Rio Earth Summit of 1992, water and urbanisation need to be key issues on the sustainability radar. There is strong and growing evidence that a Green Economy, within the context of poverty eradication and sustainable development, can accelerate and scale-up delivery of these services if countries and communities commit themselves to managing the use and the sources of water such as forests, wetlands and other ecosystems central to this sustainability equation. Creative and forward-looking policies, alongside partnerships across all sectors including agriculture, will also be key to sustainability. This report, jointly produced by UNEP and UN-HABITAT in collaboration with the Africa Ministers’ Council on Water (AMCOW) and funded by Tongji University, the Ministry of Science and Technology of China and Bayer Foundation, shows that there is a way forward for a more sustainable future where restoration of ecosystems, often in the green hills and watersheds surrounding cities, can provide cheaper, efficient and resilient water supply systems in a changing world. Launched in Cape Town, a South African city surrounded by green hills that support water supplies to that city, it is our hope that World Water Day 2011 can provide a fresh vision for cities across Africa and beyond. Achim Steiner Executive Director, UNEP Joan Clos Executive Director, UN-HABITAT JOINT STATEMENT Africa’s urban population is projected to triple to over 1.2 billion by 2050 in cities already challenged in many places and in many ways by shortages of safe drinking water and inadequate sanitation services. The challenge of providing safe water. and adequate sanitation will be aggravated. by unchecked climate change and. rising urban populations
SUMMARY Africa is currently the least urbanised region in the world,but this is changing fast. Of the billion people living on the African continent,about 4o per cent lives in urban areas.The urban population in Africa doubled from 205 million in I99o to 400 million in 2oro,and by 2050,it is expected that this would have tripled to 1.23 billion.Of this urban population,6o per cent is living in slum conditions.In a time of such urban growth,Africa is likely to experience some of the most severe impacts of climate change particularly when it comes to water and food security.This places huge pressures on the growing urban populations. Over the last 5o years,many African cities have grown from The delivery of water and sanitation in Africa's urban centres villages to large agglomerations.To date there are 48 cities with is characterised by deficient,aging and overloaded networks. over a million inhabitants in the region.Lagos and Cairo have This,combined with the degradation of the quantity and quality population figures exceeding io million. of water sources through poor management of wastewater and solid waste,as well as low capacity to reuse and recycle The primary driver of the continent's urbanisation is economic wastewater,has resulted in inadequate water supply to serve a activity,for example,oil in countries such as Angola,Gabon, growing population. Libya,Cameroon,Algeria and Nigeria;minerals in Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia;or small industries As towns and cities rapidly increase in size,impoverished and agro-business in countries such as Cote d'lvoire,Kenya, Deople tend to settle along drainages.where they can grow home Tunisia and Zimbabwe.In Mauritania drought conditions gardens,while at the same time become exposed to flood risks. provided the driver of urban growth,while it was civil war in the Ig8os in Mozambique that resulted in the country's rural towns and smaller cities with limited access to electricity.loca people seeking safety in the urban areas. forested watersheds are cut for firewood and housing materials and vegetation is cleared for home gardens and crops.Hence The high rate of urbanisation in Africa has not been matched with the water supply and cleaning function of the forested areas is improvement in service delivery.resulting in inadequate access to lost,further aggravating the urban water gap. safe drinking water and sanitation.The urban population without sanitation services in Africa doubled from 88 million in 199o to The loss of ecosystem services,such as the natural filtering 75 million in 2008.This trend is repeated for the provision of of rainwater in forests and riparian zones,brings with it a safe drinking water,with the number of people with ut access ritical reduction in water quality and increases health risks as doubling from 29 million in 199o to 57 million in 2008.Access available water resources become polluted.The impervious un- to safe drinking water and sanitation is even more restricted in the densely populated slums and peri-urban areas of Africa 6
6 SUMMARY Africa is currently the least urbanised region in the world, but this is changing fast. Of the billion people living on the African continent, about 40 per cent lives in urban areas. The urban population in Africa doubled from 205 million in 1990 to 400 million in 2010, and by 2050, it is expected that this would have tripled to 1.23 billion. Of this urban population, 60 per cent is living in slum conditions. In a time of such urban growth, Africa is likely to experience some of the most severe impacts of climate change, particularly when it comes to water and food security. This places huge pressures on the growing urban populations. Over the last 50 years, many African cities have grown from villages to large agglomerations. To date there are 48 cities with over a million inhabitants in the region. Lagos and Cairo have population figures exceeding 10 million. The primary driver of the continent’s urbanisation is economic activity, for example, oil in countries such as Angola, Gabon, Libya, Cameroon, Algeria and Nigeria; minerals in Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia; or small industries and agro-business in countries such as Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya, Tunisia and Zimbabwe. In Mauritania drought conditions provided the driver of urban growth, while it was civil war in the 1980s in Mozambique that resulted in the country’s rural people seeking safety in the urban areas. The high rate of urbanisation in Africa has not been matched with improvement in service delivery, resulting in inadequate access to safe drinking water and sanitation. The urban population without sanitation services in Africa doubled from 88 million in 1990 to 175 million in 2008. This trend is repeated for the provision of safe drinking water, with the number of people without access doubling from 29 million in 1990 to 57 million in 2008. Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is even more restricted in the densely populated slums and peri-urban areas of Africa. The delivery of water and sanitation in Africa’s urban centres is characterised by deficient, aging and overloaded networks. This, combined with the degradation of the quantity and quality of water sources through poor management of wastewater and solid waste, as well as low capacity to reuse and recycle wastewater, has resulted in inadequate water supply to serve a growing population. As towns and cities rapidly increase in size, impoverished people tend to settle along drainages, where they can grow home gardens, while at the same time become exposed to flood risks. Moreover, with rising urbanisation and slums, particularly in towns and smaller cities with limited access to electricity, local forested watersheds are cut for firewood and housing materials, and vegetation is cleared for home gardens and crops. Hence, the water supply and cleaning function of the forested areas is lost, further aggravating the urban water gap. The loss of ecosystem services, such as the natural filtering of rainwater in forests and riparian zones, brings with it a critical reduction in water quality and increases health risks as available water resources become polluted. The impervious unvegetated ground of slum areas has little or no retention during heavy rains meaning human and animal wastes are flushed
into the river systems polluting urban water supplies,rivers provided in this report emphasize the pivotal role ofecosystems and productive coastal waters. in sustainable urban water supply and sanitation,noting: There is a widening disparity between demand and availability The lack of green urban,peri-urban and rural watershed of safe drinking water and sanitation services. management and consequent loss of critical ecosystem There is a growing demand for alternative sources of water services threatens people's food security.health,livelihoods such as rainwater,groundwater and desalinised water as a and subsequently development opportunities.Attempts to way of addressing the shortfall between demand and supply. manufacturesubstituteecosystem services through engineering Urban water quality and supply will continue to deteriorate solutions are extremely expensive and often unrealistic if urban planning does not fully integrate watershed Existing financing and planning for water and sanitation is not management even able to cope with current population levels. City water supply is dependent upon watersheds outside city borders. Until recently,cities have sought to meet increasing demand in Cities are vulnerable to waterborne diseases both from water and sanitation services through engineering solutions. surrounding settlements and from the city itself. Some cities have built large water storage and treatment Consider environmental impacts,destroying ecosystems and facilities,while others have embarked on river basin transfer spreading waterborne diseases to communities downstream schemes as a way of augmenting supplies.Besides being as well as to the cities themselves. expensive and supply-focused,th se engineering solutions There are unique water supply and sanitation challenges to do not address the depletion and degradation of available the various cities in Africa,and these include: resources and ecosystem services,forcing cities in Africa to dependence on ecosystem services that are outside city embark on water management reforms.The reforms seek to boundaries manage water demand,and to focus more on water resources growing reliance on groundwater supplies,the quality of management rather than supply.The reforms are a result of the which is at times compromised by the poor management need to balance water supply and sanitation services for urbar of wastewater areas with the ecosystem health of urban environments. growing participation of the private sector in complementing government and local authority efforts in Water resources management reforms are based on water supply and sanitation services:and consultation.Urban areas provide an ideal institutional little use of alternative water sources,particularly rainwater structure for community engagement,representing an harvesting and wastewater recvcling organised infrastructure to supply water and sanitation In light of the projected rise in uban populations,incuding services,provide incentives for water use efficiency,as well as those living in slums,access to water and sanitation is crucial consider the environment in urban water solutions. for health,development and poverty reduction. Public and private managem nt of water resources s ensures Ecosystems degradation can potentially derail the pace of access to clean water.but this requires concerted efforts urbanisation.This can happen if urban water solutions fail including protection and restoration of ecosystem services, to take into account environmental impacts.The case studies as well as engineering solutions
7 into the river systems polluting urban water supplies, rivers and productive coastal waters. The lack of green urban, peri-urban and rural watershed management and consequent loss of critical ecosystem services threatens people’s food security, health, livelihoods and subsequently development opportunities. Attempts to manufacture substitute ecosystem services through engineering solutions are extremely expensive and often unrealistic. Existing financing and planning for water and sanitation is not even able to cope with current population levels. Until recently, cities have sought to meet increasing demand in water and sanitation services through engineering solutions. Some cities have built large water storage and treatment facilities, while others have embarked on river basin transfer schemes as a way of augmenting supplies. Besides being expensive and supply-focused, these engineering solutions do not address the depletion and degradation of available resources and ecosystem services, forcing cities in Africa to embark on water management reforms. The reforms seek to manage water demand, and to focus more on water resources management rather than supply. The reforms are a result of the need to balance water supply and sanitation services for urban areas with the ecosystem health of urban environments. Water resources management reforms are based on consultation. Urban areas provide an ideal institutional structure for community engagement, representing an organised infrastructure to supply water and sanitation services, provide incentives for water use efficiency, as well as consider the environment in urban water solutions. Ecosystems degradation can potentially derail the pace of urbanisation. This can happen if urban water solutions fail to take into account environmental impacts. The case studies provided in this report emphasize the pivotal role of ecosystems in sustainable urban water supply and sanitation, noting: • There is a widening disparity between demand and availability of safe drinking water and sanitation services. • There is a growing demand for alternative sources of water such as rainwater, groundwater and desalinised water as a way of addressing the shortfall between demand and supply. • Urban water quality and supply will continue to deteriorate if urban planning does not fully integrate watershed management. • City water supply is dependent upon watersheds outside city borders. • Cities are vulnerable to waterborne diseases both from surrounding settlements and from the city itself. • Consider environmental impacts, destroying ecosystems and spreading waterborne diseases to communities downstream as well as to the cities themselves. • There are unique water supply and sanitation challenges to the various cities in Africa, and these include: • dependence on ecosystem services that are outside city boundaries; • growing reliance on groundwater supplies, the quality of which is at times compromised by the poor management of wastewater; • growing participation of the private sector in complementing government and local authority efforts in water supply and sanitation services; and • little use of alternative water sources, particularly rainwater harvesting and wastewater recycling. • In light of the projected rise in urban populations, including those living in slums, access to water and sanitation is crucial for health, development and poverty reduction. • Public and private management of water resources ensures access to clean water, but this requires concerted efforts including protection and restoration of ecosystem services, as well as engineering solutions
RECOMMENDATIONS: Cities must protect and restore ecosystems that are important as key water sources.This will provide cheaper,more efficient and flood resilient water supply systems for the fast urbanising region of Africa.Cities must reduce water consumption and recycle waste- water inside cities,restore adjacent watersheds and improve engineering solutions to supply water from well-managed ecosystems. Tackle Immediate Consequences Towards the Future Cotries must adopt a muicr pproach to water 5 In light of rapid global climatic chang s,communities and wastewater management as a matter of urgency,by d plan water management agansftures incorporating principles of ecosystem-based management from including extreme events of too much and too little water the watersheds into the sea,and connecting sectors that will reap combined with rapidly growing urban populations. immediate benefits from better water and wastewater management Ecosystem protection,management and restoration 5Sotions for smart water and waste management must be socially and culturally appropriate and acceptable,as provide a central,effective,sustainable and economically well as economically and environmentally viable.Ecosystem viable solution to enhancing water supply and quality while protection,management and restoration are the cheapest, mitigating effects of extreme weather ev ents of too much and easiest and most effective ways of improving and securing too little water water supply,filtration and quality including re-use of wastewater for irrigation. helireual n agriculture is crucial for Education must playacentra roe in water management reducing water consumption,and requires a mix of innovative and in reducing overall volumes and harmful content of wastewater so that solutions are sustainable. provide an enabling multi-scale environment for innovation. including at the community level with government oversight and public management Innovative financing of appropriate water and wastewater operation,maintenance,upgrading and/or decommissioning. Financing should take account the important livelihood opportu nities in improving wastewater treatment processes while the private sector can have an important role in operational efficiency under appropriate public guidance, including ecosystem restoration projects
8 RECOMMENDATIONS: Cities must protect and restore ecosystems that are important as key water sources. This will provide cheaper, more efficient and flood resilient water supply systems for the fast urbanising region of Africa. Cities must reduce water consumption and recycle wastewater inside cities, restore adjacent watersheds and improve engineering solutions to supply water from well-managed ecosystems. Countries must adopt a multi-sectoral approach to water and wastewater management as a matter of urgency, by incorporating principles of ecosystem-based management from the watersheds into the sea, and connecting sectors that will reap immediate benefits from better water and wastewater management. Ecosystem protection, management and restoration provide a central, effective, sustainable and economically viable solution to enhancing water supply and quality while mitigating effects of extreme weather events of too much and too little water. Successful and sustainable management of wastewater to help support peri-urban agriculture is crucial for reducing water consumption, and requires a mix of innovative approaches that engage the public and private sector at local, national and transboundary scales. Planning processes should provide an enabling multi-scale environment for innovation, including at the community level with government oversight and public management. Innovative financing of appropriate water and wastewater infrastructure should incorporate design, construction, operation, maintenance, upgrading and/or decommissioning. Financing should take account the important livelihood opportunities in improving wastewater treatment processes, while the private sector can have an important role in operational efficiency under appropriate public guidance, including ecosystem restoration projects. In light of rapid global climatic changes, communities should plan water management against future scenarios, including extreme events of too much and too little water combined with rapidly growing urban populations. Solutions for smart water and waste management must be socially and culturally appropriate and acceptable, as well as economically and environmentally viable. Ecosystem protection, management and restoration are the cheapest, easiest and most effective ways of improving and securing water supply, filtration and quality including re-use of wastewater for irrigation. Education must play a central role in water management and in reducing overall volumes and harmful content of wastewater so that solutions are sustainable. Tackle Immediate Consequences Towards the Future 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CONTENTS 5 JOINT STATEMENT 11 URBANISATION-WATER-ECOSYSTEMS NEXUS 23 URBANIZATION,WATER AND ECOSYSTEMS: THE CASE OF NAIROBI 31 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN GRAHAMSTOWN: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 36 WATER AND SANITATION IN PORT HARCOURT CHALLENCES THECASEDFYAOUNDEENT 48 PRO-POOR SANITATION SOLUTIONS: THE CASE OF DAKAR 51 URBANISATION AND WATER POLLUTION IN ADDIS ABABA 57 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE CITIES RECOMMENDATIONS ACRONYMS 、RE爬EOR5 s AND REVIEWER:
9 JOINT STATEMENT SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS URBANISATION – WATER – ECOSYSTEMS NEXUS URBANIZATION, WATER AND ECOSYSTEMS: THE CASE OF NAIROBI WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN GRAHAMSTOWN: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE WATER AND SANITATION IN PORT HARCOURT URBAN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES: THE CASE OF YAOUNDÈ PRO-POOR SOLUTIONS TO URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION: THE CASE OF KAMPALA PRO-POOR SANITATION SOLUTIONS: THE CASE OF DAKAR URBANISATION AND WATER POLLUTION IN ADDIS ABABA WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE CITIES RECOMMENDATIONS ACRONYMS CONTRIBUTORS AND REVIEWERS REFERENCES INDEX 5 6 8 11 23 31 36 39 43 48 51 57 60 62 63 64 68 CONTENTS
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URBANISATION-WATER- ECOSYSTEMS NEXUS There are I billion people in Africa of whom 4oo million live in urban areas.With 4o per cent of the population living in urban areas,Africa is the least urbanised region in the world (UN-HABITAT 2o1o). As centres of economic activity,innovation and development, 400 million in 2o1o,and is projected to triple to 1.23 billion by (UN Population revision)It is expected that by annual fastest rate of 3.5 per cent(UNEP 2006).At this growth the proportion of peopeivng in Afric's un areaswill beo rate the urban population doubled from 2o5 million in 199o to per cent and reach 60 per cent by 2050(UN-HABITAT 2oro). Urban growth rate in Africa 1995-2010and2010-2025 Percentage 00 250 Alexandria Khartoun 1995-2010 50 Oab 010-202 Source:UNDESA.The World Urbanisation Prosoects.The 2009 Revision.2010. Figure 1:Africa'surban centres are currently growing at an annual rate that is the fastest compared toother regions.The urban s expected to continue, with cities like Ab and Ouagadougou expecting very high growth in the next decade,while Crprojcomprve owee 11
11 There are 1 billion people in Africa of whom 400 million live in urban areas. With 40 per cent of the population living in urban areas, Africa is the least urbanised region in the world (UN-HABITAT 2010). As centres of economic activity, innovation and development, Africa’s urban areas are expanding rapidly, growing at a world annual fastest rate of 3.5 per cent (UNEP 2006). At this growth rate the urban population doubled from 205 million in 1990 to Figure 1: Africa’s urban centres are currently growing at an annual rate that is the fastest compared to other regions. The urban expansion is expected to continue, with cities like Abuja and Ouagadougou expecting very high growth in the next decade, while Cairo, Africa’s largest city, is projected to see a comparatively lower growth rate. 400 million in 2010, and is projected to triple to 1.23 billion by 2050 (UN Population revision 2009). It is expected that by 2030 the proportion of people living in Africa’s urban areas will be 50 per cent and reach 60 per cent by 2050 (UN-HABITAT 2010). Source: UNDESA, The World Urbanisation Prospects, The 2009 Revision, 2010. Conakry Lomé Benin City Ibadan Ogbomosho Kaduna Abuja Lagos Dakar Bamako Abidjan Accra Cape Town Ekurhuleni Durban Antananarivo Dar es Salaam Addis Ababa Fes Casablanca Douala Harare Alexandria Kano Tripoli Cairo Ouagadougou Niamey Kumasi Luanda Johannesburg Pretoria Port Elizabeth Maputo Mogadishu Mombasa Nairobi Khartoum Yaoundé Kampala Lubumbashi Kinshasa Brazaville Mbuji-Mayi Algiers 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Current and projected urban population growth for selected cities for the periods 1995-2010 and 2010-2025 Percentage 1995-2010 2010-2025 Urban growth rate in Africa URBANISATION – WATER – ECOSYSTEMS NEXUS
Population distribution in Africa Rabat Casablanca Conakr Abidj Accra Lome Benin City l1t05 6to 25 26t050 51to100 101to250 05 er8e.rbnag928i0erations -11 Johann Notes 2.tominabitants are show. Te2 2010INm Cape Towr Data and nter online database ort Eliza accessed on January 2011
12 Lomé Benin City Ogbomosho Kaduna Abuja Ibadan Lagos Dakar Conakry Bamako Ouagadougou Niamey Kano Abidjan Accra Kumasi Luanda Cape Town Johannesburg Pretoria Port Elizabeth Durban Maputo Antananarivo Mogadishu Mombasa Dar es Salaam Nairobi Addis Ababa Khartoum Algiers Tripoli Fes Casablanca Rabat Yaoundé Douala Kampala Harare Lubumbashi Kinshasa Mbuji-Mayi Brazzaville Alexandria Cairo Million inhabitants, 2010 Inhabitants per square kilometre, 2010 Notes 1. Only agglomerations bigger than 1 million inhabitants are shown. 2. Data projections based on 2009 estimates Sources: UNDESA, World Urbanisation Prospects, The 2009 Revision, 2010; CIESIN, Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center, online database, accessed on January 2011. Large urban agglomerations Population density 11 5 2 1 1 to 5 6 to 25 26 to 50 51 to 100 101 to 250 251 to 500 501 to 1 000 More than 1 000 Population distribution in Africa
Urbanisation in the region varies by country.With over 6o per 28 per cent in Ibadan.In some cities in Chad and Burundi, cent of their population living n urban areas,Algeria,Botswana access is around 3o per cent.In the majority of African cities Cape Verde,Congo,Djibouti,Gabon,Libya,Reunion,Sao Tome access to improved water is above 8o per cent(UN-HABITAT and Principe,South Africa and Tunisia are some of the countries zoro).Access to adequate sanitation is generally above 5o per in Africa with large urban populations(UN-HABITAT 2oro). cent,but in some countries it is extremely low.For example, in Burundi access to adequate sanitation averages o per cent The rapid urbanisation in Africa has resulted in environmental (UN-HABITAT 20Io). degradation.The majority of Africa's urban centres face difficulties in accessing ecosystem services such as food. The provision of infrastructure for basic services such as water energy and water.The urban areas are also failing to fully supply and sewer reticulation is hampered by the large population benefit from regulating ecosystem services such as climate living in slums.According to UN-HABITAT(20ro),60 er cent of control,soil erosion prevention and water purification.This urban dwellers in Africa lives in slums,but this ratio is declining. publication discusses the relationship between urbanisation and is not the same in all countries.In 2o05,the proportion and ecosystems,and focuses primarily on water. of urban population living in slums ranged from per cent in Morocco to 94 per cent in the Central African Republic and AFRICA'S MILLION+CITIES Sudan,and 97 per cent in Sierra Leone(UN-HABITAT 2oro). Over the years,many cities in Africa have grown with some As informal settlements,slums are not planned and not becoming home to more than one million people each.These adequately serviced.Ownership of land is unclear in slums. million+cities s they are known numberedn 1n none of them had as many peope then. there are 48 million+urban areas of which two,Cairo and communicate the services and facilities that exist,some cities Lagos,have become mega-cities with more than Io million have begun initiatives to map slum areas,and these include residents each(UN-HABITAT) Kibera slum in Nairobi (IRIN). URBANISATION OUTSTRIPS PROVISION OF WATER Peri-urban areas also p resent challenges regarding access to AND SANITATION safe drinking water and adequate saitation.Characterised The high urbanisation rate in Africa has not been matched by strong urban infuences such as easy access to markets with service delivery.Many African cities are experiencing services and labour (Norstrom 2007),peri-urban areas are difficulties in supplying a growing number of inhabitants nd around most urban areas in Africa.They lack prope with adequate water and sanitation services.Demand for clean infrastructure for safe water and adequate sanitation and tend water supply and adequate sanitation isown due to the increasing population,and in response internatio chergach on wetlands and river catchmenls.This impairs cities ability to deal with shocks such as floods and heavy commitment to meet the Millennium Development Goals. rainfall,and this does not enable river catchments to serve as Between andAfrica's urban population without an improved dr ng water source increased from 29 million to 57 million (WHO/UNICEF 2oro). fe drin and ha ni6Paportionofpeopl Access to improved water?ranges from as low as 17 per cent in Equator town in the Democratic Republic of Congo to water than unimproved technologies.Improved water sources include Figure 2:In 199o there were only 24 cities in Africa with more household connections,public standpipes,boreholes,protected dug wells. than one million inhabitants.Today this number has increased protected springs,and rainwater collections.Unimproved water sources to 48 cities,of which Cairo and Lagos are the largest with more arrneoiectedatelsoraroectepngibentiorpronidedaehotled than ten million inhabitants each. ankartnuckprovideadherlsesisawa ss water e from an improved source)
13 Urbanisation in the region varies by country. With over 60 per cent of their population living in urban areas, Algeria, Botswana, Cape Verde, Congo, Djibouti, Gabon, Libya, Reunion, Sao Tomè and Principe, South Africa and Tunisia are some of the countries in Africa with large urban populations (UN-HABITAT 2010). The rapid urbanisation in Africa has resulted in environmental degradation. The majority of Africa’s urban centres face difficulties in accessing ecosystem services such as food, energy and water. The urban areas are also failing to fully benefit from regulating ecosystem services such as climate control, soil erosion prevention and water purification. This publication discusses the relationship between urbanisation and ecosystems, and focuses primarily on water. AFRICA’S MILLION+ CITIES Over the years, many cities in Africa have grown with some becoming home to more than one million people each. These million+ cities, as they are known, numbered 24 in 1990, and none of them had as many as 10 million people then. To date there are 48 million+ urban areas of which two, Cairo and Lagos, have become mega-cities with more than 10 million residents each (UN-HABITAT 2010). URBANISATION OUTSTRIPS PROVISION OF WATER AND SANITATION The high urbanisation rate in Africa has not been matched with service delivery. Many African cities are experiencing difficulties in supplying a growing number of inhabitants with adequate water and sanitation services. Demand for clean water supply and adequate sanitation is growing due to the increasing population, and in response to the international commitment to meet the Millennium Development Goals.1 Between 1990 and 2008 Africa’s urban population without an improved drinking water source increased from 29 million to 57 million (WHO/UNICEF 2010). Access to improved water2 ranges from as low as 17 per cent in Equator town in the Democratic Republic of Congo to 28 per cent in Ibadan. In some cities in Chad and Burundi, access is around 30 per cent. In the majority of African cities access to improved water is above 80 per cent (UN-HABITAT 2010). Access to adequate sanitation is generally above 50 per cent, but in some countries it is extremely low. For example, in Burundi access to adequate sanitation averages 10 per cent (UN-HABITAT 2010). The provision of infrastructure for basic services such as water supply and sewer reticulation is hampered by the large population living in slums. According to UN-HABITAT (2010), 60 per cent of urban dwellers in Africa lives in slums, but this ratio is declining, and is not the same in all countries. In 2005, the proportion of urban population living in slums ranged from 13 per cent in Morocco to 94 per cent in the Central African Republic and Sudan, and 97 per cent in Sierra Leone (UN-HABITAT 2010). As informal settlements, slums are not planned and not adequately serviced. Ownership of land is unclear in slums. These areas are rarely mapped and most dwellings do not have official addresses. In order to improve information and better communicate the services and facilities that exist, some cities have begun initiatives to map slum areas, and these include Kibera slum in Nairobi (IRIN 2011). Peri-urban areas also present challenges regarding access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. Characterised by strong urban influences such as easy access to markets, services and labour (Norström 2007), peri-urban areas are found around most urban areas in Africa. They lack proper infrastructure for safe water and adequate sanitation and tend to encroach on wetlands and river catchments. This impairs some cities’ ability to deal with shocks such as floods and heavy rainfall, and this does not enable river catchments to serve as Figure 2: In 1990 there were only 24 cities in Africa with more than one million inhabitants. Today this number has increased to 48 cities, of which Cairo and Lagos are the largest with more than ten million inhabitants each. 1. The goal that is linked to water is Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability, particularly goal 7c: Reduce by half the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. 2. Improved drinking water sources are defined in terms of the types of technology and levels of services that are more likely to provide safe water than unimproved technologies. Improved water sources include household connections, public standpipes, boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs, and rainwater collections. Unimproved water sources are unprotected wells, unprotected springs, vendor-provided water, bottled water (unless water for other uses is available from an improved source) and tanker truck-provided water