浙江广播电视大学文本参考资料1_变化中的英语

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浙江广播电视大学开放教育本科英语专业《变化中的英语》参考资料1 Unit One and Unit Two All languages,as we know,have been changing with the time.And every language has itsown history.It is the case of English too.In the process of using langunges,people keep adding to them and forgetting some parts of them.The rate of adding and forgetting is sometimes slow and ometimes f:城 At present,there are between 4,000 and 5,000 languages in use in the world.However,nobody can give the exact number because it depends on what counts as a dialect and what counts as a language,besides,some languages have disappeared,and we know nothing about them.We are using metaphor when we speak of language as "dead"or"alive". But.language is learned by us We do not inherit it from our parents.As we grow older.we meet different people and have different experiences.So,our language changes unnoticeably and there are differences between the language used by different generations As time goes by.the differences become greater and greater. Language has regional variations.Take English for example,there are variations of American English,British English.Australian English.African English and Singaporean English,etc It is true that even a native speaker of English from one place may not be able to understand the language spoken in another English speaking area or oountry. However,it is a different story in the case of written English,which is about the same worldwide No matter where you are,you can pick up an English book and understand it without trouble. We have Writien English.or Standard English and Spoken English.There are far fewer differences in Written English than in Spoken English People do speak English with regional varieties but if we speak to well-educated people,we will find that they use either Received Pronunciation (RP)or Educated American English (Network English).two major varieties,which are learned by leamers of English and widely acceped and understood. Languages change varying at different times and at different places Nonetheless,the changes are not even and steady.Sometimes they happen quickly,and sometimes slowly.Change in language matches that in our lives New words enter the language to match new sorts of experiences. You may have noticed that there are English words newly invemod or borrowed from other languages (For instance,dim sum,pak choi a word from Cantonese,has entered English already.) So,paying attention to words like this will make our vocabulary larger and our language lively

浙江广播电视大学开放教育本科英语专业《变化中的英语》参考资料 1 Unit One and Unit Two All languages, as we know, have been changing with the time. And every language has its own history. It is the case of English too. In the process of using languages, people keep adding to them and forgetting some parts of them. The rate of adding and forgetting is sometimes slow and sometimes fast. At present, there are between 4,000 and 5,000 languages in use in the world. However, nobody can give the exact number because it depends on what counts as a dialect and what counts as a language; besides, some languages have disappeared, and we know nothing about them. We are using metaphor when we speak of language as "dead" or "alive". But, language is learned by us. We do not inherit it from our parents. As we grow older, we meet different people and have different experiences. So, our language changes unnoticeably and there are differences between the language used by different generations. As time goes by, the differences become greater and greater. Language has regional variations. Take English for example, there are variations of American English, British English, Australian English, African English and Singaporean English, etc. It is true that even a native speaker of English from one place may not be able to understand the language spoken in another English speaking area or country. However, it is a different story in the case of written English, which is about the same worldwide. No matter where you are, you can pick up an English book and understand it without trouble. We have Written English, or Standard English and Spoken English. There are far fewer differences in Written English than in Spoken English. People do speak English with regional varieties but if we speak to well-educated people, we will find that they use either Received Pronunciation (RP) or Educated American English (Network English), two major varieties, which are learned by learners of English and widely accepted and understood. Languages change varying at different times and at different places. Nonetheless, the changes are not even and steady. Sometimes they happen quickly, and sometimes slowly. Change in language matches that in our lives. New words enter the language to match new sorts of experiences. You may have noticed that there are English words newly invented or borrowed from other languages. (For instance, dim sum, pak choi a word from Cantonese, has entered English already.) So, paying attention to words like this will make our vocabulary larger and our language lively

In short,By studying texts we can observe change in English as it happens New words are invented,or borrowed to match new meanings.Or old words are used with new meanings.In the mean time,words are dropped when they are no longer needed.There is change in language but the rate of the change is uneven.Also,people living at the same time don't have problem understanding each other. Now let's take a look at languages and dialects in the United Kingdom (UK).First,we have to know that UK is made up of England,Scotland,Wales and Ireland.It is a small country compared with China.The distance between London and Edinburgh is a little more than 370 miles.English is the official language of the country and mother tongue of'most people there.Though a national language,it has never been the only language used within its boundary.For example,Welsh is still used in Wales and is mother tongue for some Welsh people.It is taught at schools there too. The majority of people living in England use English all the time.But Standard English is in use throughout Britain Spoken English,however,sounds very different in different parts of the country.There are varietiesof English,which are called dialects When referring to dialects,we are talking about different ways of speaking.Usually there is something in common between a language and a dialect.For instance.their grammitical structure is similar.As far as accent is concerned,we mean the sounds of the languge Historically,English was not the anly language used in UK.It is still so now.The Romans invaded and conquered the British islands and found that local people speak a language related to Welsh In the Sth century.people,who came from what is now Germany,raided and settled in Britain.They gave their names to England.(eg.Angles.Saxons.Jutes).Also.they brought their language with them.As a result,there were different varicties of English in different parts of Britain then.Standard English (usd for writing)belong to a later time,and Received Pronunciation (used by educated people)is later still. Languages are grouped together as families Some members of the family are closely related than others.And English is a member of Indo-European family (also called Aryan family),which includes the languages of Europe and some languages of the Indian Sub-continent.The relationships between languages are like those between families In other words,some are closer, and some are distant. English belongs to Indo-European family in a broad sense.To be more precise,it is one of the Germanic group and nearer to German and Dutch Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan group. Generally speaking.it's casier for us to learn a language that belongs to the same family as our mother tongue.So.an English person can learn German more easily than a Chinese person. We have already learned that the Scandinavians came to English Isles in history.And later the Angles,Saxons and Jutes invaded English Isles too,where they found local people using a language similar to present-day Welsh There have always been different languages other than English spoken in Britain

In short, By studying texts we can observe change in English as it happens. New words are invented, or borrowed to match new meanings. Or old words are used with new meanings. In the mean time, words are dropped when they are no longer needed. There is change in language but the rate of the change is uneven. Also, people living at the same time don't have problem understanding each other. Now let's take a look at languages and dialects in the United Kingdom (UK). First, we have to know that UK is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. It is a small country compared with China. The distance between London and Edinburgh is a little more than 370 miles. English is the official language of the country and mother tongue of most people there. Though a national language, it has never been the only language used within its boundary. For example, Welsh is still used in Wales and is mother tongue for some Welsh people. It is taught at schools there too. The majority of people living in England use English all the time. But Standard English is in use throughout Britain. Spoken English, however, sounds very different in different parts of the country. There are varieties of English, which are called dialects. When referring to dialects, we are talking about different ways of speaking. Usually there is something in common between a language and a dialect. For instance, their grammatical structure is similar. As far as accent is concerned, we mean the sounds of the language. Historically, English was not the only language used in UK. It is still so now. The Romans invaded and conquered the British islands and found that local people speak a language related to Welsh. In the 5th century, people, who came from what is now Germany, raided and settled in Britain. They gave their names to England. (e.g. Angles, Saxons, Jutes). Also, they brought their language with them. As a result, there were different varieties of English in different parts of Britain then. Standard English (used for writing) belong to a later time, and Received Pronunciation (used by educated people) is later still. Languages are grouped together as families. Some members of the family are closely related than others. And English is a member of Indo-European family (also called Aryan family), which includes the languages of Europe and some languages of the Indian Sub-continent. The relationships between languages are like those between families. In other words, some are closer, and some are distant. English belongs to Indo-European family in a broad sense. To be more precise, it is one of the Germanic group and nearer to German and Dutch. Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan group. Generally speaking, it's easier for us to learn a language that belongs to the same family as our mother tongue. So, an English person can learn German more easily than a Chinese person. We have already learned that the Scandinavians came to English Isles in history. And later the Angles, Saxons and Jutes invaded English Isles too, where they found local people using a language similar to present-day Welsh. There have always been different languages other than English spoken in Britain

When we talk about Standard English we mean the writing of English.In fact,what we are referring to is grammatical system,vocabulary or lexicon.We call it discourse of English.Of course,it includes spelling and punctuation but not pronunciation One thing should be noted that Standard English can be pronounced in different accents though there are Received Pronunciation of British English and educated North American English which are very well thought of have prestige.We need to remember that most native speakers use an approximation to one of these two.There are a varicty of accents (eg.British,American. Australian,Indian,ete )But,Standard English is the English of education,publishing or official and gowernment use. Now,let's take a look a the origin of Standard English.It is actually a variety,a dialect,and it began as a regionall variety once used in the South East of England:the cities of London.Oxford and Cambridge.These are still important places now.They were uniguely important in the 14th and ISth centuries London was the capital city and a port with easy trade routs to the European continent.The only 2 universities were at Oxford and Cambridge.So the way English was used in that part was regarded as the best.It was the way of wealthy,powerful,leamned and influential people.We can sy that it is culture and history but languge itself that made South East English that important. We just learned where Standard English started and now we will talk about when it emerged.It spread in England and the United Kingdom generally.You may still remember The Angles. Saxons and the Jutes first brought English to England Then in IIth century,there came the Norman French invaders who ruled the country for 200yrs Norman-French was the language of the government,military affairs,law and so on.It also became a fashion for the rich people to speak the language.(e.g they would use mutton for sheep.beef for cattle,ete) Learned people used Latin for serious purposesu ordinary people used different varieties of English.In 1475,the Ist printing house came into being.Education and writing in English by Geoffrey Chaucer.(see time chart on p.80) There are mary"borrowed"words (words that come from other languages)in English.As we already covered before,the Norman French invaders left many of their words in English and these words were important to the rulers as they were used for the purposes of warfare.government law. arts and fashion.In the 16th century,there was a revival of learning and many people studied Latin and Greck and the culture of the past age.Thus,for academic purposes,they made effort to cnlarge the English vocabulary. In the following centuries of exploration and colonial expansion,those who went overscas brought back new products and new experiences.Along with them,they brought back new words as well. You may have noticed that there are mary synonyms in English which often came from different sources and borrowed at different times (see p.88) As far as vocabulary is concerned,ifyou recognize a word and know its meaning.Then it means you have a receptive knowlodge of the word.Ifyou also know how to use it,then you have a

When we talk about Standard English we mean the writing of English. In fact, what we are referring to is grammatical system, vocabulary or lexicon. We call it discourse of English. Of course, it includes spelling and punctuation but not pronunciation. One thing should be noted that Standard English can be pronounced in different accents though there are Received Pronunciation of British English and educated North American English which are very well thought of have prestige. We need to remember that most native speakers use an approximation to one of these two. There are a variety of accents (e.g. British, American, Australian, Indian, etc.). But, Standard English is the English of education, publishing or official and government use. Now, let's take a look at the origin of Standard English. It is actually a variety, a dialect, and it began as a regional variety once used in the South East of England: the cities of London, Oxford and Cambridge. These are still important places now. They were uniquely important in the 14th and 15th centuries. London was the capital city and a port with easy trade routs to the European continent. The only 2 universities were at Oxford and Cambridge. So the way English was used in that part was regarded as the best. It was the way of wealthy, powerful, learned and influential people. We can say that it is culture and history but language itself that made South East English that important. We just learned where Standard English started and now we will talk about when it emerged. It spread in England and the United Kingdom generally. You may still remember The Angles, Saxons and the Jutes first brought English to England. Then in 11th century, there came the Norman French invaders who ruled the country for 200yrs. Norman-French was the language of the government, military affairs, law and so on. It also became a fashion for the rich people to speak the language. (e.g. they would use mutton for sheep, beef for cattle, etc.) Learned people used Latin for serious purposes. But ordinary people used different varieties of English. In 1475, the 1st printing house came into being. Education and writing in English by Geoffrey Chaucer. (see time chart on p.80) There are many "borrowed" words (words that come from other languages) in English. As we already covered before, the Norman French invaders left many of their words in English and these words were important to the rulers as they were used for the purposes of warfare, government, law, arts and fashion. In the 16th century, there was a revival of learning, and many people studied Latin and Greek and the culture of the past age. Thus, for academic purposes, they made effort to enlarge the English vocabulary. In the following centuries of exploration and colonial expansion, those who went overseas brought back new products and new experiences. Along with them, they brought back new words as well. You may have noticed that there are many synonyms in English which often came from different sources and borrowed at different times. (see p.88) As far as vocabulary is concerned, if you recognize a word and know its meaning. Then it means you have a receptive knowledge of the word; If you also know how to use it, then you have a

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浙江广播电视大学文本参考资料1_变化中的英语

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