浙江广播电视大学 英语专业（开放本科） 《高级英语写作》一参考资料5高领英语写作 The韩riting procexs Process for writing vary from one writer to the next and from one writing situation to the next,but most writers can identify four basic stages,or dimensions,or their writing process:coflecning. shaping drafing.ond revising Collecting Writers gather and record facts impressioes,opinions,and ideas that are relevant to their subject, purpose,and audience.Mark Twain oce obeerved that if you attempt to carry a cat around the block by its tail.you'll gain a whole lot of information about cats that you'll never forget You may collect such first hand information,or you may rely on the data,experience,or expertise of others Collecting involves observing remembering.imagining.thinking.reading listening.writing investigating.talking,taking notes and experimenting Collecting also imolves thinking about the relationships among the collected bits of information Shaping Writers focus and organize the facts.examples,and ideas that they have collected into the recorded. linear form that is written language When a hurricane hits the Gullf Coast,residents of Texas, Lousiana.Mississippi.Alabama and Florida are likely to collect an enormous amount of data in just a few hours Rain,floods.tree limbs snapping in the wind,unboarded windows shattering.sirens blaring,all of these events occur nearly simultancously.If you try to write about such devastation you need to narrow your focus (you can't describe everything that happened)and organize the information (you can't describe all of your experiences at the same time). Drofting Drafting can be just a plan-a mental strategy.a short list,or an outline.But al some point,writers actually write down a rough version of what will evolve into the finished picce of writing. Revising When writers revise a rough draft they litcrally "resoe"their subjeet--and then modify the draft to fit the new version.Revision is more than just tinkering with a word here and there;revision leads to larger changes.new examples or details,a different organization,or a new perspective.You accomplish these changes by adding.deleting.suhstituting.or reordering words,sentences,and
浙江广播电视大学 英语专业(开放本科) 《高级英语写作》-参考资料 5_高级英语写作 The writing process Process for writing vary from one writer to the next and from one writing situation to the next, but most writers can identify four basic stages, or dimensions, or their writing process: collecting, shaping, drafting, and revising. Collecting Writers gather and record facts, impressions, opinions, and ideas that are relevant to their subject, purpose, and audience. Mark Twain once observed that if you attempt to carry a cat around the block by its tail, you’ll gain a whole lot of information about cats that you’ll never forget. You may collect such first hand information, or you may rely on the data, experience, or expertise of others. Collecting involves observing, remembering, imagining, thinking, reading, listening, writing, investigating, talking, taking notes, and experimenting. Collecting also involves thinking about the relationships among the collected bits of information. Shaping Writers focus and organize the facts, examples, and ideas that they have collected into the recorded, linear form that is written language. When a hurricane hits the Gulf Coast, residents of Texas, Lousiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida are likely to collect an enormous amount of data in just a few hours. Rain, floods, tree limbs snapping in the wind, unboarded windows shattering, sirens blaring, all of these events occur nearly simultaneously. If you try to write about such devastation, you need to narrow your focus (you can’t describe everything that happened) and organize the information (you can’t describe all of your experiences at the same time). Drafting Drafting can be just a plan-- a mental strategy, a short list, or an outline. But at some point, writers actually write down a rough version of what will evolve into the finished piece of writing. Revising When writers revise a rough draft, they literally “resee”their subject -- and then modify the draft to fit the new version. Revision is more than just tinkering with a word here and there; revision leads to larger changes -- new examples or details, a different organization, or a new perspective. You accomplish these changes by adding, deleting, substituting, or reordering words, sentences, and
paragraphs Revision also includes editing to improve word choice,grammar,usage,or punctuation and proofreading for typos and other surface errors Exereise--Learn how to revise Please read the first draft of Afy Ported Plan and the revised version.As you read,pay close attention to the change of details My Potted Plant (Draft) My potted plant is not a particularly spectacular specimen but it at keast brighters up my otherwise surgically practical room.The plant isabout eighteen inchesand is planted in a two-gallon pot made of wooden slats held together with a pair of brass rings.The plant is a light green,similar to the green of a Cox's apple It has one solitary pink flower perched delicately on the end ofone limb The flower is only about half an inch in diameter and has six petals centered around a white middle The plant is densely leafed with vanous sizes of oval shaped leaves.It has no hard.woody sections of stem but rather a soft,watery stem.When it needs water,it droops like a marathon runner overcome with exhaustion,gasping for breath.During the summer,the plant springs to life,and several tiny,hright flowers appear,randomly decorating its foliage like distant stars in the night sky. Occasionally it shed its leaves and is left barren for a number of dans until it returns to its normal perkiness. Now read the revised version.Please notice the title has been changed. A New Leaf My potted plant sits on my desk at home.It is not a particularly spectacular specimen but it adds a human touch to my otherwise surgically practical room.The plant called an impatiear or a Busy Lizzie,is about eighteen inches and is planted in a two-gallon pot made from several slats of wood held together with a pair of brass rings.The plant is a light green,similar to the green of a Cox's apple Nestled among all of the larger,more mature leaves of the plant is a sign of new growth:a young leaf.Like a small,shy child peering from behind his mother'sleg.this inch-and-a-half baby leaf is just barely visible.At first appearance the shape of this combined greenish-yellow and deep green leaf looks like a dog'shead.with its ears sticking straight up Up the center of the leaf runs a larger vein the width of a straight pin separating the leaf into two symmetrically-shaped sides,cach looking like a water-thin orange sice.Because of its youth,the new leaf has not fully straightened out,and it looks like a picce of wadded up paper that has been flattened out Shinier and deeper green than the older leaves,this young leaf has no brittle brown tips and is dulled by only a few minute dust particles Supporting this dog-eared leaf is a very slender.deep green stem that looksas if it has to struggle to support the lear Due to phototropism.the fragile-looking stem leans towards the beam of morning sunlight like wheat bending in a breeze.The leaf gives off no apparent smell, but because of its youthful appearance,a feeling of springtime fills the air in my room.Hidden there among the duller,more mature leaves of the plant,the new leaf looks remarkably like a young child in a fimily.In fact,the rest of the imarems leaves do support this young leaf,giving their energy
paragraphs. Revision also includes editing to improve word choice, grammar, usage, or punctuation and proofreading for typos and other surface errors. Exercise-- Learn how to revise Please read the first draft of My Potted Plant and the revised version. As you read, pay close attention to the change of details. My Potted Plant (Draft) My potted plant is not a particularly spectacular specimen but it at least brightens up my otherwise surgically practical room. The plant is about eighteen inches and is planted in a two-gallon pot made of wooden slats held together with a pair of brass rings. The plant is a light green, similar to the green of a Cox’s apple. It has one solitary pink flower perched delicately on the end of one limb. The flower is only about half an inch in diameter and has six petals centered around a white middle. The plant is densely leafed with various sizes of oval shaped leaves. It has no hard, woody sections of stem but rather a soft, watery stem. When it needs water, it droops like a marathon runner overcome with exhaustion, gasping for breath. During the summer, the plant springs to life, and several tiny, bright flowers appear, randomly decorating its foliage like distant stars in the night sky. Occasionally it shed its leaves and is left barren for a number of days until it returns to its normal perkiness. Now read the revised version. Please notice the title has been changed. A New Leaf My potted plant sits on my desk at home. It is not a particularly spectacular specimen but it adds a human touch to my otherwise surgically practical room. The plant, called an impatient or a Busy Lizzie, is about eighteen inches and is planted in a two-gallon pot made from several slats of wood held together with a pair of brass rings. The plant is a light green, similar to the green of a Cox’s apple. Nestled among all of the larger, more mature leaves of the plant is a sign of new growth: a young leaf. Like a small, shy child peering from behind his mother’s leg, this inch-and-a-half baby leaf is just barely visible. At first appearance the shape of this combined greenish-yellow and deep green leaf looks like a dog’s head, with its ears sticking straight up. Up the center of the leaf runs a larger vein the width of a straight pin, separating the leaf into two symmetrically-shaped sides, each looking like a water-thin orange slice. Because of its youth, the new leaf has not fully straightened out, and it looks like a piece of wadded up paper that has been flattened out. Shinier and deeper green than the older leaves, this young leaf has no brittle brown tips and is dulled by only a few minute dust particles. Supporting this dog-eared leaf is a very slender, deep green stem that looks as if it has to struggle to support the leaf. Due to phototropism, the fragile-looking stem leans towards the beam of morning sunlight like wheat bending in a breeze. The leaf gives off no apparent smell, but because of its youthful appearance, a feeling of springtime fills the air in my room. Hidden there among the duller, more mature leaves of the plant, the new leaf looks remarkably like a young child in a family. In fact, the rest of the impatient’sleaves do support this young leaf, giving their energy
to the new growth.This family of leaves,a plant,goes quictly about its business of gencrating new life,brightening my room.All I have to do is notice. Questions for discussion Without looking again either version,describe what you remember about this plant.List all the details you can remember.Reread your list of details and then look again at the drafts:From which version did you remember the details? Guidelines for Revision 1.Reecamine your purpose and audience.Are you doing what you intended?If your purpose or adience has changed,what other changes do you need to make as you revise your draft? 2.Consider your point of view.Would changing to another point of view clarify what you are describing? 3.Consider your vantage point.Do you have a hird's-eye view,or are you observing from a low angle?Do you zoom in for a close-up of a person or object?Would a different vantage point fit your purpose and audence? 4.Check to make sure you are using sensory details where appropriate.Remember,you must show your reader the details you observe.If necessary.reobeerve your subject. 5.Do all your details and examples support the dominant idea?Reread your drant and omit any irrelevant detarls. 6.What is not present in your subject that might be important to mention? 7.Make comparisons if they will help you or your reader understand your subject matter.Similes metaphors,or analogies may describe your subject vividly. 8.Be sure to cue.or signal.your reader with appropriate transition words Transitions will improve the coherence or flow of your writing. Spatial Order:One the left,on the right,next,above,below.higher.lower.farther,next,beyond. Chronological order.before,earlier,after,afterward,thereafter,then,from then on,the next day, shortly.by that time immediately.slowly.while.meanwhile.until.now.soon.withinn hour.first. lacr,finally,以 Comparison/Contrast:on one hand,on the other hand,also,similarly,in addition,likewise,however, but,yet,still,although,even so,nonetheless,in contrast 9.Revise semences for clarity,conciseness,emphasis,and variety
to the new growth. This family of leaves, a plant, goes quietly about its business of generating new life, brightening my room. All I have to do is notice. Questions for discussion Without looking again at either version, describe what you remember about this plant. List all the details you can remember. Reread your list of details and then look again at the drafts: From which version did you remember the details? Guidelines for Revision 1. Reexamine your purpose and audience. Are you doing what you intended? If your purpose or audience has changed, what other changes do you need to make as you revise your draft? 2. Consider your point of view. Would changing to another point of view clarify what you are describing? 3. Consider your vantage point. Do you have a bird’s -eye view, or are you observing from a low angle? Do you zoom in for a close-up of a person or object? Would a different vantage point fit your purpose and audience? 4. Check to make sure you are using sensory details where appropriate. Remember, you must show your reader the details you observe. If necessary, reobserve your subject. 5. Do all your details and examples support the dominant idea? Reread your draft and omit any irrelevant details. 6. What is not present in your subject that might be important to mention? 7. Make comparisons if they will help you or your reader understand your subject matter. Similes, metaphors, or analogies may describe your subject vividly. 8. Be sure to cue, or signal, your reader with appropriate transition words. Transitions will improve the coherence or flow of your writing. Spatial Order: One the left, on the right, next, above, below, higher, lower, farther, next, beyond. Chronological order: before, earlier, after, afterward, thereafter, then, from then on, the next day, shortly, by that time, immediately, slowly, while, meanwhile, until, now, soon, within, an hour, first, later, finally, at last Comparison/Contrast: on one hand, on the other hand, also, similarly, in addition, likewise, however, but, yet, still, although, even so, nonetheless, in contrast 9. Revise sentences for clarity, conciseness, emphasis, and variety
10.When you have revised your essay.edit your writing for correct spelling and appropriate word choice.punctuation.usage.and grammar
10. When you have revised your essay, edit your writing for correct spelling and appropriate word choice, punctuation, usage, and grammar