《热力学与统计物理》课程教学资源（书籍文献）A Modern Course in Statistical Physics - 2016 - Linda E. Reichl，4th revised and updated edition.pdf_大学文库

IxIIPrefacetotheFourthEditionA Modern Course in Statistical Physics has gone through several editions.Thefirst edition was published in 1980 by University of Texas Press.It was well re-ceived because it contained apresentation of statistical physics that synthesizedthe best of theamerican and european"schools"of statistical physics at thattime.In1997,the rights toA Modern Course in Statistical Physics were transferred toJohn Wiley&Sons and thesecond edition waspublished.Thesecondedition wasa much expanded version ofthe first edition, and as we subsequently realized, wastoo longto be used easily as a textbook although it served as a great reference onstatistical physics.In2004,Wiley-VCHVerlagassumed rightstothesecond edition,and in 2007 wedecided to produce a shortened edition (thethird)that wasexplicitly written as a textbook.Thethird edition appeared in 2009.Statistical physics is afast moving subject and many newdevelopmentshaveoccurred in thelast ten years.Therefore,in order tokeep the book"modern',wedecided that it wastime to adjust the focus of thebook to include more applica-tions in biology, chemistry and condensed matter physics.The core material ofthe book has not changed, so previous editions are still extremely useful.Howev-er, the new fourth edition, which is slightly longer than the third edition, changessomeofitsfocus to resonate withmodern research topics.The first edition acknowledged the support and encouragement of Ilya Pri-gogine, who directed the Center for Statistical Mechanics at the U.T. Austin from1968 to 2003.He had an incredible depth of knowledge in many fields of scienceand helped make U.T. Austin an exciting place to be. The second edition was ded-icated to Ilya Prigogine“for his encouragement and support, and because he haschanged our view of the world"The second edition also acknowledged anothergreat scientist, Nico van Kampen, whosebeautiful lectures on stochastic process-es,and critically humorous view of everything,werean inspiration and spurredmy interest statistical physics. Although both of these great people are now gone,I thankthemboth.The world exists and is stable because of a few symmetries at the microscopiclevel. Statistical physics explains how thermodynamics, and the incredible com-plexity of the world around us, emerges from those symmetries.This book at-tempts to tell the story of how that happens.L.E.ReichlAustin,Texas January2016

XIII Preface to the Fourth Edition A Modern Course in Statistical Physics has gone through several editions. The first edition was published in 1980 by University of Texas Press. It was well received because it contained a presentation of statistical physics that synthesized the best of the american and european “schools” of statistical physics at that time. In 1997, the rights to A Modern Course in Statistical Physics were transferred to John Wiley & Sons and the second edition was published. The second edition was a much expanded version of the first edition, and as we subsequently realized, was too long to be used easily as a textbook although it served as a great reference on statistical physics. In 2004, Wiley-VCH Verlag assumed rights to the second edition, and in 2007 we decided to produce a shortened edition (the third) that was explicitly written as a textbook. The third edition appeared in 2009. Statistical physics is a fast moving subject and many new developments have occurred in the last ten years. Therefore, in order to keep the book “modern”, we decided that it was time to adjust the focus of the book to include more applications in biology, chemistry and condensed matter physics. The core material of the book has not changed, so previous editions are still extremely useful. However, the new fourth edition, which is slightly longer than the third edition, changes some of its focus to resonate with modern research topics. The first edition acknowledged the support and encouragement of Ilya Prigogine, who directed the Center for Statistical Mechanics at the U.T. Austin from 1968 to 2003. He had an incredible depth of knowledge in many fields of science and helped make U.T. Austin an exciting place to be. The second edition was dedicated to Ilya Prigogine “for his encouragement and support, and because he has changed our view of the world.” The second edition also acknowledged another great scientist, Nico van Kampen, whose beautiful lectures on stochastic processes, and critically humorous view of everything, were an inspiration and spurred my interest statistical physics. Although both of these great people are now gone, I thank them both. The world exists and is stable because of a few symmetries at the microscopic level. Statistical physics explains how thermodynamics, and the incredible complexity of the world around us, emerges from those symmetries. This book attempts to tell the story of how that happens. Austin, Texas January 2016 L. E. Reichl

一1IntroductionThermodynamics, which is a macroscopic theory ofmatter, emerges from thesymmetries of nature at the microscopic level and provides a universal theoryofmatter at the macroscopiclevel.Quantities that cannotbe destroyed atthe mi-croscopiclevel,due to symmetries and their resulting conservation laws,giveriseto the state variables upon which the theory of thermodynamics is built.Statistical physics provides themicroscopic foundations of thermodynamics.At the microscopic level, many-body systems have a huge number of states avail-able tothem and are continually sampling large subsets of these states.Thetaskofstatisticalphysicsistodeterminethemacroscopic(measurable)behaviorofmany-body systems, given some knowledge of properties of the underlying mi-croscopic states,andto recoverthethermodynamicbehavior ofsuch systems.The field of statistical physics has expanded dramatically during the last halfcentury.New results in quantum fluids, nonlinear chemical physics, critical phe-nomena,transport theory,and biophysics have revolutionized the subject,andyet these results are rarely presented in a form that students who have little back-ground in statistical physics can appreciate orunderstand.Thisbook attempts toincorporate many of these subjects into a basic course on statistical physics. It in-cludes, in a unified and integrated manner, thefoundations of statistical physicsand develops fromthem most of thetools needed to understand the conceptsunderlying modern research in the above fields.There is a tendency in many books to focus on equilibrium statistical mechan-ics and derive thermodynamics as a consequence. As a result, students do not getthe experience oftraversing the vast world ofthermodynamics and do not under-standhowtoapplyittosystemswhich aretoocomplicatedtobeanalyzedusingthe methods of statistical mechanics. We will begin in Chapter 2, by deriving theequations of state for some simple systems starting from ourknowledgeofthemicroscopicstatesofthosesystems (themicrocanonicalensemble).Thiswillgivesome intuition about the complexity ofmicroscopic behaviorunderlyingthe verysimple equations of state that emerge in those systems.In Chapter 3, we provide a thorough grounding in thermodynamics.We reviewthefoundations of thermodynamics and thermodynamic stability theory and de-vote a large part of the chapter to a variety of applications which do not involvephasetransitions,suchasheatengines,the cooling ofgases,mixing,osmosisAModern Coursein StatisticalPhysics,4.EditionLindaEReich@ 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.Published 2016 by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH& Co. KGaA

1 1 Introduction Thermodynamics, which is a macroscopic theory of matter, emerges from the symmetries of nature at the microscopic level and provides a universal theory of matter at the macroscopic level. Quantities that cannot be destroyed at the microscopic level, due to symmetries and their resulting conservation laws, give rise to the state variables upon which the theory of thermodynamics is built. Statistical physics provides the microscopic foundations of thermodynamics. At the microscopic level, many-body systems have a huge number of states available to them and are continually sampling large subsets of these states. The task of statistical physics is to determine the macroscopic (measurable) behavior of many-body systems, given some knowledge of properties of the underlying microscopic states, and to recover the thermodynamic behavior of such systems. The field of statistical physics has expanded dramatically during the last halfcentury. New results in quantum fluids, nonlinear chemical physics, critical phenomena, transport theory, and biophysics have revolutionized the subject, and yet these results are rarely presented in a form that students who have little background in statistical physics can appreciate or understand. This book attempts to incorporate many of these subjects into a basic course on statistical physics. It includes, in a unified and integrated manner, the foundations of statistical physics and develops from them most of the tools needed to understand the concepts underlying modern research in the above fields. There is a tendency in many books to focus on equilibrium statistical mechanics and derive thermodynamics as a consequence. As a result, students do not get the experience of traversing the vast world of thermodynamics and do not understand how to apply it to systems which are too complicated to be analyzed using the methods of statistical mechanics. We will begin in Chapter 2, by deriving the equations of state for some simple systems starting from our knowledge of the microscopic states of those systems (the microcanonical ensemble). This will give some intuition about the complexity of microscopic behavior underlying the very simple equations of state that emerge in those systems. In Chapter 3, we provide a thorough grounding in thermodynamics. We review the foundations of thermodynamics and thermodynamic stability theory and devote a large part of the chapter to a variety of applications which do not involve phase transitions, such as heat engines, the cooling of gases, mixing, osmosis, A Modern Course in Statistical Physics, 4. Edition. Linda E. Reichl. © 2016WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KGaA. Published 2016 byWILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KGaA