Chapter 4 Circulation LEARNING OBJECTIVES Be able to understand the cardiac electrophysiology Be able to understand the physiological properties of cardiac muscle Be able to understand the cardiac pumping Be able to understand the vascular physiology Be able to describe the regulation of cardiovascular activities CONTENT OUTLINE AND TEACHING HOURS CONTENTS TEA口ING HOURS Section 1 Electrophysiology of heart 3 Section 2 Cardiac pum ping 2 Section 3 Vascular physiology 3 Section 4 Regulation of cardiovascular activities Section 5 Orculation of special organs 1 Total 12 INTENSIVE TEACHING Ionic mechanisns of electrical activities of cardiac muscle cells ● Cardiac pumping Factors affecting arterial blood pressure ●Cardiovascular ref门exes Hunoral factors in regulation of cardiovascular activities Coronary circulation
Chapter 4 Circulation LEARNING OBJECTIVES ⚫ Be able to understand the cardiac electrophysiology ⚫ Be able to understand the physiological properties of cardiac muscle ⚫ Be able to understand the cardiac pumping ⚫ Be able to understand the vascular physiology ⚫ Be able to describe the regulation of cardiovascular activities CONTENT OUTLINE AND TEACHING HOURS CONTENTS TEACHING HOURS Section 1 Electrophysiology of heart 3 Section 2 Cardiac pumping 2 Section 3 Vascular physiology 3 Section 4 Regulation of cardiovascular activities 3 Section 5 Circulation of special organs 1 Total 12 INTENSIVE TEACHING ⚫ Ionic mechanisms of electrical activities of cardiac muscle cells ⚫ Cardiac pumping ⚫ Factors affecting arterial blood pressure ⚫ Cardiovascular reflexes ⚫ Humoral factors in regulation of cardiovascular activities ⚫ Coronary circulation
NODI FOR STUDENTS POSSIBLY Ionic mechanisns of action potential of cardiac muscle cells ● Mechanisns of cardiac punping ●Baroreceptor reflex ENLIGHTENING AND INNOVATION Electrocardiogran and Nobel Prize laureate Nitric oxide and Viagra Ion channels in cardiac muscle cells ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS Cardiac cycle,Stroke volume,Cardiac output,Ejection fraction, Cardiac index,Cardiac reserve.Frank-Starling nechanisn,Premature systole,Atrioventricular delay,Electrocardiogram,Einthoven's triangle,Blood pressure,Central venous pressure,Cardiovascular center, Baroreceptor reflex.Renin-angiotensin systen,Nitric oxide synthase QUESTIONS Describe in sequence the events that oceur in the heart during cardiac cycle. List the factors that affect heart pumping and the effect of each. Which nethods are commonly used to measure cardiac output? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method? What is the ejection fraction?Which conditions cause it to increase,which conditions cause it to decrease?Why? Describe the structure and function of the conduction system of the heart,and compare the action potentials in each part of it with those in cardiac muscle
NODI FOR STUDENTS POSSIBLY ⚫ Ionic mechanisms of action potential of cardiac muscle cells ⚫ Mechanisms of cardiac pumping ⚫ Baroreceptor reflex ENLIGHTENING AND INNOVATION ⚫ Electrocardiogram and Nobel Prize laureate ⚫ Nitric oxide and Viagra ⚫ Ion channels in cardiac muscle cells ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS Cardiac cycle, Stroke volume, Cardiac output, Ejection fraction, Cardiac index, Cardiac reserve, Frank-Starling mechanism, Premature systole, Atrioventricular delay, Electrocardiogram, Einthoven’s triangle, Blood pressure, Central venous pressure, Cardiovascular center, Baroreceptor reflex, Renin-angiotensin system, Nitric oxide synthase QUESTIONS ⚫ Describe in sequence the events that occur in the heart during cardiac cycle. ⚫ List the factors that affect heart pumping and the effect of each. ⚫ Which methods are commonly used to measure cardiac output? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method? ⚫ What is the ejection fraction? Which conditions cause it to increase, which conditions cause it to decrease? Why? ⚫ Describe the structure and function of the conduction system of the heart, and compare the action potentials in each part of it with those in cardiac muscle
Describe the way the ECG is recorded and the waves of the ECG. List and explain the effects of slow calciun channel blocking drugs on the heart.In which clinical conditions are they of value? State the Poiseuille formula for flow in blood vessels,and explain on the basis of this formula why the radius of a vessel is such an inportant determination of flow. List the factors affecting arterial blood pressure. Describe the local control of blood flow. List the factors affecting formation of interstitial fluid. What is a Windkessel?Why are the aorta and large arteries called Windkessel vessels?What is the physiologic significance of the Windkessel effect? Outline the neural mechanisms that control arterial blood pressure and heart rate,including the receptors.afferent and efferent pathways,central integrating pathway,and effector mechanisms involved. Why does increased sympathetic activity cause an increase in right atrial pressure?What are the mechanisms and pathways involved? Conpare the function of the carotid and aortic baroreceptors with the function of the baroreceptors in the atria and great veins. What are the effects of baroreceptor denervation? List the principal vasoregulatory factors secreted by endothelial cells,and describe the function of each. Name the principal hormones that affect arterial blood pressure,and know the physiologic role of each. Summarize the integrated,multifaceted system for arterial pressure regulation. Which hornones affect the heart rate and how do they produce their effects?
⚫ Describe the way the ECG is recorded and the waves of the ECG. ⚫ List and explain the effects of slow calcium channel blocking drugs on the heart. In which clinical conditions are they of value? ⚫ State the Poiseuille formula for flow in blood vessels, and explain on the basis of this formula why the radius of a vessel is such an important determination of flow. ⚫ List the factors affecting arterial blood pressure. ⚫ Describe the local control of blood flow. ⚫ List the factors affecting formation of interstitial fluid. ⚫ What is a Windkessel? Why are the aorta and large arteries called Windkessel vessels? What is the physiologic significance of the Windkessel effect? ⚫ Outline the neural mechanisms that control arterial blood pressure and heart rate, including the receptors, afferent and efferent pathways, central integrating pathway, and effector mechanisms involved. ⚫ Why does increased sympathetic activity cause an increase in right atrial pressure? What are the mechanisms and pathways involved? ⚫ Compare the function of the carotid and aortic baroreceptors with the function of the baroreceptors in the atria and great veins. ⚫ What are the effects of baroreceptor denervation? ⚫ List the principal vasoregulatory factors secreted by endothelial cells, and describe the function of each. ⚫ Name the principal hormones that affect arterial blood pressure, and know the physiologic role of each. ⚫ Summarize the integrated, multifaceted system for arterial pressure regulation. ⚫ Which hormones affect the heart rate and how do they produce their effects?
Which peptides are found in nerves innervating blood vessels? What is the function of these peptides? A pharmacologist injects a drug into a dog and finds that it produces a prompt increase in nean arterial pressure.List the possible mechanisms by which it could be acting to produce this increase,and outline a series of experiments that would permit you to decide the exact mechanism of action of the drug
⚫ Which peptides are found in nerves innervating blood vessels? What is the function of these peptides? ⚫ A pharmacologist injects a drug into a dog and finds that it produces a prompt increase in mean arterial pressure. List the possible mechanisms by which it could be acting to produce this increase, and outline a series of experiments that would permit you to decide the exact mechanism of action of the drug