浙江广播电视大学 英语专业研放本种 《变化中的英语》课程教学辅导3 1.Summaries of Unit Objectives ·e eoffaxedEnglishto P214 World War is done other : 2.Summaries by Unit and Activity UNIT FIVE TRADE WITHIN AND ACROSS TRADE BARRIERS deals havem component
1 浙江广播电视大学 英语专业(开放本科) 《变化中的英语》课程教学辅导 3 1. Summaries of Unit Objectives 5 Trade within and across language barriers • Define what is meant y pidgin, Creole, and lingua franca , and give examples • Understand what is meant by creativity or inventiveness in language • Recognise the importance of faxed English to international trade proceedings • Use this information in discussions of the present position of English as the major language of international business P214 6 Changing English since the Second World War • Explain what is meant by saying that English is currently the language of science –even though much science is done using other languages • Recognise and describe a range of styles of English that are used for the purposes outlined above p256 • • 2. Summaries by Unit and Activity UNIT FIVE TRADE WITHIN AND ACROSS TRADE BARRIERS A-1 Markets, trade and language, pages 214-212 i)Trading is a fundamental human activity, necessary to all but the most undeveloped societies ii)Trade deals , large or small, have similar components
ui)Communication is essential to all trade deals.The most satisfactory fomm of communication is a language equally well known to buyer and seller iv)it is possible to arrange to do some deals with minimal language but hardly possible to do without it altogether v)English is currently the most commonly used language of intemational deals between Asian and other customers.This situation may change in the future A-2 pages222-228 Communicating somehow across language barriers i)Pidgins are languarges for a very narrow range ofpurposes -those that have so do with coastal prade. n)Pidgins develop -wherever traders want to do business with people with whom they do not share a common language and -where there is no lingua franca for use. ii)Most pidgins are mixtures of Asian or African languages and those of major European trading nations-Spain and Portugal,Holland,France and Germany and Britain iv)In general the sound and grammatical systems of a pidgin are those of the language used locally The vocabulary is supplied by the voyagers v)Pidgins were not as a rule written down,they changed rapidly.They were quickly leamed by those who needed them and when trading stopped they were discarded and soon forgotten.There must have been many pidgins of which we have no record. vi)They are makeshift languages and evidence of human inventiveness vit)They have very low prestige.Users of the langurge that provides the vocabulary hear them as fiumbling attempts to speak as they do People of every race tend to think offoreigners as childish,and the use of pidgins tends to strengthen or reinforce that idea. Activity 3 pages 228-234 New languages in the making i)A pidgin,but not a creole,has only some of the functions of a language Pidgins and creoles are both mixed languages -usually mixtures of languages belonging to different families ii)Some varieties of English include some,but not all,the features of a creole iv)The difficulties that speakers of'some creolised forms of English experience in an English educational system arise from the differences between their mother tongue 2
2 iii) Communication is essential to all trade deals .The most satisfactory form of communication is a language equally well known to buyer and seller iv)it is possible to arrange to do some deals with minimal language but hardly possible to do without it altogether v) English is currently the most commonly used language of international deals between Asian and other customers .This situation may change in the future A- 2 pages 222-228 Communicating somehow across language barriers i) Pidgins are languages for a very narrow range of purposes –those that have to do with coastal trade. ii)Pidgins develop -wherever traders want to do business with people with whom they do not share a common language and -where there is no lingua franca for use. iii) Most pidgins are mixtures of Asian or African languages and those of major European trading nations – Spain and Portugal, Holland , France and Germany and Britain iv) In general the sound and grammatical systems of a pidgin are those of the language used locally The vocabulary is supplied by the voyagers v) Pidgins were not as a rule written down , they changed rapidly .They were quickly learned by those who needed them and when trading stopped they were discarded and soon forgotten .There must have been many pidgins of which we have no record. vi) They are makeshift languages and evidence of human inventiveness vii) They have very low prestige . Users of the language that provides the vocabulary hear them as fumbling attempts to speak as they do ! People of every race tend to think of foreigners as childish , and the use of pidgins tends to strengthen or reinforce that idea . Activity 3 pages 228-234 `New languages in the making i) A pidgin, but not a creole , has only some of the functions of a language ii) Pidgins and creoles are both mixed languages –usually mixtures of languages belonging to different families iii) Some varieties of English include some, but not all, the features of a creole iv) The difficulties that speakers of some creolised forms of English experience in an English educational system arise from the differences between their mother tongue
and the Standard English used in schools.Some teachers see creolised features as simply careless mistakes v)Tok Pisin is a Creole,with English and German vocabulary,currently in use as a national language. Activity 4 pages 237-244 English in contemporary intemational trade 1)The essentials oftrade are buyers,sellers,commodities,markets,currency.and communication The additional essentials of comemporary international trade are -international banking -national and intemational legislation bilingual mechandisers with access to fax machines Activity 5 pages 244-252 Faxed English for intemational business i)Faxed English is a major means of communication in intemational business At present it is leamed on the job rather than deliberately taught ii)It works well for several reason- Users are highly motivated to make it work. Their livelihoods depend on it -Users have what is needed-detailed knowledge of the context,which increases as they gain experience -Users for whom English is an additional language find it easy to use because mistakes are expected and ignored,not criticised .It is informal .Nobody expects or wants polite indirectness!Headings show changes of subject and abbreviations make it brief. U-6.CHANGING ENGLISH SINCE THE SECOND WORLD WAR U-6 A-I pages 256-265 English as the language of intemational science Why science needs an international language Science has developed very fast in the last half century By the mid century English was already established as an intemational language Its position no longer depended on Britain's imperial power and was able to survive its decline
3 and the Standard English used in schools. ( Some teachers see creolised features as simply careless mistakes ) v) Tok Pisin is a Creole , with English and German vocabulary , currently in use as a national language. Activity 4 pages 237-244 English in contemporary international trade i) The essentials of trade are buyers, sellers, commodities , markets , currency , and communication ii) The additional essentials of contemporary international trade are -international banking -national and international legislation bilingual mechandisers with access to fax machines Activity 5 pages 244-252 Faxed English for international business i) Faxed English is a major means of communication in international business ii) At present it is learned on the job rather than deliberately taught iii) It works well for several reason- Users are highly motivated to make it work. Their livelihoods depend on it -Users have what is needed – detailed knowledge of the context, which increases as they gain experience -Users for whom English is an additional language find it easy to use because mistakes are expected and ignored, not criticised .It is informal .Nobody expects or wants polite indirectness! Headings show changes of subject and abbreviations make it brief. U-6.CHANGING ENGLISH SINCE THE SECOND WORLD WAR U-6 A-1 pages 256-265 English as the language of international science i) Why science needs an international language Science has developed very fast in the last half century By the mid century English was already established as an international language Its position no longer depended on Britain’s imperial power and was able to survive its decline
What scientific English is like It is difficult for the ordinary user of English Writers assume large areas of shared knowledge The style is remote and impersonal The topics of the sentences are often abstract The passive voice is used very frequently.The style makes readers felt they are looked down on by the writer The writer feels he is treating his readers as colleagues and equals U6-A-2pags266-277 Uses of English in international transport 0 The English of Air Traffic Control is the major topie of this Activity In everyday English mistakes and misunderstandings oocur all the time. They don't usually matter 面 Misunderstandings are very dangerous in the air. N) The language of Air Traffic Control is designed to avoid any misunderstandings and ambiguity v) It is brief.direct,and can be leamed quickly Jargon,argot,and slang are also designed by and for very special groups of users. U6-A-3pags278-287 Applications of technology to entertainment 0 Television became generally Available after the Second World War 可 Many people thought television would make the quality of people's lives poorer but watching it soon became a hugely popular activity ) It is available now in the developed and developing world-and in some very remote places iv) it tends to break down the barriers between races and cultures Everything that makes television varied,absorbing,and fun makes it a good means or people to leam. U-6-A4pags288-297 Developments in information technology reinforce the intemational role of English
4 ii) What scientific English is like It is difficult for the ordinary user of English Writers assume large areas of shared knowledge The style is remote and impersonal The topics of the sentences are often abstract The passive voice is used very frequently. The style makes readers felt they are looked down on by the writer The writer feels he is treating his readers as colleagues and equals . U-6-A-2 pages 266-277 Uses of English in international transport i) The English of Air Traffic Control is the major topic of this Activity ii) In everyday English mistakes and misunderstandings occur all the time . They don’t usually matter iii) Misunderstandings are very dangerous in the air. iv) The language of Air Traffic Control is designed to avoid any misunderstandings and ambiguity v) It is brief, direct, and can be learned quickly vi) Jargon, argot, and slang are also designed by and for very special groups of users. U-6-A-3 pages 278-287 Applications of technology to entertainment i) Television became generally Available after the Second World War ii) Many people thought television would make the quality of people’s lives poorer but watching it soon became a hugely popular activity iii) It is available now in the developed and developing world – and in some very remote places iv) it tends to break down the barriers between races and cultures v) Everything that makes television varied, absorbing , and fun makes it a good means or people to learn. U-6-A-4 pages 288-297 Developments in information technology reinforce the international role of English
i)The end of the C20 is often called The Age of Rapid Communication or The Age of Information Technology )IT has already many applications to everyday life and their number increases all the time Very few people foresaw present developments 20 years ago. iii)The development of IT has reinforced and extended the position of English as an intemational language iv)IT lets you store,retrieve,and transfer information .Such collections are called data-bases v)IT makes possible very much larger collections and much quicker retrieval of items of information when these are needed.At present English dominates data-bases The position of English could change as technology develops. Activity 5 pages 298-307 Meeting the world-wide demand for ELT i)In the last 50 years the increased importance of English has led to an increased demand for English Language Teaching i)Very large numbers of teachers are needed.Most students must be taught by teachers who are not native speakers i)Native speakers and bilingual teachers have each strengths and weaknesses iv)Technology provides useful assistance for teachers and replaces teachers in some circumstances v)In the last 50 years ELT has developed as an academic profession.There are a number of different approaches and methodologies to match increasingly varied needs. UNITFIVE ACTIVITY ONE Unit& Questio Qu女on Answer Activity n number 5
5 i) The end of the C20 is often called The Age of Rapid Communication or The Age of Information Technology ii) IT has already many applications to everyday life and their number increases all the time .Very few people foresaw present developments 20 years ago. iii) The development of IT has reinforced and extended the position of English as an international language iv) IT lets you store , retrieve, and transfer information .Such collections are called data-bases . v) IT makes possible very much larger collections and much quicker retrieval of items of information when these are needed. At present English dominates data-bases The position of English could change as technology develops . Activity 5 pages 298-307 Meeting the world-wide demand for ELT i) In the last 50 years the increased importance of English has led to an increased demand for English Language Teaching ii) Very large numbers of teachers are needed .Most students must be taught by teachers who are not native speakers iii) Native speakers and bilingual teachers have each strengths and weaknesses iv) Technology provides useful assistance for teachers and replaces teachers in some circumstances v) In the last 50 years ELT has developed as an academic profession .There are a number of different approaches and methodologies to match increasingly varied needs. UNIT FIVE ACTIVITY ONE Unit & Activity Questio n number Question Answer
5.1 1 Can you give the word for the simplest exchangge of barter goods.without using money 5.i 2 In addition to buyers and sellers,goods,a market,and Communicati currency,what must you have for trade to lake place on 5.1 Buyers and sellers are not always individusls They are Roles parts that can be played companies or associations or governments Can you think ofone word for parts people play ?by for example 5. Can you think of a word for anything at all that Commodities can be bought or sold？ 5.1 Are buyers and sellers always equal partners in No negotiation 5.1 6 In trade negotiations there are ually plenty of clues to In the context what the people taking part mean.Where? 5.1 7 In modem supermarkets,how do buyers Reading usually find out detailed infommation about infommation products on packaging 5.1 8 How is bargaining carried out in supermarkets By Sales and discounted prices 5.1 9 Is English the only language in use in No(but it is intemational trade? the major language） 5.1 10 One group of people expect to be at a Tourists disadvantage when they go shopping.Who are they UNITFIVE ACTVITY TWO Unit& Question Question Answer Activity number
6 5.1 1 Can you give the word for the simplest exchange of goods- without using money ? barter 5.1 2 In addition to buyers and sellers, goods , a market , and currency, what must you have for trade to take place ? Communicati on 5.1 3 Buyers and sellers are not always individuals .They are parts that can be played companies or associations or governments . Can you think of one word for parts people play ?by ( for example Roles 5.1 4 Can you think of a word for anything at all that can be bought or sold ? Commodities 5.1 5 Are buyers and sellers always equal partners in negotiation ? No 5.1 6 In trade negotiations there are usually plenty of clues to what the people taking part mean .Where ? In the context 5.1 7 In modern supermarkets , how do buyers usually find out detailed information about products ? Reading information on packaging 5.1 8 How is bargaining carried out in supermarkets ? By Sales and discounted prices 5.1 9 Is English the only language in use in international trade? No ( but it is the major language ) 5.1 10 One group of people expect to be at a disadvantage when they go shopping. Who are they ? Tourists UNIT FIVE ACTIVITY TWO Unit & Activity Question number Question Answer
52 1 Can you give a name that is used for a shared Lingua franca and widely used trading language? 52 2 What name is given to making your gestures and Body your expression communicate your meaning language 52 There is another name for a makeshift trading Pidgin language,thought to represent a pronunciation of the English word business by Chinese speakers .What is it 52 4 People sometimes use the term"pidgin English Ungrammatic "in an entirely non-technical way.What do they al English mean then? 52 5 Pidgins are mixed languages Where do the European elements in the mix come from languages and（aly） African or Asian languages 52 6 What was the great advantage of using a pidgin Quickly for purposes of coastal trade? leamed 52 7 Were pidgins written down? No not as a rule 52 What happened to pidgins when trading They were stopped forgotten 52 9 Do pidgins have high prestige? no 52 10 How do speakers of the language that supplies As childish the vocabulary of a pidgin think of them UNITFIVE ACTIVITY THREE Questio Question Answer Unit& n Activity number 7
7 5.2 1 Can you give a name that is used for a shared and widely used trading language? Lingua franca 5.2 2 What name is given to making your gestures and your expression communicate your meaning ? Body language 5.2 3 There is another name for a makeshift trading language, thought to represent a pronunciation of the English word business by Chinese speakers .What is it ? Pidgin 5.2 4 People sometimes use the term “pidgin English “ in an entirely non-technical way. What do they mean then? Ungrammatic al English 5.2 5 Pidgins are mixed languages Where do the elements in the mix come from ? European languages and ( usually) African or Asian languages 5.2 6 What was the great advantage of using a pidgin for purposes of coastal trade? Quickly learned . 5.2 7 Were pidgins written down? No not as a rule 5.2 8 What happened to pidgins when trading stopped ? They were forgotten 5.2 9 Do pidgins have high prestige? no 5.2 10 How do speakers of the language that supplies the vocabulary of a pidgin think of them ? As childish UNIT FIVE ACTIVITY THREE Unit & Activity Questio n number Question Answer
53 One word is used to describe languages that are Unstable short-lived and change very quickly.What is it 53 2 Does it ever happen that a pidgin is used for Yes-in some other purposes than coastal trade? -times 53 3 What is the name of the process by which a Creolisation pidgin develops into a language 53 4 What name is given to the language that results Creole form the process了 53 What European language contributed to the Portuguese Creole that developed for use in Macau 53 6 Macanese What name was given to the language that resulted 53 7 Was it a written language? Yes 53 8 Is it in use at the present time? No 53 At the time when slavery was in general use what sort Partial and of language did slarves learn from English speaking incomplete owners? English 53 10 What language did the slave women teach their English based children Creole or Creolised English UNITFIVEACTVITY FOUR Question Unit Number Question Answer Activity
8 5.3 1 One word is used to describe languages that are short-lived and change very quickly .What is it ? Unstable 5.3 2 Does it ever happen that a pidgin is used for other purposes than coastal trade? Yes– in some –times 5.3 3 What is the name of the process by which a pidgin develops into a language ? Creolisation 5.3 4 What name is given to the language that results form the process? Creole 5.3 5 What European language contributed to the Creole that developed for use in Macau ? Portuguese 5.3 6 What name was given to the language that resulted ? Macanese 5.3 7 Was it a written language? Yes 5.3 8 Is it in use at the present time? No 5.3 9 At the time when slavery was in general use what sort of language did slaves learn from English speaking owners? Partial and incomplete English 5.3 10 What language did the slave women teach their children ? English based Creole ( or Creolised English ) UNIT FIVE ACTIVITY FOUR Unit & Activity 5 Question Number Question Answer
54 1 There are two new factors in interational trade Regulation by at the present day.One is the necessity of international intemational banking .What is the other law. 54 What is the most important difference between Scale trade between different countries in the past and intemational trade in the present? 5.4 What language is commonly used by Englis动 merchandisers handling trade between Macau and Hong Kong? 5.4 4 What name is used for the bilingual employees Merchandiser who handle the paperwork in company offices? 5.4 What technology is,according to Mrs.Clarke Fax machines essential to working life in Hong Kong company offices? 54 6 What sort of'interational trade are both Olaf Textiles Svensen and Martine Lebrun familiar with in their working lives? 54 7 Do merchandisers use English in all their No business transactions 5.4 8 Is merchandising a well paid graduate No profession 5.4 9 Do most merchandisers have an equally good No knowledge of Chinese and English 54 10 Is the work which they do and which is No described here.familiar to Steven,who teaches Business English？ UNITFIVE ACTIVITY FIVE Question Answer Unit Number Question Actiity What is the most obvious advantage of fax machines for people engaged in Speed 5.5 intemational trade? Are business faxes written in a fommal 55 2 style No
9 5.4 1 There are two new factors in international trade at the present day. One is the necessity of international banking .What is the other ? Regulation by international law. 5.4 2 What is the most important difference between trade between different countries in the past and international trade in the present? Scale 5.4 3 What language is commonly used by merchandisers handling trade between Macau and Hong Kong ? English 5.4 4 What name is used for the bilingual employees who handle the paperwork in company offices? Merchandiser s 5.4 5 What technology is, according to Mrs. Clarke essential to working life in Hong Kong company offices? Fax machines 5.4 6 What sort of international trade are both Olaf Svensen and Martine Lebrun familiar with in their working lives? Textiles 5.4 7 Do merchandisers use English in all their business transactions ? No 5.4 8 Is merchandising a well paid graduate profession ? No 5.4 9 Do most merchandisers have an equally good knowledge of Chinese and English ? No 5.4 10 Is the work which they do and which is described here, familiar to Steven, who teaches Business English ? No UNIT FIVE ACTIVITY FIVE Unit & Activity Question Number Question Answer . 5.5 1 What is the most obvious advantage of fax machines for people engaged in international trade? Speed 5 5. 2 Are business faxes written in a formal style No
Use abbreviations What do writers of business faxes do to save of words 55 3 time? If you had a fax that said v must hv 6.000 We must have 6000 53 4 pes what would you think it meant pieces What reason does Steven,like most 5.5 5 teachers,give for insisting that his That errors send the students are careful to avoid errors in reader the wrong business letters message. And if the writer ended the fax B rgds Best regards 55 6 what would you think it meant When mistakes are made in writing the 55 7 English if faxes.are they corrected No-ignored In what way does faxed English remind Function words are 55 you of what you know of pidgins? often left out How do writers of faxes signal a change of 55 9 topic？ By a new heading Is the English of faxes similar to or 55 10 different from the English Steven has in the past encourages his students of No-very different Business English to write UNIT SIX ACTIVITY ONE Unit Question Question Answer Activity Number A word is used here which means almost the same as intemational or global 6.1 world-wide What is it What is the name for the sort of informed guesses by which science Hypotheses 6.1 2 advances？ Name a symbolic system which is not what we usually understand by a Mathematies 6.1 3 language What sort of messages were included on he space probe Pioneer 10 besides a Messages in many 6.1 drawing and a diagram？ languages 0
10 5.5 3 What do writers of business faxes do to save time? Use abbreviations of words 5.5 4 If you had a fax that said v must hv 6,000 pcs what would you think it meant ? We must have 6000 pieces 5.5 5 What reason does Steven, like most teachers , give for insisting that his students are careful to avoid errors in business letters That errors send the reader the wrong message. 5.5 6 And if the writer ended the fax B rgds what would you think it meant ? Best regards 5.5 7 When mistakes are made in writing the English if faxes , are they corrected ? No- ignored 5.5 8 In what way does faxed English remind you of what you know of pidgins? Function words are often left out 5.5 9 How do writers of faxes signal a change of topic ? By a new heading 5.5 10 Is the English of faxes similar to or different from the English Steven has in the past encourages his students of Business English to write ? No- very different. UNIT SIX ACTIVITY ONE Unit & Activity Question Number Question Answer 6.1 1 A word is used here which means almost the same as international or world –wide What is it ? global 6.1 2 What is the name for the sort of informed guesses by which science advances ? Hypotheses 6.1 3 Name a symbolic system which is not what we usually understand by a language Mathematics 6.1 4 What sort of messages were included on he space probe Pioneer 10 besides a drawing and a diagram ? Messages in many languages