浙江广播电视大学 文本 教学辅导2_变化中的英语

浙江广播电视大学 英语专业（开放本科） 《变化中的英语》教学辅导2 1.Summaries of Unit Obisctives The spread of give examples of national and intemational English beyond languages Britain .Explain how English came to be widely used as a second language and some of the different ways in which it is used .Understand the advantages of invented languages for intemational use and some of the reasons for their failure Explain the uses of this information to teachers and students of English p108 Social Varieties of.Recognise what are statements about language and English what are statements about personal tastes or judgements about society and social differences Know what is meant by social or educational variation in English accents Recognise what different varieties you and other users control how you increase their number and range,and how the fact that users can do this drives change P166 2.Summaries by Unit and Activity UNIT 3.The Spread of English Beyond Britain Activity One National Boundaries and National Languages pages 110-119 i)Languages may be Regional-used only in a restricted area National-used within national boundaries Intemational-used outside national boundanes Global-used for communication world-wide English is one of several intemational languages-but it is the only language used world-wide in places where there were never colonial settlements i)The fact that Standard English varies only in superficial ways in different places makes this global use possible

浙江广播电视大学 英语专业(开放本科) 《变化中的英语》教学辅导 2 1. Summaries of Unit Objectives 3 The spread of English beyond Britain *give examples of national and international languages • Explain how English came to be widely used as a second language and some of the different ways in which it is used • Understand the advantages of invented languages for international use and some of the reasons for their failure • Explain the uses of this information to teachers and students of English p108 4 Social Varieties of English • Recognise what are statements about language and what are statements about personal tastes or judgements about society and social differences • Know what is meant by social or educational variation in English accents • Recognise what different varieties you and other users control how you increase their number and range , and how the fact that users can do this drives change P166 2. Summaries by Unit and Activity UNIT 3. The Spread of English Beyond Britain Activity One National Boundaries and National Languages pages 110-119 i) Languages may be Regional- used only in a restricted area National –used within national boundaries International- used outside national boundaries Global- used for communication world-wide English is one of several international languages – but it is the only language used world-wide in places where there were never colonial settlements ii) The fact that Standard English varies only in superficial ways in different places makes this global use possible

i)Govemments sometimes try to bring about language change deliberately There is often strong resistance iv)The reason is that people often feel a strong emotional bond with the language they leamed as their mother tongue Activity Two pages 110-131. Language in the New World i)Between the early C17 and the C18 the USA became the second English-speaking nation and in the C20 much more powerful and influential than the United Kingdom )The English language had a special role in making a large population.from different parts of the world.into a single nation ii)Although British and American English are in some ways different.speakers of British and American English understand each other without difficulty This is also true of second language users who have leamed English from British and American teachers iv)A more formal way of saying this is to say that British and American English are mutually intelligible Activity Three pages 131-143 English extendsacross the world i)The establishment of colonies and empire spread the use of English world-wie between the C19 and the first half of the C20 i)Every one of them began with exploration -but the circumstances in which colonies were settled were very different. ii)English remains very important in India after Independence-as a second language leamed for a variety of purposes,includ ing intemational purposes. Activity Four pages 144-252 After Empire:English in today's world The use of English world-wide in an Information Age i)The number of uses of a language is important,but who the users are and what they do with English is also important iyThe label "Information Age"is often given to the end of the twentieth century

iii) Governments sometimes try to bring about language change deliberately There is often strong resistance iv)The reason is that people often feel a strong emotional bond with the language they learned as their mother tongue Activity Two pages 110-131. Language in the New World i) Between the early C17 and the C18 the USA became the second English-speaking nation and in the C20 much more powerful and influential than the United Kingdom ii)The English language had a special role in making a large population , from different parts of the world , into a single nation iii)Although British and American English are in some ways different , speakers of British and American English understand each other without difficulty .This is also true of second language users who have learned English from British and American teachers . iv)A more formal way of saying this is to say that British and American English are mutually intelligible Activity Three pages 131-143 English extends across the world i)The establishment of colonies and empire spread the use of English world-wide between the C19 and the first half of the C20 ii)Every one of them began with exploration – but the circumstances in which colonies were settled were very different. iii)English remains very important in India after Independence – as a second language learned for a variety of purposes , including international purposes . Activity Four pages 144-252 After Empire : English in today’s world The use of English world–wide in an Information Age i)The number of uses of a language is important , but who the users are and what they do with English is also important ii)The label “Information Age “ is often given to the end of the twentieth century

It means -that there is much more information available than ever before,and -that information can be stored and transferred in ways that were not possible before ii)The most important language for communicative use at the time of these developments is English.Computer developments have reinforced the global importance of English Activity Five pages 153-162 Altematives to English i)The world of the late C20 needs an intemational language )English is not ideally suited to intemational use ii)No natural language can be politically and culturally neutral iv)Artificial languages can be designed to be easily and quickly leamed They too have serious drawbacks-as do simplified versions of natural languages v)Although interest in Basic English is not high at present.a simplified version of English-perhaps Nuclear English-offers promise for the future UNIT4 SOCIAL VARIETIES OF ENGLISH Activity One pages 167-176 Differences of prestige and preference among languages i)The idea of equality or parity among language is important and needs to be carefully understood. )No languages that we know about are undeveloped or primitive iii)Languages change with time,as the needs of users change-but change does not mean evolutionary progress iv)Languages and dialects are valued differently and used differently for historical, political,economic,and cultural reasons Activity Two pages 176-185 Social and educational varieties illt is possible to leam to read the English of a past time -The further back you go the more difficult it is and the longer it takes

It means – that there is much more information available than ever before , and -that information can be stored and transferred in ways that were not possible before iii)The most important language for communicative use at the time of these developments is English. Computer developments have reinforced the global importance of English Activity Five pages 153-162 Alternatives to English i)The world of the late C20 needs an international language ii)English is not ideally suited to international use iii)No natural language can be politically and culturally neutral iv)Artificial languages can be designed to be easily and quickly learned They too have serious drawbacks – as do simplified versions of natural languages v)Although interest in Basic English is not high at present , a simplified version of English- perhaps Nuclear English – offers promise for the future UNIT 4 SOCIAL VARIETIES OF ENGLISH Activity One pages 167-176 Differences of |prestige and preference among languages i)The idea of equality or parity among language is important and needs to be carefully understood. ii)No languages that we know about are undeveloped or primitive iii)Languages change with time, as the needs of users change – but change does not mean evolutionary progress iv)Languages and dialects are valued differently and used differently for historical , political, economic, and cultural reasons Activity Two pages 176-185 Social and educational varieties i)It is possible to learn to read the English of a past time –The further back you go the more difficult it is and the longer it takes

i)Most people don't find leamning to use another variety very easy-but some are very good a耻it ii)A social variety is the sort of English which is associated with a part of society, that is with rich or poor.with well or poorly educated iv)Social and regional varieties are connected .You can tell what region someone who uses the English of the poorer and less well educated comes from.The way the better off use English tells you little or nothing about where that person was bor. Activity Three pages 185-193 An expanding range of language uses i)English differs with the user and also with the different uses that speakers have for English )Learning about those differences belongs to the second stage of leaming for native speakers and for users of English as an additional language Spoken English differs from Written English.The topic,or subject,makes a differences to the way English is used.English is used in different circumstances with different degrees of formality ii)We have named three different ways in which English differs with use.They are similar to the regional,historical,and social varieties we looked at earlier.They are different however in that they vary with use.They are available to all practised and experienced users. You can use the term variation with user or simply user rariation and variation with use,or simply varianon Activity Four,pages 197-210 Use variation and the intemational use of English i)English varies with the topic or the subject that is spoken about or written about This is true of academic subjects and of others not usually studied in schools or universitics i)This is partly a matter of the special vocabulary that students leam as part of leaming about the subject iii)lt is partly a matter of style-and that means avoid ing words and phrases that are acceptable only among close friends or in light-bearted contexts iv)Style has to be consistent-not uneven.Competent speakers and writers avoid mixing some words that are suitable for serious contexts and those that are not

ii)Most people don’t find learning to use another variety very easy- but some are very good at it iii)A social variety is the sort of English which is associated with a part of society , that is with rich or poor, with well or poorly educated iv)Social and regional varieties are connected .You can tell what region someone who uses the English of the poorer and less well educated comes from. The way the better off use English tells you little or nothing about where that person was born. Activity Three pages 185-193 An expanding range of language uses i)English differs with the user and also with the different uses that speakers have for English ii)Learning about those differences belongs to the second stage of learning for native speakers and for users of English as an additional language Spoken English differs from Written English. The topic , or subject , makes a differences to the way English is used. English is used in different circumstances with different degrees of formality iii)We have named three different ways in which English differs with use. They are similar to the regional, historical, and social varieties we looked at earlier. They are different however in that they vary with use. They are available to all practised and experienced users . You can use the term variation with user or simply user variation and variation with use , or simply variation Activity Four, pages 197-210 Use variation and the international use of English i)English varies with the topic or the subject that is spoken about or written about This is true of academic subjects and of others not usually studied in schools or universities ii)This is partly a matter of the special vocabulary that students learn as part of learning about the subject iii)It is partly a matter of style – and that means avoiding words and phrases that are acceptable only among close friends or in light-hearted contexts iv) Style has to be consistent – not uneven. Competent speakers and writers avoid mixing some words that are suitable for serious contexts and those that are not

3.Questions with short answers Ten questions on each Activity,by Unit and Activity. with answers suggestions for their use. UNITTHREE ACTIVITY ONE (3.1) Unit&Question QUs岐Gn Answer Activity Number 31 Give an example of a regional language Basque Swed ish and Norwegian are examples of 3.1 2 what sort of languages National Is English the only example of a language 3.1 3 used intemationally？ 0 At the present time,what language 3.1 dominates developments in Science and English Technology If you learn English as a Second Language 3.1 5 from teachers who speak British English, Yes can you understand the English written in (say)Australia or in India? Professor David Crystal is quoted in this 3.1 6 Unit.Is it his view that the global use of No-more English makes English Grammar less important important A bill before the Parliament in Delhi in 3.1 7 1963 gave two languages equal rights.Hidi English was one.What was the other That bill was the reason for serious riots 3.1 Which language did the crowd demonstrate against English Govemments sometimes try to bring about 3.l 9 language change intentionally,as a matter No-Difficult of policy.Is it easy to do this? How do people feel about the language. 3.1 10 and the variety,they leamned as their A strong bond mother tongue?

3.Questions with short answers Ten questions on each Activity, by Unit and Activity, with answers suggestions for their use. UNIT THREE ACTIVITY ONE (3.1) Unit & Activity Question Number Question Answer 3 1 1 Give an example of a regional language Basque 3.1 2 Swedish and Norwegian are examples of what sort of languages ? National 3.1 3 Is English the only example of a language used internationally ? no 3.1 4 At the present time , what language dominates developments in Science and Technology ? English 3.1 5 If you learn English as a Second Language from teachers who speak British English , can you understand the English written in (say) Australia or in India ? Yes 3.1 6 Professor David Crystal is quoted in this Unit. Is it his view that the global use of English makes English Grammar less important ? No – more important 3.1 7 A bill before the Parliament in Delhi in 1963 gave two languages equal rights. Hidi was one . What was the other ? English 3.1 8 That bill was the reason for serious riots . Which language did the crowd demonstrate against ? English 3.1 9 Governments sometimes try to bring about language change intentionally, as a matter of policy. Is it easy to do this? No -Difficult 3.1 10 How do people feel about the language , and the variety , they learned as their mother tongue? A strong bond

UNITTHREE ACTIVITY TWO (3.2) Unit Questian Question Answer Activity Number What is the dominant language of the 32 United States of America English Name another important language that is 32 widely spoken in the United States. Spanish When did adventurers from Europe make 32 3 their way to the New World and settle 16th and 17% there? centuries Can you name the leader of two Sir WalterRaleigh 32 expeditions to the New World from England in 1584 and 1585? By what name are the members of the 32 group who left Plymouth,Devon,in the The Pilgrim Mayflower in 1620 usually known? Fathers What regional and historical variety of 17th century Devon 32 6 English did they speak? English What conflict ended paryment of taxes by The American War 32 7 Americans to the goverment London? of Independence At the time of the first American census 32 8 -1790-how mary of the population were descended from English settlers? 90% Later-in the 19h century,people 32 9 emigrated to America from every nation in Melting pot Europe What is the name given to that mix of nations and languages Can you think of a shorter and more formal 32 10 way of saying that speakers of British and of American English understand each They are mutually other most of the time intelligible UNITTHREE ACTIVITY THREE (3.3) Unit Question QL以n Answer AE鱼y Number Sixty years ago the British Empire was 33 1 described as the empire on which the sun never sets e was that true in the sense that Yes here were British possessions in every continent Was it true in the sense that he British 33 2 Empire lasted an indefinitely long time No!

UNIT THREE ACTIVITY TWO (3.2) Unit & Activity Question Number Question Answer 3.2 1 What is the dominant language of the United States of America ? English 3.2 2 Name another important language that is widely spoken in the United States. Spanish 3.2 3 When did adventurers from Europe make their way to the New World and settle there? 16th and 17th centuries 3.2 4 Can you name the leader of two expeditions to the New World from England in 1584 and 1585? Sir WalterRaleigh 3.2. 5 By what name are the members of the group who left Plymouth , Devon, in the Mayflower in 1620 usually known? The Pilgrim Fathers 3.2 6 What regional and historical variety of English did they speak? 17th century Devon English 3.2 7 What conflict ended payment of taxes by Americans to the government London ? The American War of Independence 3.2 8 At the time of the first American census –1790- how many of the population were descended from English settlers? 90% 3.2 9 Later – in the 19th century, people emigrated to America from every nation in Europe What is the name given to that mix of nations and languages ? Melting pot 3.2 10 Can you think of a shorter and more formal way of saying that speakers of British and of American English understand each other most of the time ? They are mutually intelligible UNIT THREE ACTIVITY THREE (3.3) Unit & Activity Question Number Question Answer 3.3 1 Sixty years ago the British Empire was described as the empire on which the sun never sets e was that true in the sense that here were British possessions in every continent ? Yes 3.3 2 Was it true in the sense that he British Empire lasted an indefinitely long time ? No!

33 3 Is English in widespread use only in those parts of the world that were formerly No part of the British Empire Can you name a commercial enterprise that 33 traded in many parts of Asia,but was East India especially powerful and influential in Company India? Name the Englishman who recommended 33 5 that English should be the language of instruction in Indian universities Thomas Macaulay English was soon used for other purposes 33 6 in India-for law,and business Can you ame another example？ Govemment India is a country of very many languages 33 7 and dialects How recently do we know of new ones being discovered? The 1960's Of the 200 languages which were in use in 33 8 1950 when the Constitution was drawn up, how many were recognised as"Official"? 14 How did the English government make use 33 9 of the newly discovered country of As a penal colony Australia? UNITTHREE ACTIVITY FOUR(3.4) Unit&Question QUes过Gn Answer Activity Number Of the world's languages,which has the 34 most users Chinese When estimates are made of the number of 3.4 2 users of English what are they usually Population figures based on Where English is an official language. No does that mean that everyone uses English 34 3 fluently Can you name the linguist responsible for 3.4 4 the idea of an Inner,an Outer,and an Expanding circle of Users of English Braj Kachru The world has always been in process of change but in our own time change is 34 5 faster than before.What has made that faster pace possible Technology How has the development of Information 34 Technology affected the position of English n the world It has reinforced it

3.3 3 Is English in widespread use only in those parts of the world that were formerly part of the British Empire ? No 3.3 4 Can you name a commercial enterprise that traded in many parts of Asia , but was especially powerful and influential in India ? East India Company 3.3 5 Name the Englishman who recommended that English should be the language of instruction in Indian universities Thomas Macaulay 3.3 6 English was soon used for other purposes in India – for law , and business Can you name another example ? Government 3.3 7 India is a country of very many languages and dialects .How recently do we know of new ones being discovered? The 1960’s 3.3 8 Of the 200 languages which were in use in 1950 when the Constitution was drawn up, how many were recognised as “Official”? 14 3.3 9 How did the English government make use of the newly discovered country of Australia? As a penal colony UNIT THREE ACTIVITY FOUR (3.4) Unit & Activity Question Number Question Answer 3.4 1 Of the world’s languages , which has the most users ? Chinese 3.4 2 When estimates are made of the number of users of English what are they usually based on ? Population figures 3.4 3 Where English is an official language , does that mean that everyone uses English fluently ? No 3.4 4 Can you name the linguist responsible for the idea of an Inner, an Outer, and an Expanding circle of Users of English ? Braj Kachru 3.4 5 The world has always been in process of change but in our own time change is faster than before .What has made that faster pace possible ? Technology 3.4 6 How has the development of Information Technology affected the position of English n the world ? It has reinforced it

Numbers of users of a language are 34 7 important-but who they are is important What users do with too.What third factor is important the language When people talk about our own time as 34 6 the "Information Age they mean that there Information can be is more information available than ever stored and before .What else do they mean transferred What new developments have made Any of films or 34 9 English a widespread language of movies TV pop entertainment? music Is there any sign at present that within your 34 10 lifetime English wil become less important Not really than it is now UNITTHREE ACTIVITY FIVE (3.5) Unit&Question QUes以0n Answer Activity Number Name a language other than English 35 1 which is widely used outside national French or Spanish boundaries or Portuguese English offers Chinese leamers two sorts 35 of'difficulty One is that rules don't Structural always apply What is the other differences Steven mentions something that native 35 3 speaker teachers can do very well.What is Recognise leamers" t？ mistakes He mentions something else that only Explain tricky bilingual teachers can do.What is that points quickly and 35 clearly Can you give the name of'the most 35 5 successful invented language which is in Esperanto current use All the artificial languages mentioned on 35 6 your fact sheet have their origins in one continent..Which one？ Europe If this is so.the structure of all these The Indo- 35 7 artificial languages is likely to be similar European or tot he structure of which language family Aryan 8 Do you think a Chinese person would find No 35 it as quick and easy to leam one of these artificial languages as a European 35 9 Has any successful attempt been made to Yes-the spelling simplify any part of English?

3.4 7 Numbers of users of a language are important – but who they are is important too. What third factor is important ? What users do with the language 3.4 8 When people talk about our own time as the “Information Age they mean that there is more information available than ever before .What else do they mean ? Information can be stored and transferred 3.4 9 What new developments have made English a widespread language of entertainment? Any of films ( or movies ) TV pop music 3.4 10 Is there any sign at present that within your lifetime English wil become less important than it is now ? Not really UNIT THREE ACTIVITY FIVE (3.5) Unit & Activity Question Number Question Answer 3.5 1 Name a language other than English which is widely used outside national boundaries French or Spanish or Portuguese 3.5 2 English offers Chinese learners two sorts of difficulty One is that rules don’t always apply > What is the other Structural differences 3.5 3 Steven mentions something that native speaker teachers can do very well .What is it ? Recognise learners’ mistakes 3.5 4 He mentions something else that only bilingual teachers can do .What is that ? Explain tricky points quickly and clearly 3.5 5 Can you give the name of the most successful invented language which is in current use ? Esperanto 3.5 6 All the artificial languages mentioned on your fact sheet have their origins in one continent. Which one ? Europe 3.5 7 If this is so , the structure of all these artificial languages is likely to be similar tot he structure of which language family ? The Indo￾European or Aryan 3.5 8 Do you think a Chinese person would find it as quick and easy to learn one of these artificial languages as a European ? No 3.5 9 Has any successful attempt been made to simplify any part of English? Yes – the spelling

Has any serious effort been made to Ys《Brsie English 35 10 lighten the load of leaming English? Nuckor Endlish)

3.5 10 Has any serious effort been made to lighten the load of learning English? Yes ( Basic English, Nuclear English)

UNITFOUR ACTIVITY ONE(4.1) Unit&Question Que过Kn Answer Activity number 4.1 1 Are languages unequal in the sense that some are No primitive and undeveloped 4.1 2 Are languages unequal in the sense that some are Yes more generally useful and therefore worth teaching and leaming )than others? 41 3 Regional varieties of English differ in different Social places:what label do we use for varieties that varcties differ with education and social level? 4.1 Give the name of the scientist whose name is (Charles) most closely associated with the idea of Darwin evolution 4.1 What are we using when we speak of language as A metaphor olving？ 4.1 6 Give another word for the point.or the main thrust,of The gist a道mcr 4.1 Is it true that all languages serve the purposes of Yes their users equally well? 4.1 8 Do all societies have the same,or very similar No purposes 4.1 9 When people sary hata langge is harsh,eu6y国s Expressing wht are they actually doing争 their taste 4.1 10 In what context do people need to be very careful about In education their own preferences and prejudices about languages and dialects UNITFOUR ACTIVITY TWO (4.2) Unit& Qes过on QUe过C阳 Answer Activity number 42 1 Can people speak a different historical variety of No English from the one they leamed as their mother tongue 42 2 Can people leam to understand other historical Yes varicties? 42 3 Are all social varieties of English equally highly No valued? 42 Can speakers ofa regional pronunciation of Yes English learn to speak using a non-regional pronunciation？

UNIT FOUR ACTIVITY ONE (4.1) Unit & Activity Question number Question Answer 4.1 1 Are languages unequal in the sense that some are primitive and undeveloped ? No 4.1 2 Are languages unequal in the sense that some are more generally useful ( and therefore worth teaching and learning ) than others ? Yes 4.1 3 Regional varieties of English differ in different places: what label do we use for varieties that differ with education and social level? Social varieties 4.1 4 Give the name of the scientist whose name is most closely associated with the idea of evolution (Charles) Darwin 4.1 5 What are we using when we speak of language as evolving ? A metaphor 4.1 6 Give another word for the point, or the main thrust , of a argument The gist 4.1 7 Is it true that all languages serve the purposes of their users equally well? Yes 4.1 8 Do all societies have the same, or very similar purposes ? No 4.1 9 When people say that a language is harsh . or ugly or musical, what are they actually doing ? Expressing their taste 4.1 10 In what context do people need to be very careful about their own preferences and prejudices about languages and dialects ? In education UNIT FOUR ACTIVITY TWO (4.2) Unit & Activity Question number Question Answer 4.2 1 Can people speak a different historical variety of English from the one they learned as their mother tongue ? No 4.2 2 Can people learn to understand other historical varieties? Yes 4.2 3 Are all social varieties of English equally highly valued? No 4.2 4 Can speakers of a regional pronunciation of English learn to speak using a non-regional pronunciation ? Yes