浙江广播电视大学 英语专业（开放本科） 《高级英语写作》教学辅导4 Argumentation (7) The purpose of argumentation is to convince.An argumentative essay tries to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it,to persuade hin to change his nind or hehavior,and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes. Argunentation frequently makes use of the other types of writing- description,narration.and above all exposition,for argumentation and exposition are closely related---argumentation is actually exposition with the additional purpose of convincing or persuading. Please read the following passages.paying special attention to how the writers state and support their points,how the paragraphs are developed and what cohesive devices are used. Passage 1 What Makes a Good Friend Most people know that friendship is one of the nost important things in life,whatever is your status,narried or single.We hunan beings are social animals.Ever since we were young children,we began to stay in contact with others and started to nake friends.In all our lives,we cannot live without friendship,just as we cannot live without air and water. As people's age,sex,personality,hobbies and family background differ. the friends one nakes are not the sane.But in general,a good friend nay possess the following characteristics. First,he must cherish a positive attitude towards life,for a good friend is not anyone with whom one kills time.Instead,he is the one with whom you tackle your ups and downs.Only when one is optinistic can he present his friend a sense of confidence,which helps to make life more pleasant
浙江广播电视大学 英语专业(开放本科) 《高级英语写作》-教学辅导 4 Argumentation (7) The purpose of argumentation is to convince. An argumentative essay tries to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes. Argumentation frequently makes use of the other types of writing-- description, narration, and above all exposition, for argumentation and exposition are closely related---argumentation is actually exposition with the additional purpose of convincing or persuading. Please read the following passages, paying special attention to how the writers state and support their points, how the paragraphs are developed and what cohesive devices are used. Passage 1 What Makes a Good Friend Most people know that friendship is one of the most important things in life, whatever is your status, married or single. We human beings are social animals. Ever since we were young children, we began to stay in contact with others and started to make friends. In all our lives, we cannot live without friendship, just as we cannot live without air and water. As people's age, sex, personality, hobbies and family background differ, the friends one makes are not the same. But in general, a good friend may possess the following characteristics. First, he must cherish a positive attitude towards life, for a good friend is not anyone with whom one kills time. Instead, he is the one with whom you tackle your ups and downs. Only when one is optimistic can he present his friend a sense of confidence, which helps to make life more pleasant
Second.as no hunan being is perfect,all of us have shortcomings as well as nerits.To be a good friend,one has to be tolerant,accepting and forgiving,and never being hurt by unintentional offense. Third,to be a good friend,one has to learn to share things with friends. As the proverb goes,"A friend in need is a friend indeed.One should be ready to offer his help and do whatever he could to alleviate pains and miseries of his friend.On the other hand,a good friend should also be able to share happy noments with one another without feeling jealous. Friendship gives us a feeling of security and warnth.It encourages us to go through hardships and move ahead.So I think it is right that people value true friendship more than any material conforts.(by using eg: Passage 2 What Can We Do to Save the Environment The global environment can be broken down into three main elenents--land, water and air.Through our daily activities,we manage to contaminate all three different elements.If the situation continues,the damage caused by this nay becomne irreversible. The food we eat is prepared from crops grown with the aid of a wide range of agricultural chemicals.The chemicals may end up in our food and in the water supply.In addition,dissolved chemicals that are washed through the ground are slowly contaninating groundwater that used to be crystal clear.Fossil fuels,which provide the chief sources of energy for transport,are also a major source of air pollution,one that over the last two decades has grown enormously.Acid rain is a relatively new form of pollution.It is a by-product of atmospheric contamination.The gases that are released into the air from cars,factories and power stations, react with the atmospheric noisture to forn rain that is potentially lethal to trees. Environmental dangers are so great at present that both the governnents and the citizens of the world should be well informed of the forthconing threat to all species on this planet.Large anounts of money should be spent to try to tackle the problens and to search for better solutions. Every one of us should do something for helping to improve the environnent. If we want to enjoy the earth,and if we want our children to enjoy the earth as well,we must help.by classification)
Second, as no human being is perfect, all of us have shortcomings as well as merits. To be a good friend, one has to be tolerant, accepting and forgiving, and never being hurt by unintentional offense. Third, to be a good friend, one has to learn to share things with friends. As the proverb goes, "A friend in need is a friend indeed." One should be ready to offer his help and do whatever he could to alleviate pains and miseries of his friend. On the other hand, a good friend should also be able to share happy moments with one another without feeling jealous. Friendship gives us a feeling of security and warmth. It encourages us to go through hardships and move ahead. So I think it is right that people value true friendship more than any material comforts.(by using eg:) Passage 2 What Can We Do to Save the Environment The global environment can be broken down into three main elements-- land, water and air. Through our daily activities, we manage to contaminate all three different elements. If the situation continues, the damage caused by this may become irreversible. The food we eat is prepared from crops grown with the aid of a wide range of agricultural chemicals. The chemicals may end up in our food and in the water supply. In addition, dissolved chemicals that are washed through the ground are slowly contaminating groundwater that used to be crystal clear. Fossil fuels, which provide the chief sources of energy for transport, are also a major source of air pollution, one that over the last two decades has grown enormously. Acid rain is a relatively new form of pollution. It is a by-product of atmospheric contamination. The gases that are released into the air from cars, factories and power stations, react with the atmospheric moisture to form rain that is potentially lethal to trees. Environmental dangers are so great at present that both the governments and the citizens of the world should be well informed of the forthcoming threat to all species on this planet. Large amounts of money should be spent to try to tackle the problems and to search for better solutions. Every one of us should do something for helping to improve the environment. If we want to enjoy the earth, and if we want our children to enjoy the earth as well, we must help. ( by classification)
Passage 3 Paying Children for Doing Chores is Not Acceptable Some parents pay their children for doing chores at home.While I believe that it is good to help children develop a sense of independence and self-fulfillment,I doubt that such an experience of being paid would do nore good than harm to their development. It is obvious that paying children for doing anything for the family will nake them becone more and nore materialistic.Children nay get a wrong impression that everything is neasured in terns of money they earn.The concept of duty and responsibility is thus neglected.Of course,they need to be encouraged to do some housework,but encouragement can be of any kind.The reward they receive,for exanple,could be a present they like nost or a permission to play a usually restricted game. What is more,the relationship between family members may get loose and even impersonal,if children have the idea that they are sonewhat enployed by their parents.Perhaps fanily ties will be in danger of being weakened or even destroyed.Children may eventually become ignorant of what is neant by obligation and commitment.They are no longer interested in how to care others and love people who love them.Later on,when these children becone adults,they are more likely to becone money-oriented and appreciate little of morality and behaviors of benevolence. We nay come to a conclusion that the practice of paying children for whatever they do for the fanily should be abandoned.As parents,you should encourage them to share household chores with other nembers of the fanily and let then realize that a sense of belonging to the family is more important than注y rew请rd
Passage 3 Paying Children for Doing Chores is Not Acceptable Some parents pay their children for doing chores at home. While I believe that it is good to help children develop a sense of independence and self-fulfillment, I doubt that such an experience of being paid would do more good than harm to their development. It is obvious that paying children for doing anything for the family will make them become more and more materialistic. Children may get a wrong impression that everything is measured in terms of money they earn. The concept of duty and responsibility is thus neglected. Of course, they need to be encouraged to do some housework, but encouragement can be of any kind. The reward they receive, for example, could be a present they like most or a permission to play a usually restricted game. What is more, the relationship between family members may get loose and even impersonal, if children have the idea that they are somewhat employed by their parents. Perhaps family ties will be in danger of being weakened or even destroyed. Children may eventually become ignorant of what is meant by obligation and commitment. They are no longer interested in how to care others and love people who love them. Later on, when these children become adults, they are more likely to become money-oriented and appreciate little of morality and behaviors of benevolence. We may come to a conclusion that the practice of paying children for whatever they do for the family should be abandoned. As parents, you should encourage them to share household chores with other members of the family and let them realize that a sense of belonging to the family is more important than any reward