Unit 1.3 Starting from Scratch从头开始 单元重点： 1.learn vocabulary to do with industrial change and regeneration; 学习与工业变化及重建相关的词汇： 2.practice using modalverbs in the passive; 练习含有情态动词的被动语态： 3.study how to use modal verbs with the perfect infinitive; 学习情态动词的完成式： L.learn how to express emotions.学习如何表达情感。 含有情态动词的被动语态 L.情态动词(can,may,must,ought to,need,should,would)后应跟 动词原形。例如： They must stop the strike. The colleges can provide distance learning courses. The online courses ought to teach IT skills. 2.在表示被动含义的时候，情态动词后的动词要用被动式。例如： ...although energy production could be limited by their strike... 虽然能源生产可以被罢工限制 They have investigated which courses need to be offered... 3.当表示过去事情的被动含义时，情态动词后要用动词完成时的被 动形式。例如： All other energy production would need to have been stopped to
Unit 13 Starting from Scratch 从头开始 单元重点： 1. learn vocabulary to do with industrial change and regeneration; 学习与工业变化及重建相关的词汇； 2. practice using modal verbs in the passive; 练习含有情态动词的被动语态； 3. study how to use modal verbs with the perfect infinitive; 学习情态动词的完成式； 1. learn how to express emotions. 学习如何表达情感。 含有情态动词的被动语态 1. 情态动词（can, may, must, ought to, need, should, would）后应跟 动词原形。例如： They must stop the strike. The colleges can provide distance 远程 learning courses. The online courses ought to teach IT skills. 2. 在表示被动含义的时候，情态动词后的动词要用被动式。例如： …although energy production could be limited by their strike… 虽然能源生产可以被罢工限制 They have investigated which courses need to be offered… 3. 当表示过去事情的被动含义时，情态动词后要用动词完成时的被 动形式。例如： All other energy production would need to have been stopped to
bring the country to a standstill停顿. 含有情态动词的被动语态说明某人被动性动作所反映出的感情和态 度。在初中阶段可用于被动语态的情态动词有can,may,musL,should 等，分别表示“能够被：可以被…必须被…：应该被”。 如： The computer must be repaired now.电脑必须立刻修， Many trees should be planted on the mountains.应该在山上种许 多树。 【焦点二】转变方法 (一)将主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。 (二)将含有情态动词的主动句式变成被动句式，即：“情态动 词+动词原形”变成“情态动词+be+过去分词”，然后再加上“y +主动句中的主语（人称代词用宾格）”。y短语也可省略， 请看下列各句： 1.You should finish your homework atonce. 2.You can take this book home. 句1被动句为：our homework should be finished(by you)t once. 句2被动句为：This book can be taken home(by you), 【焦点三】句式变换 含情态动词的疑问句、否定句的变化均需要借助于情态动词完成。 (一)一般聚问句直接将被动语态的陈述句中的情态动词提前
bring the country to a standstill 停顿. 含有情态动词的被动语态说明某人被动性动作所反映出的感情和态 度。在初中阶段可用于被动语态的情态动词有 can, may, must, should 等，分别表示“能够被……；可以被……；必须被……；应该被……”。 如： The computer must be repaired now. 电脑必须立刻修。 Many trees should be planted on the mountains. 应该在山上种许 多树。 【焦点二】 转变方法 （一）将主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。 （二） 将含有情态动词的主动句式变成被动句式，即：“情态动 词 + 动词原形”变成“情态动词 + be + 过去分词”，然后再加上“by + 主动句中的主语（人称代词用宾格）”。by 短语也可省略。 请看下列各句： 1. You should finish your homework at once. 2. You can take this book home. 句 1 被动句为：Your homework should be finished (by you) at once. 句 2 被动句为：This book can be taken home (by you). 【焦点三】 句式变换 含情态动词的疑问句、否定句的变化均需要借助于情态动词完成。 （一）一般疑问句 直接将被动语态的陈述句中的情态动词提前
Must this work be done at once?这项工作必须立即完成吗？ (二)特殊疑问句由特殊疑间词加上被动语态的一般疑问句构成。 Where can the book be found?这本书在什么地方能被找到呢？ (三)反意疑问句 This book shouldn't be taken out of the library,should it?这本书 不应被带出图书馆，是吗？ (四)否定句在情态动词后面加上not或nver即可，但must 表示“必要时否定式为needn't, This work needn'tbe done at once,这项工作没必要立即做。 This problem can't be worked out very easily..这道试题不能被轻 而易举地算出来。 【焦点四】作答 回答应保留原有的情态动词，但must表示“必须“时，其否定回答 应用needn't,need表示“必要”时，其肯定回答应用must。 -Should my homework be finished today? -Yes,it should.No,it shouldn't. 一我的作业应在今天完成吗？ 一是的，应在今天完成。/不，不应在今天完成。 -Must his exercise book be handed in right now? -Yes,it must.No,it needn't. 他的练习本必须立即上交吗？ 一是的，必须立即上交。/不，不必立即上交
Must this work be done at once? 这项工作必须立即完成吗？ （二）特殊疑问句 由特殊疑问词加上被动语态的一般疑问句构成。 Where can the book be found? 这本书在什么地方能被找到呢？ （三） 反意疑问句 This book shouldn't be taken out of the library, should it? 这本书 不应被带出图书馆，是吗？ （四） 否定句 在情态动词后面加上 not 或 never 即可，但 must 表示“必要”时否定式为 needn't。 This work needn't be done at once. 这项工作没必要立即做。 This problem can't be worked out very easily. 这道试题不能被轻 而易举地算出来。 【焦点四】 作答 回答应保留原有的情态动词，但 must 表示“必须”时，其否定回答 应用 needn't, need 表示“必要”时，其肯定回答应用 must。 — Should my homework be finished today? — Yes, it should. / No, it shouldn't. —— 我的作业应在今天完成吗？ —— 是的，应在今天完成。/ 不，不应在今天完成。 — Must his exercise book be handed in right now? — Yes, it must. / No, it needn't. —— 他的练习本必须立即上交吗？ —— 是的，必须立即上交。/ 不，不必立即上交
表达情感 在下列表示情感的词语后一般接about或with。介词about常用 来表示存在的某种状态或发生的某件事情；而wh常用来指人。例 如： be angry about sth;be angry with sb be or feel irritated恼怒的about/by sth be worried aboutsth/sb be annoyed恼火about sth:be annoyed with sb be sorry about sth 介词about后跟名词或动名词：而with后只跟名词。例如： I am angry about losing my job.I am angry with the company. I feel irritated by/about claiming benefit. I am very annoyed about having to find a new job.I am annoyed with the manager I am sorry about the closure停业ofthe club. 在worried之后，无论指人还是事物，只用about。例如： I am worried about the future.I am worried aboutJean. 情态动词的完成式 1,情态动词一般表示现在或将来发生的事情。如果表示过去发生的 事情，其后常常跟动词的完成式。例如： Those arguments between us could have become a real problem
表达情感 在下列表示情感的词语后一般接 about 或 with。介词 about 常用 来表示存在的某种状态或发生的某件事情；而 with 常用来指人。例 如： be angry about sth; be angry with sb be or feel irritated 恼怒的 about/by sth be worried about sth/sb be annoyed 恼火 about sth; be annoyed with sb be sorry about sth 介词 about 后跟名词或动名词；而 with 后只跟名词。例如： I am angry about losing my job. I am angry with the company. I feel irritated by/about claiming 需要 benefit. I am very annoyed about having to find a new job. I am annoyed with the manager. I am sorry about the closure 停业 of the club. 在 worried 之后，无论指人还是事物，只用 about。例如： I am worried about the future. I am worried about Jean. 情态动词的完成式 1. 情态动词一般表示现在或将来发生的事情。如果表示过去发生的 事情，其后常常跟动词的完成式。例如： Those arguments between us could have become a real problem
我们之间的那些争论有可能真成为问题。 Ve might have failed,我们有可能就失败了。 What should have been the end of your working life became the beginning of something big原本会是你职业生涯的结束却变成了一 项宏大事业的开始。 2.情态动词的完成式可以表示对过去事情的推测。例如： It must have been difficult to be made redundant.失业后一定很困难， It can't have been easy to go from being a miner to a hotelier. 由一个矿工变成一个旅馆经营者一定不是件容易的事情。 1.must have...,can't have...,could have...,may have...might have..., 等都可以用来对过去的事情表示猜测或推新。例如： You didn't take a coat.You must have been cold. 你没有传外套，一定很冷吧。 The hotel was horrible.They can't have enjoyed their holiday 饭店差极了，他们一定没能度好假。 She said she will be late home tonight.Her boss might have asked her to do overtime.她说今晚回家会比较晚，老板可能让她加班了， I asked the boss for a pay rise and I think I may have annoyed him. 我跟老板要求涨工资，我想老板可能讨厌我了。 As their car is still here,they could have taken the bus. 他们的车还在这儿，他们可能坐公共汽车去了， They got there very quickly,so they might have taken a taxi
我们之间的那些争论有可能真成为问题。 We might have failed.我们有可能就失败了。 What should have been the end of your working life became the beginning of something big.原本会是你职业生涯的结束却变成了一 项宏大事业的开始。 2. 情态动词的完成式可以表示对过去事情的推测。例如： It must have been difficult to be made redundant.失业后一定很困难。 It can’t have been easy to go from being a miner to a hotelier. 由一个矿工变成一个旅馆经营者一定不是件容易的事情。 1. must have…,can’t have…,could have…,may have…,might have…, 等都可以用来对过去的事情表示猜测或推断。例如： You didn’t take a coat. You must have been cold. 你没有传外套，一定很冷吧。 The hotel was horrible. They can’t have enjoyed their holiday. 饭店差极了，他们一定没能度好假。 She said she will be late home tonight. Her boss might have asked her to do overtime.她说今晚回家会比较晚，老板可能让她加班了。 I asked the boss for a pay rise and I think I may have annoyed him. 我跟老板要求涨工资，我想老板可能讨厌我了。 As their car is still here, they could have taken the bus. 他们的车还在这儿，他们可能坐公共汽车去了。 They got there very quickly, so they might have taken a taxi
他们很快就到那儿了，可能是乘坐出租车去的。 情态动词+完成式”的用法归纳 1.must+have done:用于肯定句，表示推测，意为“一定（已经）*…"。 2.can+have done:用于否定句或疑问句，表示推测，意为“可能（已 经…”。 3.coud+have done:可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句，表示推测、 责备或遗够等，意为“可能…”、“本来可以…”、“本来应该…” 等。 4.should [ought to+have done:可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句， 表示责备或遗够等，意为“本来应该…”。 5.need+have done:用于否定句或疑问句，用于否定时意为“本来 不必”，用于疑问句时意为“有必要*…吗”。 6.my+have done:用于背定句或否定句，表示推测，意为“可能（已 经)…”。 7.might+have done:用于肯定句或否定句，表示推测，意为“可能 (已经)"（此时mght可换为may:另外还可以表示过来可能发 生的事结果未发生，意为本来会…”（此时might不能换为may)。 用法举例： He can’thave left s0soon.他不可能走得这么早。 I should have thought ofit.我本应想到这一点的。 You needn'thave mentioned it.你没有必要提及此事的。 You must have mistaken my intention..你一定是误会了我的意图
他们很快就到那儿了，可能是乘坐出租车去的。 情态动词+完成式”的用法归纳 1. must + have done：用于肯定句，表示推测，意为“一定(已经)……”。 2. can + have done：用于否定句或疑问句，表示推测，意为“可能(已 经)……”。 3. could + have done：可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句，表示推测、 责备或遗憾等，意为“可能……”、“本来可以……”、“本来应该……” 等。 4. should [ought to] + have done：可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句， 表示责备或遗憾等，意为“本来应该……”。 5. need + have done：用于否定句或疑问句，用于否定时意为“本来 不必”，用于疑问句时意为“有必要……吗”。 6. may + have done：用于肯定句或否定句，表示推测，意为“可能(已 经)……”。 7. might + have done：用于肯定句或否定句，表示推测，意为“可能 (已经)……(此时 might 可换为 may)；另外还可以表示过来可能发 生的事结果未发生，意为“本来会……”(此时 might 不能换为 may)。 用法举例： He can’t have left so soon. 他不可能走得这么早。 I should have thought of it. 我本应想到这一点的。 You needn’t have mentioned it. 你没有必要提及此事的。 You must have mistaken my intention. 你一定是误会了我的意图
I might have come to a wrong conclusion.我或许得出了错误的结 论。 You could have helped me一why did you just sit and watch?你本可 帮助我的，为什么只坐在一旁跳着？ Unit 14 Lifelong Learning终身学习 单元重点： 1.study differences between formal and informallanguage; 学习正式文体与非正式文体之间的区别： 2.practice writing a formalletter;练习写正式信函： 3.practice summarizing;练习写总结： 4.study how to express criticism,regret and happiness. 学习如何表达批评、遗憾和愉悦心情。 正式文体与非正式文体的若干差别 缩写词，如don’t,mustn't,he'品，I've等，一般用于非正式 文体。在正式文体中则把它们写全。 泛指的不定代词y0u常用于非正式文体中，在正式文体中则用？ You never know what new measures the president will take. One never knows what new measures the president will take. 在非正式文体中，h0可以代替中0m在疑问句中用作宾语
I might have come to a wrong conclusion. 我或许得出了错误的结 论。 You could have helped me—why did you just sit and watch? 你本可 帮助我的，为什么只坐在一旁瞧着? Unit 14 Lifelong Learning 终身学习 单元重点： 1. study differences between formal and informal language; 学习正式文体与非正式文体之间的区别； 2. practice writing a formal letter;练习写正式信函； 3. practice summarizing;练习写总结； 4. study how to express criticism, regret and happiness. 学习如何表达批评、遗憾和愉悦心情。 正式文体与非正式文体的若干差别 缩写词，如 don’t, mustn’t, he’s, I’ve 等，一般用于非正式 文体。在正式文体中则把它们写全。 泛指的不定代词 you 常用于非正式文体中，在正式文体中则用？ You never know what new measures the president will take. One never knows what new measures the president will take. 在非正式文体中，who 可以代替 whom 在疑问句中用作宾语
在非正式文体中，宾语从句前的tht常省去，尤其在表示“说”和 “想”的动词后面： She said (that)she would come. 在非正式文体中，they可以指代everyone,everybody,someone,no one等， Has everyone finished doing their exercises? Has everyone finished doing his or her exercises? 在非正式文体中，虚拟语气的句子如是I,he,she及it等词，可 用as代替雪ere. I wish he was here with us. 分词短语一般用于正式文体。 Having been warned of the impending storm,the captain decided to put off the voyage. When the captain heard a storm was coming,he decided to put off the voyage. 独立主格结构一般用于正式文体 The weather being fine,a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. As the weather was fine,a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. 作状语或定语的短语，放在主语前使句子更加正式。 Eager to finish the work,he continued to do it until midnight
在非正式文体中，宾语从句前的 that 常省去，尤其在表示“说”和 “想”的动词后面： She said (that) she would come. 在非正式文体中，they 可以指代everyone, everybody, someone, no one 等。 Has everyone finished doing their exercises? Has everyone finished doing his or her e xercises? 在非正式文体中，虚拟语气的句子如是 I, he, she 及 it 等词，可 用 was 代替 were. I wish he was here with us. 分词短语一般用于正式文体。 Having been warned of the impending storm, the captain decided to put off the voyage. When the captain heard a storm was coming, he decided to put off the voyage. 独立主格结构一般用于正式文体 The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. As the weather was fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. 作状语或定语的短语，放在主语前使句子更加正式。 Eager to finish the work, he continued to do it until midnight
插入语使句子更显正式 He shaved very slowly and carefully,as was his custom,in front of the mirror above the sink. 一系列的名词，动词或形容词使句子正式化 She experienced love and hate,grief and happiness. 下列句型常用于正式文体 长句 平行结构的句子 Let us be ruthless in our criticism,cruel to personal vanities, indifferent to age,rank or experience if these stand in our way. 并列复合句 对偶句（结构相似，意思相反） The politician is concerned with successful elections,whereas the statesman is interested in the future of his people. 圆周句（最重要的意思放在最后，直到最后一个词时句子的结构才完 整) 松散句：She decided to study English though she was interested in music. 圆周句：Although she was interested in music,.she finally decided to study English
插入语使句子更显正式 He shaved very slowly and carefully, as was his custom, in front of the mirror above the sink. 一系列的名词，动词或形容词使句子正式化 She experienced love and hate, grief and happiness. 下列句型常用于正式文体 长句 平行结构的句子 Let us be ruthless in our criticism, cruel to personal vanities, indifferent to age, rank or experience if these stand in our way. 并列复合句 对偶句(结构相似，意思相反) The politician is concerned with successful elections, whereas the statesman is interested in the future of his people. 圆周句（最重要的意思放在最后，直到最后一个词时句子的结构才完 整） 松散句：She decided to study English though she was interested in music. 圆周句：Although she was interested in music, she finally decided to study English
It is a truth universally acknowledged,that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. 在词汇方面，日常用语多来自盎格鲁·萨克森语（古英语），而正式 词汇多来自希腊语，拉丁语和法语。在学到一个正式词汇时，不妨同 时记住一个意思相近的非正式词。 begin deep commence profound lucky end continue fortunate terminate proceed raise clear same elevate explicit identical learned try strange erudite endeavor eccentric 动词短语常用于谈话体 go on (continue) look into (investigate) endure(put up with) produce(turn out) 缩略语，如ad,bike,pop等，在正式文体中并不多见。 俚语的说法极为随便，不用于正式文体
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. 在词汇方面，日常用语多来自盎格鲁·萨克森语（古英语），而正式 词汇多来自希腊语，拉丁语和法语。在学到一个正式词汇时，不妨同 时记住一个意思相近的非正式词。 begin deep commence profound lucky end continue fortunate terminate proceed raise clear same elevate explicit identical learned try strange erudite endeavor eccentric 动词短语常用于谈话体 go on (continue) look into (investigate) endure( put up with) produce(turn out) 缩略语，如 ad, bike, pop 等，在正式文体中并不多见。 俚语的说法极为随便，不用于正式文体