渐江广播电视大学 英语专业（开放本科） 《翻译理论与实践（笔译）》教学辅导（三） 文化与翻译 英国学者Edward Tylor指出：文化是一个“复合的整体，其中包括知识、信仰、艺术， 法律、道德、风俗以及人作为社会成员面获得的任何其他的能力和习惯。” 中西文化差异主要体现在历史文亿、地线文化、习俗文化、宗数文化等几个方面。 1.Definition of Culture Culture consists of all the shared products of human society”(Robertson.I9sl)文化包含 着人类社会所有的共问产物. This means not only such material things as cities,organizations and schools but family patterns,languages.Putting it simply.culture refers to the entire way of life of a society 社会暖民铁的整体生活及生存方式)，the ways0 fa people. 2.The Relation between Language Culture Language is a part of culture and plays a very importamt role in it On the other hand. language is imflmeneed and shaped by culture,it reflects culture. Learning a foreign langunge well means more than merely mastering the pronunciation, grammar.words and idioms.It means learning also to see the world as native speakers of that language see it,karning the ways in which their language reflects the ideas,customs,and behavior of their society,learning to understand their"languge of the mind". 3.Cultural Differenees and Tramslation To be qualified translators or interpreters,in order to do justice to their work.it is essential for them to know well the cultural differences between the East and the West
浙 江 广 播 电 视 大 学 英语专业(开放本科) 《翻译理论与实践（笔译）》教学辅导（三） 文化与翻译 英国学者 Edward Tylor 指出：文化是一个“复合的整体，其中包括知识、信仰、艺术、 法律、道德、风俗以及人作为社会成员而获得的任何其他的能力和习惯。” 中西文化差异主要体现在历史文化、地域文化、习俗文化、宗教文化等几个方面。 1. Definition of Culture “Culture consists of all the shared products of human society”. (Robertson, 1981) 文化包含 着人类社会所有的共同产物。 ↓ This means not only such material things as cities, organizations and schools, but family patterns, languages. Putting it simply, culture refers to the entire way of life of a society（一个 社会或民族的整体生活及生存方式）, “the ways of a people.” 2. The Relation between Language & Culture Language is a part of culture and plays a very important role in it. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture; it reflects culture. Learning a foreign language well means more than merely mastering the pronunciation, grammar, words and idioms. It means learning also to see the world as native speakers of that language see it, learning the ways in which their language reflects the ideas, customs, and behavior of their society, learning to understand their “language of the mind”. 3. Cultural Differences and Translation To be qualified translators or interpreters, in order to do justice to their work, it is essential for them to know well the cultural differences between the East and the West
Cultural Words and culturally-loaded Words 1.Cultural words The word (phrase)that carries the meaning of a cultural trait particular to a certain socio-cultural community and therefore that has no corresponding equivalent in other communities when it is ued in croes-cultural communication,is called word of cultural uniqueness or cultural word.(周志培) Eg铴圆，磕头omow,作揖(make a sigh址bow with hands folded in front): stinking ninth-category people-a label given to intellectuals during the Cultural Revolution 工Culturally-oaded words/phrases:所指的事物或概念在对方是有的，但是词文贝有某种 程度的对等。按其构成和意义特点可分为三大类： A.due to different classification切分和归类不回的文化含文间 ★亲属称谓问(s,gencration,degree of lineality直系来属关系) B due to differeat assoclation联想不回的文化含义词 *pig.summer.western wind *"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperature" ★龙焉虎跃 Hustle and bustle like dragons rising and tigers leaping C,due to differest caltural norms语用规范不回的这化含义 *Isn't he a protessor? Yes,he is不，他是. Noh依smL是，他不是。 ★烦姑娘到对面的文具店买两素宜纸来，要上好的。 A.Bother you to go to the opposite stationer's to buy two sheets of Xuan paper of superior quality. B.Could you please go to the opposite...? Transplanting and Transformation of cultural factors 1.Cultural words:
Cultural Words and culturally- loaded Words 1. Cultural words: The word (phrase) that carries the meaning of a cultural trait particular to a certain socio-cultural community and therefore that has no corresponding equivalent in other communities, when it is used in cross-cultural communication, is called word of cultural uniqueness or cultural word. (周志培) E.g. 汤圆，磕头(kowtow)，作揖(make a slight bow with hands folded in front)； 臭老九stinking ninth-category people---a label given to intellectuals during the Cultural Revolution. 2. Culturally- loaded words/ phrases: 所指的事物或概念在对方是有的，但是词义只有某种 程度的对等。按其构成和意义特点可分为三大类： A. due to different classification (切分和归类不同的文化含义词) ★亲属称谓词（sex, generation, degree of lineality直系亲属关系） B. due to different association (联想不同的文化含义词) ★pig, summer, western wind ★“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperature.” ★龙腾虎跃 Hustle and bustle like dragons rising and tigers leaping C. due to different cultural norms (语用规范不同的文化含义词) ★Isn’t he a professor? Yes, he is. 不，他是。 No, he isn’t. 是，他不是。 ★烦姑娘到对面的文具店买两张宣纸来，要上好的。 A. Bother you to go to the opposite stationer’s to buy two sheets of Xuan paper of superior quality. B. Could you please go to the opposite…? Transplanting and Transformation of cultural factors 1. Cultural words:
full borrowing (WTO.GDP) transliteration (kowtow.sota.taoism). loan translation仿译(blue-collar) 2.Culturally-leaded werds: 1)borrowing:高梁(kaoliang) 2)substitution:寺、庙、观、毫《temple） 3)paraphrasing杞人忧天(unnecessary anxiety) 4)loan translation:纸老虎(paper tiger) Evamples and lllustrations 1.有个老李带米个八九岁的小姑娘，因为没有吃的，愿意把姑娘运给人家选个活命。 二诸葛.就替小二黑收作童养塘 Lao Li brought his daughter of about eight or nine years with him.To avoid starvation,he was willing to give the girl toamybody who wanted her.Kong Ming the Second...took her to his house as little Erhei's future wife 2.你如今作地妇（妻子）了，我才告诉你：这如今你林妹妹没工两三天了。 Now that you're married I can tell you the truth:your cousin Lin died a couple of days ago (杨宪益等) 2:But now that you are Bao-yu's wife,I must tell you the truth.Your cousin Lin had been dead now for some time (John Minford) 王.她本塑早给小琴找个婆起推出门去，（小儿黑结婚） She had long intended to find a hushand for Little Qin and thus get rid of her. 4.老栓正在专心走路，忽然吃了一惊，远远看见一条工字街，明明白白横着。 Ahsorbed in his walking.Old Shuan was startled when he sw the cress road (T-shaped road) lying distantly ahead of him. 5.周瑞家的听了笑道：弥驼线。真坑死人的事儿！等十年都未必这样巧的呢” l:"Gracious Buddha!"Mrs.Zhou chuckled."How terribly chancy!You might wait for ten years without such a run of luck" (杨) 译2：God bless my soul"Zhou Rur's wife exclaimed.-Yo闻would certainly need some
full borrowing (WTO,GDP), transliteration (kowtow, sofa, taoism), loan translation仿译（blue-collar） 2. Culturally - loaded words: 1) borrowing: 高梁（kaoliang） 2) substitution: 寺、庙、观、庵（temple） 3) paraphrasing: 杞人忧天（unnecessary anxiety） 4) loan translation: 纸老虎（paper tiger） Examples and Illustrations 1. ……有个老李带来个八九岁的小姑娘，因为没有吃的，愿意把姑娘送给人家逃个活命。 二诸葛……就替小二黑收作童养媳。 Lao Li brought his daughter of about eight or nine years with him. To avoid starvation, he was willing to give the girl to anybody who wanted her. Kong Ming the Second…took her to his house as little Erhei’s future wife. 2. 你如今作媳妇（妻子）了，我才告诉你：这如今你林妹妹没了两三天了。 译1：Now that you’re married I can tell you the truth: your cousin Lin died a couple of days ago. (杨宪益等) 译2：But now that you are Bao-yu’s wife, I must tell you the truth. Your cousin Lin had been dead now for some time. (John Minford) 3. 她本想早给小琴找个婆家推出门去，… (小儿黑结婚) She had long intended to find a husband for Little Qin and thus get rid of her. 4. 老栓正在专心走路，忽然吃了一惊，远远看见一条丁字街，明明白白横着。 Absorbed in his walking, Old Shuan was startled when he saw the cross road (T-shaped road) lying distantly ahead of him. 5. 周瑞家的听了笑道：“阿弥陀佛，真坑死人的事儿！等十年都未必这样巧的呢” 译1：“Gracious Buddha!” Mrs. Zhou chuckled. “How terribly chancy! You might wait for ten years without such a run of luck.” (杨) 译2：“God bless my soul!” Zhou Rui’s wife exclaimed. “You would certainly need some
patience Why.you might wait ten years before getting all those things at the proper times!" (Hawks) 6.你在家时，谁敢米故个屁？ 译l:When you were home who dared to come near and pss his wind?(喜珍球) 译2：When you were at home,who dared to come and insult me(小ackson) 武行者心中要吃，愿里听他分说，一篇声喝道：“放屁！放尼！”（同上》 .Now Wu the priest longed much in his heart to eat,and so how could he be willing to listen to this explanation?He bellowed forth,"Pass your wind.-puss your wind!"(norense) 7.夏练三伏。冬炼三九 A.Do train in three fu in summer and in three jiu in winter B.In summer keep exercising during the hottest days,in winter do the same during the coldest weather 8.Howd:Kd,IGan'ake blood from a ston吃I--(替f代) 老兄，石头里可控不出油来，我 9.D-day dawned with a minimum of furss,and shoppers were taking the new coinage in their stride. 蒸币十进制正式实行那一天并没有出现什么风波。顾客从容地接受这种新的货币制度。 (D原指二战中同盟国选攻西欧的1944年6月6日。后来也指莫币改制的那一天。》 在阻译中如问处理中西文化整异的间题，可以采取以下几种用评方法和技巧： 1、直译法。在不影响理解的前提下采取直译方法，低可以保留原语的意义和神韵，又 能丰宫译文语言的表达力。例如将dove of peace直译为“和平鹤"，将olive branch直 泽为：横枝等。 2、代换法。保留原文意义，川译文中某个概念意文不问但文化意义相近的词米代换原 文的词.例如用“笑掉大牙“米翻译uugh off one's head,用挥金如士"来翻译end money like water. 3、增词法。当直译不号理解，问时又无文化意义相近的词时可以使用增河法。比如： The stafr member folded like an accordion 这个工作人员就象合起来的手风琴似的一一不坑声了。 4.意译法。当直译不能准确地表达文化意义，面代换又不易，增词又太多时可以采取意 译法。比如
patience ! Why, you might wait ten years before getting all those things at the proper times!” (Hawks) 6. 你在家时，谁敢来放个屁？ 译1：When you were at home who dared to come near and pass his wind? (赛珍珠) 译2：When you were at home, who dared to come and insult me? (Jackson) 武行者心中要吃，哪里听他分说，一篇声喝道：“放屁！放屁！”（同上） • Now Wu the priest longed much in his heart to eat, and so how could he be willing to listen to this explanation? He bellowed forth, “Pass your wind- -pass your wind!” (nonsense) 7. 夏炼三伏，冬炼三九。 A. Do train in three fu in summer and in three jiu in winter. B. In summer keep exercising during the hottest days; in winter do the same during the coldest weather. 8. Howard: Kid, I can’t take blood from a stone, I ----- (替代) 老兄，石头里可榨不出油来，我…… 9. D-day dawned with a minimum of fuss, and shoppers were taking the new coinage in their stride. 英币十进制正式实行那一天并没有出现什么风波，顾客从容地接受这种新的货币制度。 （D-day原指二战中同盟国进攻西欧的1944年6月6日，后来也指英币改制的那一天。） 在翻译中如何处理中西文化差异的问题，可以采取以下几种翻译方法和技巧： 1、直译法。在不影响理解的前提下采取直译方法，既可以保留原语的意义和神韵，又 能丰富译文语言的表达力。例如将 dove of peace 直译为“和平鸽”，将 olive branch 直 译为橄榄枝等。 2、代换法。保留原文意义，用译文中某个概念意义不同但文化意义相近的词来代换原 文的词。例如用“笑掉大牙”来翻译 laugh off one’s head, 用“挥金如土”来翻译 spend money like water。 3、增词法。当直译不易理解，同时又无文化意义相近的词时可以使用增词法。比如： The staff member folded like an accordion. 这个工作人员就象合起来的手风琴似的—--不吭声了。 4.意译法。当直译不能准确地表达文化意义，而代换又不易，增词又太多时可以采取意 译法。比如：
It was another one of those catch-22 situations.You're damned if you do and you're damned if you don't 这真是又一个左右为库的尴地局面，做也倒霉，不做也倒霉， 5注释法。当上逃四种方法都不适宜时，可以采取注释法。比如： “Quinion."said M.Murdstone,"take care,if you please.Somcbo动y's sharp.”“Whos" asked the gentleman,laughing I looked up,quickly.being curious to know. "Only Brooks of Sheffield,"said Mr Murdstone.(David Copperfield) “昆宁，枚得孙先生说。“请你说话面着点神。有人可尖着厚。” “谁？“郑个 伸士一面大笑。一面问。 我急忙扮起头来建他们，因为我急于想要知道是谁。 “不过是雪菲尔德的布洛克罢了，”枚得孙先生说。（张谷若译）注：“雪羊尔德：英国 工业城。以铁器出名，特别是刀义月具。布路克据说是当时该城的铁器商人。刀叉有尖，故 戏以出刀叉的随方名称呼大卫
It was another one of those catch-22 situations. You’re damned if you do and you’re damned if you don’t. 这真是又一个左右为难的尴尬局面，做也倒霉，不做也倒霉。 5.注释法。当上述四种方法都不适宜时，可以采取注释法。比如： “Quinion,” said Mr.Murdstone, “take care, if you please. Somebody’s sharp.” “Who is?” asked the gentleman, laughing. I looked up, quickly, being curious to know. “Only Brooks of Sheffield,” said Mr.Murdstone. (David Copperfield) “昆宁，”枚得孙先生说。“请你说话留着点神。有人可尖着哪。” “谁？”那个 绅士一面大笑，一面问。 我急忙抬起头来瞧他们，因为我急于想要知道是谁。 “不过是雪菲尔德的布洛克罢了，”枚得孙先生说。（张谷若译）注：“雪菲尔德：英国 工业城，以铁器出名，特别是刀叉用具。布路克据说是当时该城的铁器商人。刀叉有尖，故 戏以出刀叉的地方名称呼大卫