浙江广播电视大学文本模拟试卷_高级时事英语.doc_大学文库

Lecture notes for Week I) In this first lecture I will be outlining the major forms of social inequality we will be investigating week by week in this introductory course on social Inequality.There are six major topics,the introductory overview of inequality,the fouor fornms of inequality and the final overview and general analysis We will be spending two weeks on each of these topies. The four forms of inequality we will be investigating are: ●Class ●Gender ●Ethnicity and racism ●Age Class inequality concerns the levels of cconomic,political and cultural power people have. The bases of class position are oocupution,wealth,education and well we expect you to find out more in research. Gender inequality concerns the social differences between men and women.The bases of gender inequality are a cause for dispute.We expect you to research the different approaches which include bological.psychological,cultural.poliucal-cconomie explanation.In additon. the form of family structure is an important basis for gender inequlities Ethnicity and racism is not about differences based on 'race.'It is about the way that the concept of 'race'has been used.Like 'gender''race'has been used as an excuse to treat people unequally.It has been used to discriminateagir people from different ethnic hackgrounds.It has also been used to discriminate against people who look different even if they share the culture of those treating them unequally.The historical bases of social inequalities resulting from 'raism' may be immigration or colonization.These have lead to the development of differences in ethnicity,language or physical characteristics within one society.However it is not these characteristics in themselves that are the haes of racisit forms of inequality.Rather it is the psychological.cultural and societal conditions that create the racist attitudes and behaviors that we will be examining As you can see social inequality is a complex subject The relationship between age and inequality has different characteristics In traditionall socicties in which older people are the heads of their families,and are recognized s having valuable experience and wisdom,it is the older people who have most cultural.economic and social power.In the consume stage of our market-economy societies we tend to treat young people with greater respect They are the people who are willing to adapt to change and dispose of material goods very quickly They have fewer family commitments and much more disposable income.They are ideal oonsumers We will be investigating the concepts of coesumerism'and 'fashion'as the hases of the privileged cultural position of young people However.want to look at the way that gender.ethnicity and class affect the position of older people.Some older people have great cconomie and political resources whilst others are amongst the most underprivileged people in society. Questions 21-30.Complete the following table by filling in the blanks in the separate columns.Each column lists either the nature or the hases of one aspect of social inequality. The first now has been completed for you Forms of social inequality Nature of inequality lases of ineq■ality Class Differences in levels of Occupation,wealth,education Qc0m民， cultural and nd not st减ad

3 ( Lecture notes for Week I) In this first lecture I will be outlining the major forms of social inequality we will be investigating week by week in this introductory course on social Inequality. There are six major topics, the introductory overview of inequality, the fouor fornms of inequality and the final overview and general analysis. We will be spending two weeks on each of these topics. The four forms of inequality we will be investigating are: ⚫ Class ⚫ Gender ⚫ Ethnicity and racism ⚫ Age Class inequality concerns the levels of economic, political and cultural power people have. The bases of class position are occupation, wealth, education and well we expect you to find out more in research. Gender inequality concerns the social differences between men and women. The bases of gender inequality are a cause for dispute. We expect you to research the different approaches which include biological, psychological, cultural, political-economic explanation. In addition, the form of family structure is an important basis for gender inequalities. Ethnicity and racism is not about differences based on ‘race.’ It is about the way that the concept of ‘race’ has been used. Like ‘gender’, ‘race’ has been used as an excuse to treat people unequally. It has been used to discriminate against people from different ethnic backgrounds. It has also been used to discriminate against people who look different even if they share the culture of those treating them unequally. The historical bases of social inequalities resulting from ‘racism’ may be immigration or colonization. These have lead to the development of differences in ethnicity, language or physical characteristics within one society. However it is not these characteristics in themselves that are the bases of racisit forms of inequality. Rather it is the psychological, cultural and societal conditions that create the racist attitudes and behaviors that we will be examining. As you can see social inequality is a complex subject. The relationship between age and inequality has different characteristics. In traditional societies in which older people are the heads of their families, and are recognized s having valuable experience and wisdom, it is the older people who have most cultural, economic and social power. In the consume stage of our market-economy societies we tend to treat young people with greater respect. They are the people who are willing to adapt to change and dispose of material goods very quickly. They have fewer family commitments and much more disposable income. They are ideal consumers. We will be investigating the concepts of ‘consumerism’ and ‘fashion’ as the bases of the privileged cultural position of young people. However, want to look at the way that gender, ethnicity and class affect the position of older people. Some older people have great economic and political resources whilst others are amongst the most underprivileged people in society. Questions 21-30. Complete the following table by filling in the blanks in the separate columns. Each column lists either the nature or the bases of one aspect of social inequality. The first now has been completed for you. Forms of social inequality Nature of inequality Bases of inequality Class Differences in levels of economic, cultural and Occupation, wealth, education and not stated

political pow世 Gender Social differences between In dispute,but theories include _(210and(22) biological,pychological (23)and politic-economic causes (24)structures are also important Ethnicity and racism Racist mttitudes and behavior Psychological.cultural and (25)conditions. Age in earlier societies Older people have greater 27 position and economic,(26)and social recognized (28) and power wisdo题 (29)in a consumer socicty Young people have_ (30 Class,ethnicity and gender power.Some old people inequality affect some older have economic and political people's access to resources power. Part 2.Read Passage 2 and answer Questions 31-40. Passage 2 Different Definitions of Culture Marry texts on culture rely solely on the anthropological defintion of culture.However,the disciplines of history and sociology.an even culturall studies itself.make distinctions between this definition ad definitions from a 'conflict'perspective. Today we will examine these alternative imerpretations of 'culture' Whilst agreeing with the three points made by anthropologists:that culture includes norms.values and symbols:that culture,by providing shared meanings,holds socicty together. and that none of us could exist were it not for culture and society.many other hold a society together.Whilst a dominant group in society,for example the factory owners,might hold one set of values These values will be damaging for factory employees The reason the society does not split apart is that the dominant group use force to make the majority conform to their rules They actively manipulate the key sites of cultural production.religion.education and or the media so that their values remain the ruling ideas. A Culture as Domination and Interaction A variation of this view of culture as ideology is that we are not all 'cultural dopes' unknowing being manipulated by the power.Although cultural domination is a fact of social life most people understand that and can even oppose this cultural domination Female workers fro example are ofien doubly exploited in the labour market however,women workers have procested, using the message'we want bread and rooes'.They are using these cultural symbols to say that as women they not only want to have income equality with men workers but also to be treated with dignity as women 且.Culture as Discourse This view includes many of the ideas of anthropology and A and B.above. However whilst A.and B.view cultural knowledge as the tool of the powerful,discourse theory

4 political power Gender Social differences between ___(21) and ____(22) In dispute, but theories include biological, psychological ____ (23) and politic-economic causes. _____(24) structures are also important Ethnicity and racism Racist attitudes and behavior Psychological, cultural and ___(25) conditions. Age in earlier societies Older people have greater economic, ____(26) and social power _____(27) position and recognized _____(28) and wisdom ___(29) in a consumer society Young people have ____ (30) power. Some old people have economic and political power. Class, ethnicity and gender inequality affect some older people’s access to resources. Part 2. Read Passage 2 and answer Questions 31-40. Passage 2 Different Definitions of Culture Many texts on culture rely solely on the anthropological definition of culture. However, the disciplines of history and sociology, an even cultural studies itself, make distinctions between this definition ad definitions from a ‘ conflict’ perspective. Today we will examine these alternative interpretations of ‘culture’. Whilst agreeing with the three points made by anthropologists: that culture includes norms, values and symbols: that culture, by providing shared meanings, holds society together; and that none of us could exist were it not for culture and society, many other hold a society together. Whilst a dominant group in society, for example the factory owners, might hold one set of values. These values will be damaging for factory employees. The reason the society does not split apart is that the dominant group use force to make the majority conform to their rules. They actively manipulate the key sites of cultural production, religion, education and / or the media so that their values remain the ruling ideas. A. Culture as Domination and Interaction A variation of this view of culture as ideology is that we are not all ‘cultural dopes’ unknowing being manipulated by the power. Although cultural domination is a fact of social life most people understand that and can even oppose this cultural domination. Female workers fro example are often doubly exploited in the labour market however, women workers have protested, using the message’ we want bread and roses’. They are using these cultural symbols to say that as women they not only want to have income equality with men workers but also to be treated with dignity as women. . B. Culture as Discourse This view includes many of the ideas of anthropology and A and B. above. However whilst A. and B. view cultural knowledge as the tool of the powerful, discourse theory

argues that knowledge is power.Foucault.the major writer in this field writes that in modern socicties,new forms of powerful discourses,or ways of speaking.were developed not by a few powerful people.but by medical.psychological and crminological experts in three key sites: research hospitals.research asylums and prisoms.There.knowledge.or discourses.developed about human personality,human bodies and humn failings These discourses soon spread.We all took on the medical concepts of 'nommal and 'pathological'.applied them to ourselves,and to others,in every aspect of moder life,work,family schools even our leisure activities Thus, from Foucault's perspective.modern society became 'a diseiplined'society through the dispersal of a set of modern disciplinary discourses Questions 31-40,Mark the following statements as True (T)or False(F)according to the materisl in passage 2. 27.There is only way to define the term'culture'. 28.Anthropologists emphasize the way that culture holds the society together. 29.Other theorists have imvestigaled the ideological apects of culture. 30.The 'ideological'imerpretation totally disagrees with the anthropologist'definition of culture. 31.The'conflict'approach tends to focus on the cultural divisions within society. 32.Because culture can be controlled by a few powerful people,the powerless are just 'cultural dopes'. 33.Women are more likely to be 'cultural dopes'than men. 34.Foucault introduces the idea of culture as'discourse'. 35.Foucalt believed that knowledge,as discourse,was powerful in itself. 36.Foucault argued that only a few powerful people dominate a society's culture. Part 3.Read Passage 3 and answer Questions 41-50. Passage 3 Dear Mr.Cotton. Your letter has been received,and here is our reply to the questions you raised: First we appreciate very much your concern for the environment and our work in improving the environment in Chongqing As you may know,Chongqing is a city with more than 800 years of history.Its industries took shape in the 1930s and 1940s.and we have developed rapedly in the last 40 years.Consequently. the pollution of the air and water has become serious,which is obviousy a reality.The Chinese govermment has been paying great attention to protecting the environment in recent year.Although we started the work a bit late.Moreover.we are still lagging behind in both economic strength and techniques for the control of pollution as compared with other developing countries and regions. China is a developing country.Our per capita groess nationall income is less than $400 while in Britain it is several thousand pounds.It is obvious that eventually,the solution of environmental problems needs the back up of economic strength.In fact.we are investing quite a lot and taking measures to curb pollution. I firmly believe that so long as we persist in maintaining stability,carrying out reform and open policies and developing the economy in a steady and well-proportioned way,we will have much greater economic strength and can more efficiently improve the city's emvironment. The air and water pollution you mentioned are truly two outstanding environmental

5 argues that knowledge is power. Foucault, the major writer in this field, writes that in modern societies, new forms of powerful discourses, or ways of speaking, were developed not by a few powerful people, but by medical, psychological and criminological experts in three key sites: research hospitals, research asylums and prisons. There, knowledge, or discourses, developed about human personality, human bodies and human failings. These discourses soon spread. We all took on the medical concepts of ‘normal and ‘pathological’, applied them to ourselves, and to others, in every aspect of modern life, work, family,, schools even our leisure activities. Thus, from Foucault’s perspective, modern society became ‘a disciplined’ society through the dispersal of a set of modern disciplinary discourses. Questions 31-40, Mark the following statements as True (T) or False (F) according to the material in passage 2. 27. There is only way to define the term ‘culture’. 28. Anthropologists emphasize the way that culture holds the society together. 29. Other theorists have investigated the ideological aspects of culture. 30. The ‘ideological’ interpretation totally disagrees with the anthropologist’ definition of culture. 31. The ‘conflict’ approach tends to focus on the cultural divisions within society. 32. Because culture can be controlled by a few powerful people, the powerless are just ‘cultural dopes’. 33. Women are more likely to be ‘cultural dopes’ than men. 34. Foucault introduces the idea of culture as ‘discourse’. 35. Foucault believed that knowledge, as discourse, was powerful in itself. 36. Foucault argued that only a few powerful people dominate a society’s culture. Part 3. Read Passage 3 and answer Questions 41-50. Passage 3 Dear Mr. Cotton, Your letter has been received, and here is our reply to the questions you raised: First we appreciate very much your concern for the environment and our work in improving the environment in Chongqing. As you may know, Chongqing is a city with more than 800 years of history. Its industries took shape in the 1930s and 1940s, and we have developed rapidly in the last 40 years. Consequently, the pollution of the air and water has become serious, which is obviously a reality. The Chinese government has been paying great attention to protecting the environment in recent year. Although we started the work a bit late. Moreover, we are still lagging behind in both economic strength and techniques for the control of pollution as compared with other developing countries and regions. China is a developing country. Our per capita gross national income is less than $400 while in Britain it is several thousand pounds. It is obvious that eventually, the solution of environmental problems needs the back up of economic strength. In fact, we are investing quite a lot and taking measures to curb pollution. I firmly believe that so long as we persist in maintaining stability, carrying out reform and open policies and developing the economy in a steady and well-proportioned way, we will have much greater economic strength and can more efficiently improve the city’s environment. The air and water pollution you mentioned are truly two outstanding environmental

problems in Chongging But in fact,we have already taken many measures to keep them under control.The air pollution is caused mainly by burning coal and smoke.To improve the quality of the air,we are readjusting the energy consumption in ou city.Promotion has been carried out to encourage residents to use less polluting fuel,such as naturall gas,to replace coal.larger scale technical renovation has been conducted to improve industral and home bolers.furraces and stoves so that they cause less pollution.Districts have been designated as areas with restricted smoke and dust. It is true that the Jialing is being polluted by discharges from a paper factory But right now we are working on a project against the pollution Once the project is completed,the factory will definitely be prevented from further polluting the river. By the way.we are cooperating with a British company in working out'A programme to control Pollution in the Chongqing Section of the Changjiang and Jialing rivers'and some progress has been made in this field In general the emvironmental pollution of Chongqing has been scrious,but it has been kept under control through years of effort The quality of the city's enironment is now at the level of the beginning of 1980s and improvements have been made in some areas.In the light of China's realities. environmental protection at this stage is focused on enforcement of monitoring and management.The environment of our city is based upon China's environmental protection laws and regulations standards of environmental quallity and monitoring of the emvironment.There are State set standards and supplementary local standards for checking discharges of air,water,noise and other industriall wa国e Departments of emvironmental protection are in charge of conducting regular monitoring according to these standards in the city and districts and countries under their jurisdiction.The results of these check-ups are collected each month,quarter and year,so that prompt analysis can be made and responsive policies worked out.The results are also announced to the public regularly. Facts concerming the quality of the environment in Chongqing in 1988 were published in the Environmental Protection Herald on February 22 of that year,a copy of which is enclosed in our letter to you Also,to help you get more infommation on the environmental sitution of this area,we have provided a series of statistics and figures collected from recent monitoring,as we want you to know that the environmental situation here is not as dangerous as you have imagined it to be. Again,thank you for your concern and opinions on the environmental protection work of our city.We wish you a happy and healthy stay in our city. Lin Dinshn. Chongqing Chief of Environmental Protection Bureau Questions 41-50.Choose the best amswer among the choices given write the letter representing your choice in the space provided om the Answer Sheet): 37.The Chief of the Environmental protection burcau is a Mr.Cotton b.Lin Dinshu c.An American 38.Mr.Cotton's letter was probably about a the history of Chongqing b.pollution in China generally 6

6 problems in Chongqing. But in fact, we have already taken many measures to keep them under control. The air pollution is caused mainly by burning coal and smoke. To improve the quality of the air, we are readjusting the energy consumption in our city. Promotion has been carried out to encourage residents to use less polluting fuel, such as natural gas, to replace coal. larger scale technical renovation has been conducted to improve industrial and home boilers, furnaces and stoves so that they cause less pollution. Districts have been designated as areas with restricted smoke and dust. It is true that the Jialing is being polluted by discharges from a paper factory. But right now we are working on a project against the pollution. Once the project is completed, the factory will definitely be prevented from further polluting the river. By the way, we are cooperating with a British company in working out ‘A programme to control Pollution in the Chongqing Section of the Changjiang and Jialing rivers’ and some progress has been made in this field. In general the environmental pollution of Chongqing has been serious, but it has been kept under control through years of effort. The quality of the city’s environment is now at the level of the beginning of 1980s and improvements have been made in some areas. In the light of China’s realities, environmental protection at this stage is focused on enforcement of monitoring and management. The environment of our city is based upon China’s environmental protection laws and regulations, standards of environmental quality and monitoring of the environment. There are State set standards and supplementary local standards for checking discharges of air, water, noise and other industrial waste. Departments of environmental protection are in charge of conducting regular monitoring according to these standards in the city and districts and countries under their jurisdiction. The results of these check-ups are collected each month, quarter and year, so that prompt analysis can be made and responsive policies worked out. The results are also announced to the public regularly. Facts concerning the quality of the environment in Chongqing in 1988 were published in the Environmental Protection Herald on February 22nd of that year, a copy of which is enclosed in our letter to you. Also, to help you get more information on the environmental situation of this area, we have provided a series of statistics and figures collected from recent monitoring, as we want you to know that the environmental situation here is not as dangerous as you have imagined it to be. Again, thank you for your concern and opinions on the environmental protection work of our city. We wish you a happy and healthy stay in our city. Lin Dinshu. Chongqing Chief of Environmental Protection Bureau Questions 41-50. Choose the best answer among the choices given ( write the letter representing your choice in the space provided on the Answer Sheet): 37. The Chief of the Environmental protection bureau is _____. a. Mr. Cotton b. Lin Dinshu c. An American 38. Mr. Cotton’s letter was probably about _ ___ a. the history of Chongqing b. pollution in China generally

That was Friday.By Saturday afternoon workmen were fixing windows.moving grass and painting halls And by Tuesday there was a new principal. Last January.Femnandez took charge of the biggest and perhaps most troubled school system in the nation.He became New York City's Chancellor of Public Schools.Once New York's public schools were regarded as the best in the nation But now basic education has sunk so low that the New York Telephone compamy recently had to test 57,000 people to find just 2100 who were qualified to become operators and repair technicians Wwe're failing to prepare k达.Fernandez s动s Can Femandez beat the odds against him?The sheer size of the New York system is over whelming:nearly 1000 schools and 937,000 students,of whom 80 percent are black or Hispanic and one third live below the poverty line.Over half the public school students are reading below grade level.in some schools more than 80 percent.At least 30 per cent will never graduate. Undaunted,Fernandez hit the streets of New York running.Within a few weeks,he had eliminated 14 deparments and about 400 jobs at headquarters In less than two months he had removed tow district superintendents and three more principals,in addition to pushing for a stronger role for himself in the selection of superintendents Ironically,Fermandez dropped out of school at 16,and joined a gang himself.The Air Force was his escape.In it,he eamned a high school equivalency diploma He eventually worked his way through the University of Miami as postman and milkman. He became a high school teacher in 1963,and chairman of the math department.By 1975.he was principal.In 1985.he became a doctor of education.In 1987 he became superintendent of the nation's fourth largest school system. Questions 51-60 Use werds or short answers to complete the blanks in this summary of the material in passage 4.your amswers should be as brief as possible but they should cover the relevant points as completely as possible. A 1990 article in the Readers_(51)focuses on the problem of(52)in New York and The USA generally.It positions one man named(53)as a hero in its deseription of the issue.This 'hero'did not have(54)past the age of 16.until he joined the air Force. His own late career in the field of(55)was then characterized by rapid promotion.He was a high school teacher in 1963.and(56)years later he was superintendent of the fourth largest school system in the U.S>He fired both(57)who were not doing their jobs.He (58)departments and jobs in New York.Perhaps these efforts will (59)the New York Public School system which recently has been described as(60)in the U.S. End of Reading Test WRITING TEST 20 points Write a short essary about equallity and family life You may write about the different roles within families,whether men,women and children in families share the decision-making and housework or whether just one person makes the decisions,or does the housework.You may want to compare differences between families You may discuss the causes,problems or effects of the differences within andor between families You may daw on you own personal experience or write about equality and family lite in general. Write about 150 words)

8 That was Friday. By Saturday afternoon workmen were fixing windows, moving grass and painting halls. And by Tuesday there was a new principal. Last January, Fernandez took charge of the biggest and perhaps most troubled school system in the nation. He became New York City’s Chancellor of Public Schools. Once New York’s public schools were regarded as the best in the nation. But now basic education has sunk so low that the New York Telephone company recently had to test 57,000 people to find just 2100 who were qualified to become operators and repair technicians. ‘We’re failing to prepare kids’. Fernandez says. Can Fernandez beat the odds against him? The sheer size of the New York system is over whelming: nearly 1000 schools and 937,000 students, of whom 80 percent are black or Hispanic and one third live below the poverty line. Over half the public school students are reading below grade level, in some schools more than 80 percent. At least 30 per cent will never graduate. Undaunted, Fernandez hit the streets of New York running. Within a few weeks, he had eliminated 14 departments and about 400 jobs at headquarters. In less than two months he had removed tow district superintendents and three more principals, in addition to pushing for a stronger role for himself in the selection of superintendents. Ironically, Fernandez dropped out of school at 16, and joined a gang himself. The Air Force was his escape. In it, he earned a high school equivalency diploma. He eventually worked his way through the University of Miami as postman and milkman. He became a high school teacher in 1963, and chairman of the math department. By 1975, he was principal. In 1985, he became a doctor of education. In 1987 he became superintendent of the nation’s fourth largest school system. Questions 51-60. Use words or short answers to complete the blanks in this summary of the material in passage 4. your answers should be as brief as possible but they should cover the relevant points as completely as possible. A 1990 article in the Readers _____ (51) focuses on the problem of _____ (52) in New York and The USA generally. It positions one man named _____ (53) as a hero in its description of the issue. This ‘hero’ did not have ______ (54) past the age of 16, until he joined the air Force. His own late career in the field of _____ (55) was then characterized by rapid promotion. He was a high school teacher in 1963, and _____ (56) years later he was superintendent of the fourth largest school system in the U.S> He fired both _____ (57) who were not doing their jobs. He _____ (58) departments and jobs in New York. Perhaps these efforts will _____ (59) the New York Public School system which recently has been described as _____ (60) in the U.S. End of Reading Test WRITING TEST 20 points Write a short essay about equality and family life. You may write about the different roles within families, whether men, women and children in families share the decision-making and housework or whether just one person makes the decisions, or does the housework. You may want to compare differences between families. You may discuss the causes, problems or effects of the differences within and/or between families. You may draw on you own personal experience or write about equality and family life in general. ( Write about 150 words)

浙江广播电视大学 文本 模拟试卷_高级时事英语

浙江广播电视大学文本模拟试卷_高级时事英语