Vol.31,No.7 Journal of Semiconductors July 2010 A low-phase-noise digitally controlled crystal oscillator for DVB TV tuners* Zhao Wei(赵薇)，Lu Lei(卢磊)，and Tang Zhangwen(唐长文)f (State Key Laboratory of ASIC System,Fudan University.Shanghai 201203,China) Abstract:This paper presents a 25-MHz fully-integrated digitally controlled crystal oscillator(DCXO)with automatic amplitude control(AAC).The DCXO is based on Colpitts topology for one-pin solution.The AAC circuit is introduced to optimize the phase noise performance.The automatic frequency control is realized by a 10-bit thermometer-code segmental tapered MOS capacitor array,ensuring a~35 ppm tuning range and~0.04 ppm frequency step.The measured phase noise results are-139 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz and-151 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz frequency offset,respectively.The chip consumes 1 mA at 1.8V supply and occupies 0.4 mm2 in a 0.18-um CMOS process. Key words:crystal oscillator,DCXO;phase noise;supply pushing;VCTCXO;VCXO D0:10.1088/1674-4926/31/7/075003 EEACC:1270 published in Refs.[2,3].But the bias current in Ref.[2]is gen- 1.Introduction erated by a bandgap voltage divided by a resistor and the ampli- tude cannot be controlled.Reference [3]has designed a clock Crystal oscillator plays an important role in modern com- munication systems for its precise oscillation frequency,low buffer to make the output swing changeable.However,the am- plitude at the oscillation node which is directly connected to the phase noise and low power.However,the oscillation frequency will drift with temperature as well as with the crystal aging.So crystal is not concerned. In this paper,a low-phase-noise DCXO with an automatic a frequency tuning circuit is necessary to adjust the frequency amplitude control loop implemented in a 0.18-um CMOS pro- to sub-ppm accuracy to cover a wide range of working tem- peratures over several years.Besides,low phase noise is also cess is presented.The AAC circuit is introduced to optimize the phase noise performance.An impedance boost technique is an important concern in tuner systems since the close-in phase noise of a PLL is dominated by the up-converted flicker noise employed to suppress the supply pushing effect and 1/f noise from the power supply.The AFC frequency tuning is achieved (1/f)of the crystal oscillator. by digitally switching a 10-bit thermometer-code MOS capac- The popular way to make the frequency of a crystal oscil- itor array to guarantee a monotonic frequency tuning charac- lator (XO)adjustable is to use a varactor embedded into an XO teristic and tune its voltage.However,this needs an extra ADC to con- vert the digital signal from the baseband to an analog voltage. 2.Basic crystal oscillator design It is a costly and inefficient way for power consumption and pin limitation concerns.A more efficient approach is to design One of the best known oscillator structures is the so called an XO that can be controlled by digital input and so is called three-point oscillator.Depending on which of the three points is DCXO ac grounded,the circuit is known as Colpitts,Pierce and Clapp A simplified scheme of a DCXO is shown in Fig.1.The oscillators.A Colpitts topology is preferred for it only requires DCXO is based on Colpitts topology for one-pin solution.Fre- one connection pin which is suitable with the pin-limited low- quency tuning is achieved by a digitally-controlled capacitance cost package[4] C2.To obtain a reasonable tuning range,the value of C2 may vary in a range of 10-50 pF.This large variation will impact the start-up constraints and bias current must be large to insure oscillation when all the capacitance of C2 is connected to the tank.Moreover,due to the PVT(Process,Voltage and Temper- ature)variation the oscillation amplitude will change a lot for a fixed bias current,thus degrading the phase noise performance. So a well defined amplitude of oscillation is desired to balance the phase noise and power consumption.The other reason why a well controlled amplitude is needed is that the power dissi- pated in the crystal is determined by the amplitude at the crystal node.A very high amplitude will speed up the crystal aging. DCXOs with a good temperature frequency stability are Fig.1.Basic DCXO scheme Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60876019),the National S&T Major Project of China(No. 2009ZX0131-002-003-02),the Shanghai Rising-Star Program,China (No.09QA1400300),and the National Scientists and Engineers Service for Enterprise Program,China(No.2009GJC00046). Corresponding author.Email:zwtang@fudan.edu.cn Received 24 November 2009,revised manuscript received 2 March 2010 C2010 Chinese Institute of Electronics 075003-1
Vol. 31, No. 7 Journal of Semiconductors July 2010 A low-phase-noise digitally controlled crystal oscillator for DVB TV tuners Zhao Wei(赵薇), Lu Lei(卢磊), and Tang Zhangwen(唐长文) (State Key Laboratory of ASIC & System, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China) Abstract: This paper presents a 25-MHz fully-integrated digitally controlled crystal oscillator (DCXO) with automatic amplitude control (AAC). The DCXO is based on Colpitts topology for one-pin solution. The AAC circuit is introduced to optimize the phase noise performance. The automatic frequency control is realized by a 10-bit thermometer-code segmental tapered MOS capacitor array, ensuring a 35 ppm tuning range and 0:04 ppm frequency step. The measured phase noise results are –139 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz and –151 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz frequency offset, respectively. The chip consumes 1 mA at 1.8V supply and occupies 0.4 mm2 in a 0.18-m CMOS process. Key words: crystal oscillator; DCXO; phase noise; supply pushing; VCTCXO; VCXO DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/31/7/075003 EEACC: 1270 1. Introduction Crystal oscillator plays an important role in modern communication systems for its precise oscillation frequency, low phase noise and low power. However, the oscillation frequency will drift with temperature as well as with the crystal aging. So a frequency tuning circuit is necessary to adjust the frequency to sub-ppm accuracy to cover a wide range of working temperatures over several years. Besides, low phase noise is also an important concern in tuner systems since the close-in phase noise of a PLL is dominated by the up-converted flicker noise (1/f / of the crystal oscillator. The popular way to make the frequency of a crystal oscillator (XO) adjustable is to use a varactor embedded into an XO and tune its voltage. However, this needs an extra ADC to convert the digital signal from the baseband to an analog voltage. It is a costly and inefficient way for power consumption and pin limitation concerns. A more efficient approach is to design an XO that can be controlled by digital input and so is called DCXOŒ1 . A simplified scheme of a DCXO is shown in Fig. 1. The DCXO is based on Colpitts topology for one-pin solution. Frequency tuning is achieved by a digitally-controlled capacitance C2. To obtain a reasonable tuning range, the value of C2 may vary in a range of 10–50 pF. This large variation will impact the start-up constraints and bias current must be large to insure oscillation when all the capacitance of C2 is connected to the tank. Moreover, due to the PVT (Process, Voltage and Temperature) variation the oscillation amplitude will change a lot for a fixed bias current, thus degrading the phase noise performance. So a well defined amplitude of oscillation is desired to balance the phase noise and power consumption. The other reason why a well controlled amplitude is needed is that the power dissipated in the crystal is determined by the amplitude at the crystal node. A very high amplitude will speed up the crystal aging. DCXOs with a good temperature frequency stability are published in Refs. [2, 3]. But the bias current in Ref. [2] is generated by a bandgap voltage divided by a resistor and the amplitude cannot be controlled. Reference [3] has designed a clock buffer to make the output swing changeable. However, the amplitude at the oscillation node which is directly connected to the crystal is not concerned. In this paper, a low-phase-noise DCXO with an automatic amplitude control loop implemented in a 0.18-m CMOS process is presented. The AAC circuit is introduced to optimize the phase noise performance. An impedance boost technique is employed to suppress the supply pushing effect and 1/f noise from the power supply. The AFC frequency tuning is achieved by digitally switching a 10-bit thermometer-code MOS capacitor array to guarantee a monotonic frequency tuning characteristic. 2. Basic crystal oscillator design One of the best known oscillator structures is the so called three-point oscillator. Depending on which of the three points is ac grounded, the circuit is known as Colpitts, Pierce and Clapp oscillators. A Colpitts topology is preferred for it only requires one connection pin which is suitable with the pin-limited lowcost packageŒ4 . Fig. 1. Basic DCXO scheme. * Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60876019), the National S&T Major Project of China (No. 2009ZX0131-002-003-02), the Shanghai Rising-Star Program, China (No. 09QA1400300), and the National Scientists and Engineers Service for Enterprise Program, China (No. 2009GJC00046). Corresponding author. Email: zwtang@fudan.edu.cn Received 24 November 2009, revised manuscript received 2 March 2010 c 2010 Chinese Institute of Electronics 075003-1
J.Semicond.2010,31(7) Zhao Wei et al. 20 40 -60 80 -100 VCO -2 14 Fig.2.Simplified DCXO and its small-signal model. -160 Charge pumr Loop filter -180 Figure 2 shows a simplified Colpitts crystal oscillator and its equivalent small-signal model.The crystal can be modeled 200 by shunt capacitance Co in parallel with a series combination -224 109 109 104 105 10 10 of a motional inductance Lm,a motional capacitance Cm and a Frequency offset (Hz) motional resistor Rs.The oscillation frequency of the circuit is approximately given by Fig.3.Simulation result of the output phase noise in a PLL. has a negligible effect on the total integrated rms phase error. fosc= Cm(Co +CL) Figure 3 shows a simulation result of the noise contribution in 2 Lm Cm+Co+CL a PLL.The total PLL output phase noise is mainly the superpo- sition of the low-passed yet up-converted reference noise and 1 Cm (1) high-passed VCO noise.Besides,the low-passed charge pump 2π√LmCm L 1+20+C) noise also has some contribution at in-band frequency offset. where CL is the series combination of Ci and C2.The small- For a 25-MHz crystal oscillator,the division modulus in a signal model of the circuit includes two capacitors Ciand C2, PLL should be as large as 80 to cover the frequency band.To and a negative resistor which can be shown to be meet tuner applications,an integrated rms phase error less than 1°is requiredl6.A phase error of0.1°-O.2°margin should be gm -R= 2C1C2 (2) taken into consideration due to other noise sources from charge pump and loop filter.The in-band phase noise of a PLL is cal- where w is the oscillation frequency,and gm is the transcon- culated to be -90 dBc/Hz for an integrated RMS phase error ductance of the PMOS transistor.The negative resistance com- of 0.8.Therefore,the phase noise requirement of the DCXO pensates the loss in the crystal,thus sustaining the oscillation. should be less than-90dBc/Hz-201g 80=-128 dBc/Hz at For the frequency stability concern[5],Ci and C2 are a few 1 kHz frequency offset. times larger than Co.Frequency tuning is achieved by digitally switching the capacitance C2 from an AFC code. 4.Circuit design The circuit is connected to the power supply through a cur- Figure 4 shows the complete circuit schematic of the rent source.An impedance boost technique is adopted to in- crease the output impedance of the current source,thus mak- DCXO,which is based on Colpitts topology for one-pin so- ing the oscillation frequency insensitive to the supply varia- lution.This DCXO is powered by an integrated LDO.An tion and suppressing the 1/f noise from the power supply. impedance boost technique is adopted to get a high power sup- The phase noise performance of the DCXO is also an impor- ply rejection ratio(PSRR)current source,thus,reducing the tant concern since the flicker noise of the crystal oscillator goes DCXO supply pushing effect.Frequency tuning is achieved up-converted to the close-in phase noise of the frequency syn- by tuning the capacitance C2 value digitally through a digi- thesizer. tal AFC code.The oscillator amplitude control loop comprises a peak detector,two comparators,and a binary search algo- 3.Phase noise specification of DCXO rithm to sense and regulate the oscillator amplitude.There is also a chain of inverter buffers intended for outputting refer- For DVB-T tuner applications,a wideband fractional-N ence clocks to baseband circuitry and phase-frequency detec- synthesizer is usually used to cover a frequency range of 975 tor(PFD)in frequency synthesizers.The input of the output to 1960 MHz.To meet the requirements of tuners,low phase buffer is connected to the gate of MI for lower phase noisel7. noise and low phase error are demanded for the synthesizer. The gate of MI is set to the logic threshold voltage of the first The close-in phase noise of a typical frequency synthesizer is inverter that is biased through a replica bias cell to achieve a dominated by the up-converted flicker noise of crystal oscil- good duty cycle. lator and out-of band phase noise is contributed mainly from the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO).A DCXO with good 4.1.Frequency tuning phase noise can relax the PLL design since a larger loop band- The tuning range requirement is primarily determined by width can be adopted to suppress the VCO phase noise,al- the amount of frequency instability in the crystal which in- though more reference noise contributes to the output,which cludes the initial crystal offset,temperature instability and the 075003-2
J. Semicond. 2010, 31(7) Zhao Wei et al. Fig. 2. Simplified DCXO and its small-signal model. Figure 2 shows a simplified Colpitts crystal oscillator and its equivalent small-signal model. The crystal can be modeled by shunt capacitance C0 in parallel with a series combination of a motional inductance Lm, a motional capacitance Cm and a motional resistor Rs . The oscillation frequency of the circuit is approximately given by fosc D 1 2r Lm Cm.C0 C CL/ Cm C C0 C CL 1 2p LmCm 1 C Cm 2.C0 C CL/ ; (1) where CL is the series combination of C1 and C2: The smallsignal model of the circuit includes two capacitors C1and C2, and a negative resistor which can be shown to be R D gm !2C1C2 ; (2) where ! is the oscillation frequency, and gm is the transconductance of the PMOS transistor. The negative resistance compensates the loss in the crystal, thus sustaining the oscillation. For the frequency stability concernŒ5 , C1 and C2 are a few times larger than C0. Frequency tuning is achieved by digitally switching the capacitance C2 from an AFC code. The circuit is connected to the power supply through a current source. An impedance boost technique is adopted to increase the output impedance of the current source, thus making the oscillation frequency insensitive to the supply variation and suppressing the 1/f noise from the power supply. The phase noise performance of the DCXO is also an important concern since the flicker noise of the crystal oscillator goes up-converted to the close-in phase noise of the frequency synthesizer. 3. Phase noise specification of DCXO For DVB-T tuner applications, a wideband fractional-N synthesizer is usually used to cover a frequency range of 975 to 1960 MHz. To meet the requirements of tuners, low phase noise and low phase error are demanded for the synthesizer. The close-in phase noise of a typical frequency synthesizer is dominated by the up-converted flicker noise of crystal oscillator and out-of band phase noise is contributed mainly from the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). A DCXO with good phase noise can relax the PLL design since a larger loop bandwidth can be adopted to suppress the VCO phase noise, although more reference noise contributes to the output, which Fig. 3. Simulation result of the output phase noise in a PLL. has a negligible effect on the total integrated rms phase error. Figure 3 shows a simulation result of the noise contribution in a PLL. The total PLL output phase noise is mainly the superposition of the low-passed yet up-converted reference noise and high-passed VCO noise. Besides, the low-passed charge pump noise also has some contribution at in-band frequency offset. For a 25-MHz crystal oscillator, the division modulus in a PLL should be as large as 80 to cover the frequency band. To meet tuner applications, an integrated rms phase error less than 1 ı is requiredŒ6. A phase error of 0.1ı–0.2ı margin should be taken into consideration due to other noise sources from charge pump and loop filter. The in-band phase noise of a PLL is calculated to be 90 dBc/Hz for an integrated RMS phase error of 0.8ı . Therefore, the phase noise requirement of the DCXO should be less than 90dBc/Hz 20 lg 80 D 128 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz frequency offset. 4. Circuit design Figure 4 shows the complete circuit schematic of the DCXO, which is based on Colpitts topology for one-pin solution. This DCXO is powered by an integrated LDO. An impedance boost technique is adopted to get a high power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) current source, thus, reducing the DCXO supply pushing effect. Frequency tuning is achieved by tuning the capacitance C2 value digitally through a digital AFC code. The oscillator amplitude control loop comprises a peak detector, two comparators, and a binary search algorithm to sense and regulate the oscillator amplitude. There is also a chain of inverter buffers intended for outputting reference clocks to baseband circuitry and phase-frequency detector (PFD) in frequency synthesizers. The input of the output buffer is connected to the gate of M1 for lower phase noiseŒ7 . The gate of M1 is set to the logic threshold voltage of the first inverter that is biased through a replica bias cell to achieve a good duty cycle. 4.1. Frequency tuning The tuning range requirement is primarily determined by the amount of frequency instability in the crystal which includes the initial crystal offset, temperature instability and the 075003-2
J.Semicond.2010,31(7) Zhao Wei et al. L8V]LDO △R3R clk down AAC Loop M2 M546 FSM C左I 米C,bank Current source “7☑ 10-bit AFC oscillation waveform Fig.4.Detail circuit topology of the DCXO. (a 10b 5b AFC Column decoder Code -2 4 col- Fig 5.10-bit AFC capacitor array with segmental tapered scheme. frequency instability due to aging.In this design,frequency tuning is realized by tuning C2,thus tuning CL.The tuning range can be approximately calculated to be (b) Tuning Range≈ Cm(CLmax-CLmin） (3) 2(Co+CLmax)(Co+CLmin) Fig.6.Automatic amplitude control loop.(a)Amplitude control dia- gram.(b)Reference voltage generator. It can be seen that one way to increase the tuning range is to maximize the difference between CLmax and CLmin. A 10-bit AFC capacitor array is designed to achieve a fre- cause the waveform distortion and induce a jitter due to the quency error smaller than 0.1 ppm.As shown in Fig.5,the non-linear effect.Also a very high amplitude will overdrive 10-bit capacitor array is a segmented array with a 5-bit MSB the crystal and impact the crystal frequency with aging.So a row decoder and a 5-bit LSB column decoder.A predistortion well defined amplitude ofoscillation is required to optimize the scheme is adopted to linearize the frequency transfer function phase noise performance and minimize the power dissipation versus AFC code.The capacitor size is segmental tapered when at the same time. the AFC code decreases.The capacitor size within one row is The automatic amplitude control (AAC)diagram is shown kept same to facilitate the layout. in Fig.6(a).A peak detector(PD)is used to sense the oscil- To achieve a reasonable tuning range,the size of the MOS lation amplitude,which is compared with two reference volt- transistors should be carefully chosen.Inversion mode MOS ages VH and V.The outputs of the comparators are fed back (I-MOS)capacitors are used.The ratio of the unit capacitance to a finite state machine(FSM)that decides whether to update between on-state and off-state should be as large as possible. the bias current or to end the amplitude adjustment.The am- However,the parasitic capacitor should be minimized when the plitude will finally fall into a target window which is between capacitance is off,otherwise,even 1-fF parasitic capacitor per VH and V.Moreover,the target window can be programmed unit cell can reduce the tuning range greatly.Reducing parasitic by changing the two reference voltages.Figure 6(b)shows the capacitance through device size reduction means worse 1/f reference voltage generator,which is a resistor chain with pro- noise,namely worse close-in phase noise.It is a tradeoff. grammable digital control signals. It is noted that there must be sufficient resolution of the 4.2.Automatic amplitude control amplitude to allow the PD to finally let its output fall into the In general,a high amplitude is necessary to minimize the target window.Otherwise,the amplitude will "hunt"between phase noise degradation.However,a very high amplitude can two reference voltages on and on.So the amplitude response 075003-3
J. Semicond. 2010, 31(7) Zhao Wei et al. Fig. 4. Detail circuit topology of the DCXO. Fig. 5. 10-bit AFC capacitor array with segmental tapered scheme. frequency instability due to aging. In this design, frequency tuning is realized by tuning C2, thus tuning CL. The tuning range can be approximately calculated to be Tuning Range Cm.CL max CL min/ 2.C0 C CL max/.C0 C CL min/ : (3) It can be seen that one way to increase the tuning range is to maximize the difference between CL max and CL min. A 10-bit AFC capacitor array is designed to achieve a frequency error smaller than 0.1 ppm. As shown in Fig. 5, the 10-bit capacitor array is a segmented array with a 5-bit MSB row decoder and a 5-bit LSB column decoder. A predistortion scheme is adopted to linearize the frequency transfer function versus AFC code. The capacitor size is segmental tapered when the AFC code decreases. The capacitor size within one row is kept same to facilitate the layout. To achieve a reasonable tuning range, the size of the MOS transistors should be carefully chosen. Inversion mode MOS (I-MOS) capacitors are used. The ratio of the unit capacitance between on-state and off-state should be as large as possible. However, the parasitic capacitor should be minimized when the capacitance is off, otherwise, even 1-fF parasitic capacitor per unit cell can reduce the tuning range greatly. Reducing parasitic capacitance through device size reduction means worse 1/f noise, namely worse close-in phase noise. It is a tradeoff. 4.2. Automatic amplitude control In general, a high amplitude is necessary to minimize the phase noise degradation. However, a very high amplitude can Fig. 6. Automatic amplitude control loop. (a) Amplitude control diagram. (b) Reference voltage generator. cause the waveform distortion and induce a jitter due to the non-linear effect. Also a very high amplitude will overdrive the crystal and impact the crystal frequency with aging. So a well defined amplitude of oscillation is required to optimize the phase noise performance and minimize the power dissipation at the same time. The automatic amplitude control (AAC) diagram is shown in Fig. 6(a). A peak detector (PD) is used to sense the oscillation amplitude, which is compared with two reference voltages VH and VL. The outputs of the comparators are fed back to a finite state machine (FSM) that decides whether to update the bias current or to end the amplitude adjustment. The amplitude will finally fall into a target window which is between VH and VL. Moreover, the target window can be programmed by changing the two reference voltages. Figure 6(b) shows the reference voltage generator, which is a resistor chain with programmable digital control signals. It is noted that there must be sufficient resolution of the amplitude to allow the PD to finally let its output fall into the target window. Otherwise, the amplitude will “hunt” between two reference voltages on and on. So the amplitude response 075003-3
J.Semicond.2010,31(7) Zhao Wei et al. LDO clk_ 18V rst p M7 down △VR Impedance 3 R count Boost 3ms 3ms M2 bX1128 192■ 160 Ibias Regulated to cascode Fig.7.Timing plan of the AAC block. Fig.8.High-PSRR current source. to the bias current should be carefully simulated.In addition. the offset of the two comparators should also be minimized compared with the target window defined by the two reference voltages. Since the amplitude response to the bias current is quite slow due to the high-O characteristic of the crystal,the change of the bias current,which is controlled by b,must wait enough time until the amplitude is stable.Figure 7 illustrates the detailed timing plan in one comparison step.Before oscil- e lation happens,an rst signal is given to set an initial state of b.The initial state is set to 128 in this case.After a while, the circuit starts oscillation and generates a clock for the AAC algorithm.At time n,the output bgets changed when a counter inside AAC counts up to 3 ms.Since the up signal is 10-bit high.bturns out to be 192 to increase the amplitude.At time t2,the down signal is high and bdecreases to 160.At capacitor array time t3,the amplitude falls in the target window and both sig- nals,up and down,become low.The output bkeeps the last state and a desired amplitude is obtained.Current boosting Fig.9.Die microphotograph is enabled to shorten the start-up time.The amplitude control logic AAC is implemented by a binary search algorithm to save comparison time. 4.4.Phase noise design considerations The phase noise of a reference clock is important for close- 4.3.High-PSRR current source in phase noise of a frequency synthesizer.The dominant noise This DCXO is powered by a dedicated LDO,which takes sources of the DCXO are up-converted 1/f noises from the the bandgap voltage as its reference.A high-PSRR current oscillator core driver M1,the LDO,bias current sources,and source is designed to suppress the supply pushing effect and replica bias for buffer.The noise from the first stage of the noise at the same time.In Fig.8,a Wildar type current source output buffer is an important concern since in the waveform with an impedance boost technique(Al,M5 and M6)is used. there is a sinusoidal wave that makes the switching time of the The impedance looking down to the ground is boosted by the first stage much longer than that of the following stages.The gain of amplifier Al.The gate voltages of M3 and M4 follow large size of the first buffer can prevent phase noise degrada- the supply voltage,so the current is immune to the supply vari- tion.However,the capacitive loading on the crystal node is ation.A current mirror with a regulated cascode(M2 and A2) increased and the tuning range is reduced. is used to generate the current bias.The output impedance is This Colpitts topology oscillator operates in the class-C calculated to be configuration.The peak drain current of MI happens when the gate voltage of MI is in the lowest level which is in the least phase-noise-sensitive region.For this reason,Colpitts oscilla- Rout gm2rds2rds7(1 +A2). (4) tor usually achieves excellent phase noise performancel81.A PMOS device is chosen in the oscillator core for its better 1/f Compared to a single cascode,the output impedance is noise. boosted by the gain of amplifier A2.High output impedance makes the current insensitive to the supply variation.Since the 5.Measurement results flicker noise of LDO gets up-converted to be close-in phase noise of the DCXO,the impedance boost technique can effec- The chip was fabricated in a 0.18-um CMOS process and tively reduce the noise contribution from LDO. the microphotograph is shown in Fig.9.The total area of this 075003-4
J. Semicond. 2010, 31(7) Zhao Wei et al. Fig. 7. Timing plan of the AAC block. to the bias current should be carefully simulated. In addition, the offset of the two comparators should also be minimized compared with the target window defined by the two reference voltages. Since the amplitude response to the bias current is quite slow due to the high-Q characteristic of the crystal, the change of the bias current, which is controlled by b, must wait enough time until the amplitude is stable. Figure 7 illustrates the detailed timing plan in one comparison step. Before oscillation happens, an rst signal is given to set an initial state of b. The initial state is set to 128 in this case. After a while, the circuit starts oscillation and generates a clock for the AAC algorithm. At time t1, the output b gets changed when a counter inside AAC counts up to 3 ms. Since the up signal is high, b turns out to be 192 to increase the amplitude. At time t2, the down signal is high and b decreases to 160. At time t3, the amplitude falls in the target window and both signals, up and down, become low. The output b keeps the last state and a desired amplitude is obtained. Current boosting is enabled to shorten the start-up time. The amplitude control logic AAC is implemented by a binary search algorithm to save comparison time. 4.3. High-PSRR current source This DCXO is powered by a dedicated LDO, which takes the bandgap voltage as its reference. A high-PSRR current source is designed to suppress the supply pushing effect and noise at the same time. In Fig. 8, a Wildar type current source with an impedance boost technique (A1, M5 and M6) is used. The impedance looking down to the ground is boosted by the gain of amplifier A1. The gate voltages of M3 and M4 follow the supply voltage, so the current is immune to the supply variation. A current mirror with a regulated cascode (M2 and A2) is used to generate the current bias. The output impedance is calculated to be Rout Š gm2rds2rds7.1 C A2/: (4) Compared to a single cascode, the output impedance is boosted by the gain of amplifier A2. High output impedance makes the current insensitive to the supply variation. Since the flicker noise of LDO gets up-converted to be close-in phase noise of the DCXO, the impedance boost technique can effectively reduce the noise contribution from LDO. Fig. 8. High-PSRR current source. Fig. 9. Die microphotograph. 4.4. Phase noise design considerations The phase noise of a reference clock is important for closein phase noise of a frequency synthesizer. The dominant noise sources of the DCXO are up-converted 1/f noises from the oscillator core driver M1, the LDO, bias current sources, and replica bias for buffer. The noise from the first stage of the output buffer is an important concern since in the waveform there is a sinusoidal wave that makes the switching time of the first stage much longer than that of the following stages. The large size of the first buffer can prevent phase noise degradation. However, the capacitive loading on the crystal node is increased and the tuning range is reduced. This Colpitts topology oscillator operates in the class-C configuration. The peak drain current of M1 happens when the gate voltage of M1 is in the lowest level which is in the least phase-noise-sensitive region. For this reason, Colpitts oscillator usually achieves excellent phase noise performanceŒ8. A PMOS device is chosen in the oscillator core for its better 1/f noise. 5. Measurement results The chip was fabricated in a 0.18-m CMOS process and the microphotograph is shown in Fig. 9. The total area of this 075003-4
J.Semicond.2010,31(7) Zhao Wei et al. 10ch kef-4 0 10 -110 RM 1040 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Temperature (C) 12. Fig.13.Measured frequency instability over temperature Fig.10.Measured DCXO phase noise. Table 1.Performance Summary. Parameter Value 25000.2 Voltage 1.8V Current I mA 250000 Oscillation frequency 25 MHz Tuning range 35ppm 24999.8 Frequency step per AFC code ~0.04ppm -10 Phase noise @25MHz -139 dBc/Hz 1 kHz offset 24999.6 -151 dBc/Hz 10 kHz offset -20 Frequency instability 土7ppm 24999.4 at-40to80℃ 30 Area 0.4mm2 24999.2 Technology 0.18 um CMOS 24999.0 200 400600800 10001200 AFC code kHz frequency offset.The excellent phase noise performance significantly relaxes the PLL phase noise requirement.The tun- Fig.11.Measured AFC tuning range. ing range of this DCXO is illustrated in Fig.11.About a 35 ppm tuning range is achieved and it is wide enough to cover the temperature instability and crystal aging.An average fre- 1.0 quency step of 0.04 ppm is achieved,which is sufficient for applications of less than 0.1 ppm frequency accuracy.The fre- 0.6 quency versus code transfer function is fairly linear due to the predistortion scheme.The center frequency is a bit lower than 25.000000 MHz due to the unexpected estimation error of 0.2 MOS capacitor array.Figure 12 shows the measured DC sup- ply pushing at 25 MHz.The frequency variation is less than 2 ppm from 1.7 to 2.1 V due to the impedance boost techniques. -0.2 Figure 13 shows the DCXO frequency instability over tem- perature.Since the DCXO is used in tuner application,the requirement of frequency instability is not so tight.The fre- -0.6 quency variation is+7 ppm across the temperature range from -40 to 80 C.Table 1 summarizes the measurement results of 1 this DCXO,and the performance comparison is given in Table 1.8 1.9 2.0 V(V) 2.As for the multi-standard wireless application,the tempera- ture instability requirement is much tighter than that achieved Fig.12.Measured supply pushing characteristic for this DCXO.References [2,3]show DCXOs with tempera- ture compensation. DCXO is 0.5 x 0.8 mm2 excluding PADs.The power con- 6.Conclusions sumption is 1.8 mW. Figure 10 shows the measured phase noise with-139 In this paper,a 25-MHz low-phase-noise DCXO is imple- dBc/Hz at a I kHz frequency offset and-151 dBc/Hz at a 10 mented in a 0.18-um CMOS process.An automatic ampli- 075003-5
J. Semicond. 2010, 31(7) Zhao Wei et al. Fig. 10. Measured DCXO phase noise. Fig. 11. Measured AFC tuning range. Fig. 12. Measured supply pushing characteristic. DCXO is 0.5 0.8 mm2 excluding PADs. The power consumption is 1.8 mW. Figure 10 shows the measured phase noise with –139 dBc/Hz at a 1 kHz frequency offset and –151 dBc/Hz at a 10 Fig. 13. Measured frequency instability over temperature. Table 1. Performance Summary. Parameter Value Voltage 1.8 V Current 1 mA Oscillation frequency 25 MHz Tuning range 35ppm Frequency step per AFC code 0:04ppm Phase noise @25MHz –139 dBc/Hz @ 1 kHz offset –151 dBc/Hz @ 10 kHz offset Frequency instability at –40 to 80 ıC ˙7 ppm Area 0.4 mm2 Technology 0.18 m CMOS kHz frequency offset. The excellent phase noise performance significantly relaxes the PLL phase noise requirement. The tuning range of this DCXO is illustrated in Fig. 11. About a 35 ppm tuning range is achieved and it is wide enough to cover the temperature instability and crystal aging. An average frequency step of 0.04 ppm is achieved, which is sufficient for applications of less than 0.1 ppm frequency accuracy. The frequency versus code transfer function is fairly linear due to the predistortion scheme. The center frequency is a bit lower than 25.000000 MHz due to the unexpected estimation error of MOS capacitor array. Figure 12 shows the measured DC supply pushing at 25 MHz. The frequency variation is less than 2 ppm from 1.7 to 2.1 V due to the impedance boost techniques. Figure 13 shows the DCXO frequency instability over temperature. Since the DCXO is used in tuner application, the requirement of frequency instability is not so tight. The frequency variation is ˙7 ppm across the temperature range from –40 to 80 ıC. Table 1 summarizes the measurement results of this DCXO, and the performance comparison is given in Table 2. As for the multi-standard wireless application, the temperature instability requirement is much tighter than that achieved for this DCXO. References [2, 3] show DCXOs with temperature compensation. 6. Conclusions In this paper, a 25-MHz low-phase-noise DCXO is implemented in a 0.18-m CMOS process. An automatic ampli- 075003-5
J.Semicond.2010,31(7) Zhao Wei et al. Table 2.Performance comparisons. Parameter Ref.[1] Ref.[2] Ref.[3] This Work Frequency (MHz) 26 26 19.2 25 Application GSM/Bluetooth/WLAN WCDMA DVB tuner Phase noise 1 kHz (dBc/Hz) -140 -138 -137 -139 Supply voltage(V) 1.4 1.5 2.7 1.8 Tuning range(ppm) ~70 28 NA ≈35 Power consumption(mW) 4.2 6.5 1.8 Supply pushing(ppm/V) 0.2 ±2 Frequency instability at-10 to 55 C(ppm) ±4 2 <3 47 Die area(mm) 0.18 0.52 0.75 0.4 Technology 90 nm CMOS 0.13 um CMOS 0.35 um SiGe BiCMOS 0.18 um CMOS tude control loop is introduced to balance the phase noise per- [2]Tsai MD,Yeh CW,Cho YH,et al.A temperature-compensated formance and the power consumption.A 10-bit thermometer- low-noise digitally-controlled crystal oscillator for multi-standard code capacitor array with segmentally tapered capacitor size is applications.Proc IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits adopted to guarantee the monotonocity.The impedance boost (RFIC)Symp,sec.RTU4B-1,Atlanta,CA,Jun 2008:533 technique is employed to suppress the supply pushing.The [3]Farahvash S,Quek C,Mak M.A temperature-compensated measured phase noise is about-139 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz and digitally-controlled crystal Pierce oscillator for wireless applica- -151 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz frequency offset while it only draws 1 tions.ISSCC Dig Tech Papers,Feb 2008:352 mA from a 1.8 V supply.The measured supply pushing is+2 [4]Santos JT,Meyer RG.A one-pin crystal oscillator for VLSI cir- cuits.IEEE J Solid-State Circuits,1984,SC-19(2):228 ppm/V.Measurements show that this DCXO has a~35 ppm [5]Vittoz E,Degrauwe M,Bitz S.High performance crystal oscilla- tuning range with a~0.04 ppm frequency step.The DCXO tor circuits:theory and application.IEEE J Solid-State Circuits, with good phase noise and frequency stability can meet the re- 1988.23:774 quirements of tuner applications. [6]Lu L,Gong Z,Liao Y,et al.A 975-to-1960 MHz,fast-locking fractional-N synthesizer with adaptive bandwidth control and 4/4.5 prescaler for digital TV tuners.ISSCC Dig Tech Papers,Feb References 2009:396 [7]Lee T H.The design of CMOS radio-frequency integrated cir- [1]Lin J.A low-phase-noise 0.004-ppm/Step DCXO with guaranteed cuits.2nd ed.Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,2004 monotonicity in the 90-nm CMOS process.IEEE J Solid-State [8]Lee T H,Hajimiri A.Oscillator phase noise:a tutorial.IEEE J Circuits,Dec 2005:2726 Solid-State Circuits,2000,35(3):326 075003-6
J. Semicond. 2010, 31(7) Zhao Wei et al. Table 2. Performance comparisons. Parameter Ref. [1] Ref. [2] Ref. [3] This Work Frequency (MHz) 26 26 19.2 25 Application GSM/Bluetooth/WLAN WCDMA — DVB tuner Phase noise @ 1 kHz (dBc/Hz) –140 –138 –137 –139 Supply voltage (V) 1.4 1.5 2.7 1.8 Tuning range (ppm) 70 28 N.A 35 Power consumption (mW) 3 4.2 6.5 1.8 Supply pushing (ppm/V) 1 — 0.2 ˙2 Frequency instability at –10 to 55 ıC (ppm) ±4 2 < 3 ±7 Die area (mm2 ) 0.18 0.52 0.75 0.4 Technology 90 nm CMOS 0.13 μm CMOS 0.35 μm SiGe BiCMOS 0.18 μm CMOS tude control loop is introduced to balance the phase noise performance and the power consumption. A 10-bit thermometercode capacitor array with segmentally tapered capacitor size is adopted to guarantee the monotonocity. The impedance boost technique is employed to suppress the supply pushing. The measured phase noise is about –139 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz and –151 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz frequency offset while it only draws 1 mA from a 1.8 V supply. The measured supply pushing is ˙2 ppm/V. Measurements show that this DCXO has a 35 ppm tuning range with a 0.04 ppm frequency step. The DCXO with good phase noise and frequency stability can meet the requirements of tuner applications. References [1] Lin J. A low-phase-noise 0.004-ppm/Step DCXO with guaranteed monotonicity in the 90-nm CMOS process. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits, Dec 2005: 2726 [2] Tsai M D, Yeh C W, Cho Y H, et al. A temperature-compensated low-noise digitally-controlled crystal oscillator for multi-standard applications. Proc IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symp, sec. RTU4B-1, Atlanta, CA, Jun 2008: 533 [3] Farahvash S, Quek C, Mak M. A temperature-compensated digitally-controlled crystal Pierce oscillator for wireless applications. ISSCC Dig Tech Papers, Feb 2008: 352 [4] Santos J T, Meyer R G. A one-pin crystal oscillator for VLSI circuits. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits, 1984, SC-19(2): 228 [5] Vittoz E, Degrauwe M, Bitz S. High performance crystal oscillator circuits: theory and application. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits, 1988, 23: 774 [6] Lu L, Gong Z, Liao Y, et al. A 975-to-1960 MHz, fast-locking fractional-N synthesizer with adaptive bandwidth control and 4/4.5 prescaler for digital TV tuners. ISSCC Dig Tech Papers, Feb 2009: 396 [7] Lee T H. The design of CMOS radio-frequency integrated circuits. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004 [8] Lee T H, Hajimiri A. Oscillator phase noise: a tutorial. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits, 2000, 35(3): 326 075003-6